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Changes of the Hailuogou Glacier,Mt. Gongga,China,against the Background of Global Warming in the Last Several Decades

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Journal of China University of Geosciences 2008年第3期19卷 271-281页

作者：何元庆李宗省杨小梅贾文雄和献中宋波张宁宁刘巧 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000 China College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070 China Institute of Mountain Hazards and environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041 China

Great change, associated with global warming, has occurred at the Hailuogou （海螺沟） glacier, Mt. Gongga （贡嘎）, China, since the early 20th century. Various data indicate that the glacier has retreated 1 822 m in the past 106 years, with an annual mean retreat of 17.2 m, and the front elevation has risen by 300 m since 1823. Comparison of glacier variations and temperature fluctuations in China and the Northern Hemisphere, over the last 100 years, indicates that glacier retreat stages occurred during the warm phase, and vice versa. Mass balance records during 1959/60-2003/04 have shown that the glacier has suffered a constant mass loss of snow and ice. The accumulated mass balance, -10.83 m water equivalent, indicates an annual mean value of -0.24 m water equivalent. The correlation between the mass balance and temperature is significant, which also indicates that climate warming is the crucial cause of glacier loss. Local hydrological and climatic data demonstrate that runoff from the glacier has been increasing both seasonally and annually. The correlation analysis and trend analysis indicate that ice and snow melted water is the main cause of an increase in the runoff. As the climate has become warmer, changes in the glacier surface morphology have obviously occurred. These include a decrease in glacier thickness, enlargement of glacial caves, and reduction of the size of clefts on the glacier surface. The ablation period has lengthened and the ablation area has expanded. A variety of factors thus provide evidence that the Hailuogou glacier has suffered a rapid loss of snow and ice as a result of climatic warming.

关键词： change Hailuogou glacier Mt. Gongga.

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The application of auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment in Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第Z1期47卷 168-176页

作者： YU Qihao CHENG Guodong NIU Fujun State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment is an effective engineering measure for "cooling roadbed". Practice proves that this new method can sufficiently make use of natural cold energy. It has the advantages of higher efficiency, better cooling effect and feasibility in engineering practice, and wider application in various environment, etc. And also, it is comparatively cheap in project cost. Through practice in the field for half a year, the testing results show that, with the application of auto-temperature-controlled system, the artificial permafrost table has been raised by 65 cm. The artificial permafrost table was basically at the embankment bottom, and the action of freeze-thaw circle on engineering stability was effectively avoided. In the month with highest ground temperature, in the scope with 1-4 m in depth, including the majority of the embankment and the upper part in the original seasonal layer, the ground temperature decreased by 0.7℃. Through thermal flux calculation in the original seasonal layer, in the month with the maximum thermal flux coming into permafrost, it is found that the thermal flux reduces nearly by half. Coming into the cooling period for nearly a month, the ground temperature in entire auto-temperature-controlled embankment is close to zero, and the foundation is at negative temperature. But in a large region in the embankment and foundation the ground temperature was over 0℃ and varied from 0℃ to 0.39℃ in ordinary ventilation embankment.

关键词： auto-temperature-controlled embankment application research.

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Effects of the accumulation of the rare earth elements on soil macrofauna community

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Journal of Rare Earths 2010年第6期28卷 957-964页

作者：李金霞红梅殷秀琴刘继亮 College of Urban and environmental Science Northeast Normal University Faculty of Resources and environment Baotou Teachers' College College of Ecology and environment Inner Mongolia Agricultural University cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

The accumulation of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil has occurred due to the pollution caused by the exploitation of rare earth resources and the wide rare earth fertilizers in agriculture. The accumulation of REEs has a toxic effect on the soil macrofauna community. 12 study samples were collected near a mine tailings dam with a large amount of REEs by distance gradient sample method. The total concentration of REEs was analyzed and the results were compared with that of the sample from a control site. The effects of the amount of REEs in the soil on the soil macrofauna community were also analyzed. The results showed that the accumulation of REEs in soil was significant in the study area and its concentration was strongly correlated with the distance from the pollution source. One-way ANOVA analysis indicated the significant differences in soil macrofauna communities among the different sites. The ordination obtained through the redundancy analysis demonstrated that the concentration of REEs and the total nitrogen, total potassium and pH, had affected the soil macrofauna community. A small amount of REEs in the soil can promote the diversity of soil macrofauna, but a large amount of REEs can reduce its diversity. The insect groups of Carabidae and Dermaptera were comparatively sensitive to the concentration of REEs in soil, and could be used as an indicator of soil pollution of REEs. However, the Formicidae and Stibaropus formosanus exhibited a high tolerance to REEs in soil. We believe that it is very important for the soil environment protection to strictly control the application of the rare earth fertilizers in agriculture in China.

关键词： rare earth elements soil fauna soil pollution bio-indicator

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Variation of Thornthwaite Moisture Index in Hengduan Mountains, China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2016年第5期26卷 687-702页

作者： ZHU Guofeng QIN Dahe TONG Huali LIU Yuanfeng LI Jiafang CHEN Dongdong WANG Kai HU Pengfei College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water （precipitation） in an area relative to the climatic demand for water （potential evapotranspiration）, was used to examine the spatial and temporal variation of drought and to verify the influence of environmental factors on the drought in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Hengduan Mountains had been increasing since 1960 with a rate of 0.1938/yr. Annual Thomthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains was between -97.47 and 67.43 and the spatial heterogeneity was obvious in different seasons. Thomthwaite moisture index was high in the north and low in the south, and the monsoon rainfall had a significant impact on its spatial distribution. The tendency rate of Thomthwaite moisture index variation varied in different seasons, and the increasing trends in spring were greater than that in summer and autumn. However, the Thomthwaite moisture index decreased in winter. Thomthwaite moisture index increased greatly in the north and there was a small growth in the south of Hengduan Mountains. The increase of precipitation and decrease of evaporation lead to the increase of Thomthwaite moisture index. Thornthwaite moisture index has strong correlation with vegetation coverage. It can be seen that the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and Thomthwaite moisture index was positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. Correlation between Thornthwaite moisture index and relative soil relative moisture content was positive in spring, summer and autumn, but negative in winter. The typical mountainous terrain affect the distribu- tion of temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other meteorological factors in this region, and then affect the spatial distribution of Thomthwaite moisture index. The unique ridge-gorge terrain caused the continuity of water-heat distribution from the north to south, and the water-h

关键词： Thomthwaite moisture index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Kriging interpolation Hengduan Mountains

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Recent glacial retreat and its effect on water resources in eastern Xinjiang

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第33期56卷 3596-3604页

作者： LI KaiMing LI ZhongQin GAO WenYu WANG Lin cold and arid region environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Lanzhou City University Lanzhou 730070 China College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China

The eastern Xinjiang Basin is desperately short of water. Most rivers in the basin originate in the high eastern Tianshan, which has abundant precipitation and numerous alpine glaciers. Fieldwork conducted on three reference glaciers around Mt. Bogda in 1981 and 2009 suggests that they all strongly melt in summer, a process that has tended to accelerate in recent decades. Based on topographic maps from 1962 and 1972 and 2005/2006 satellite imagery, we investigated 203 glaciers near Mt. Bogda and 75 glaciers near Mt. Harlik. The results show that the surface area of the Mt. Bogda glaciers decreased by 21.6% (0.49% a?1) from 1962 to 2006. This was accompanied by a 181 m decrease in length and a 28% drop in ice volume. In the Mt. Harlik region, areal extent was reduced by 10.5% (0.32% a?1), length by 166 m, and volume by 14% between 1972 and 2005. South-facing glaciers lost more of their area than those that are north facing, yielding an areal loss of 25.3% and 16.9% for southern and northern slopes of Mt. Bogda, respectively, and 12.3% and 6.6% for the comparable slopes of Mt. Harlik. Glaciers smaller than 0.5 km2 in area experienced the strongest retreat, whereas glaciers larger than 2 km2 in area experienced gentle recession but may be the main contributors in the future to river runoff. Glacial ablation in eastern Xinjiang tends to be strong, and the water resources in this region are deteriorating. Also, a heavy reduction in the capacity of the local karez system, as well as a significant change in river runoff, can be related to glacial retreat. Combined, this will adversely affect the downstream city of Urumqi and the Turfan Basin.

关键词：冰川退缩水资源新疆河川径流吐鲁番盆地表面积卫星图像分布范围

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Changes in permafrost environments caused by construction and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Highway

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Journal of Central South University 2011年第5期18卷 1454-1464页

作者：林战举牛富俊罗京鲁嘉濠刘华 State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

The sideward permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) contains massive ground-ice and is at a relatively high *** the influence of the steady increase of human activities,the permafrost environment has been changed greatly for a long *** present,the permafrost becomes warm and rapidly degenerates,including the decline of the permafrost table,rising of the ground temperature,shortening of the length of frozen section,and extension of range of melting *** thaw hazards (*** slumping and thermokarst pond) have widely occurred along both sides of the *** addition,due to the incomplete construction management,the vegetation adjacent to the highway is seriously damaged or eradicated,resulting in the land desertification and ecosystem out of *** dust,waste and garbage brought by drivers,passengers,maintenance workers,and transportations may also pollute the permafrost environment.

关键词： permafrost environment Qinghai-Tibet Highway thermokarst pond thaw slumping permafrost degradation

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Impacts of permafrost changes on alpine ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第11期49卷 1156-1169页

作者： WANG Genxu1,3 , LI Yuanshou2 , WU Qingbai2 & WANG Yibo3 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China 2. cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 3. Resource and environment School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China Institute of Mountain Hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China Resource and environment School Lanzhou University Lanzhou China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China

Alpine cold ecosystem with permafrost environment is quite sensitive to climatic changes and the changes in permafrost can significantly affect the alpine ecosystem. The vegetation coverage, grassland biomass and soil nutrient and texture are selected to indicate the regime of alpine cold ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The interactions between alpine ecosystem and permafrost were investigated with the depth of active layer, permafrost thickness and mean annual ground temperature (MAGTs). Based on the statistics model of GPTR for MAGTs and annual air temperatures, an analysis method was developed to analyze the impacts of permafrost changes on the alpine ecosystems. Under the climate change and human engineering activities, the permafrost change and its impacts on alpine ecosystems in the permafrost region between the Kunlun Mountains and the Tanggula Range of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are studied in this paper. The results showed that the per- mafrost changes have a different influence on different alpine ecosystems. With the increase in the thickness of active layer, the vegetation cover and biomass of the alpine cold meadow exhibit a significant conic reduction, the soil organic matter content of the alpine cold meadow ecosystem shows an exponential decrease, and the surface soil materials become coarse and gravelly. The alpine cold steppe ecosystem, however, seems to have a relatively weak relation to the permafrost environment. Those relationships resulted in the fact that the distribution area of alpine cold meadow decreased by 7.98% and alpine cold swamp decreased by 28.11% under the permafrost environment degradation during recent 15 years. In the future 50 years the alpine cold meadow ecosystems in different geomorphologic units may have different responses to the changes of the permafrost under different climate warming conditions, among them the alpine cold meadow and swamp ecosystem located in the low mountain and plateau area will have a relatively

关键词： permafrost environment, alpine cold ecosystem, statistics relationship, climate change, impacts, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

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Influence of variation of soil spatial heterogeneity on vegetation restoration

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 2020-2031页

作者： LI Xinrong Shapotou Desert Experiment and research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Numerous hypotheses and conceptional models dealing with the grassland deserti-fication or degradation processes recognize that the invasion of shrubs in grasslands is the most striking feature of the variation of vegetation patterns in the grassland degradation or desertifica-tion processes in arid and semiarid regions. This is because the invasion of shrubs in grasslands increases the heterogeneity of the temporal and spatial distribution of primary vegetation and soil resources. As a result, the biological processes of the soil-vegetation system are increasingly concentrated in the “fertile islands” under shrub canopies, and the soil between shrubs gradually turns into bare area or moving sand under the influences of prolonged wind and water erosion. Most of relative researches support this bio-ecological interpretation for the degraded process of grassland. However, as viewed from the other aspect, the shrub vegetation distributed in patches also serves as the “trigger spots” for the grassland restoration or desertification reversion, and this has been demonstrated by the practices of combating desertification in China. Nearly 50 years of succession of artificial sand-binding vegetation in the Shapotou area and the regional restoration of eco-environment are the theoretical verification and successful example for the desertification reversion. The establishment of artificial vegetation in the region began with the installation of sand fences and planting xerophytic shrubs relying on less than 200 mm of annual precipitation under the non-irrigation condition, this made the moving sand, an originally uni-formly distributed soil resource, occur the variation of spatial heterogeneity. Through the redis-tribution of precipitation and dustfall by the canopy of xerophytic shrubs, litter accumulation and cryptogamic crust development, soil-forming processes under shrub canopies were accelerated; in the meantime, it also created a favorable condition for the invasion and

关键词： Tengger Desert, sand-binding vegetation, soil heterogeneity, succession, eco-restoration

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Ecological adaptation strategies of annual plants in artificial vegetation-stabilized sand dune in Shapotou region

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第Z1期47卷 50-60页

作者： ZHANG Jingguang LI Xinrong WANG Xinping WANG Gang Shapotou Desert Experimental research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Taking annual plant Eragrostis poaeides in the artificial vegetation-stabilized sand dune in the Shapotou Experimental research Station as example, study has been done on the adaptation strategies of annual plants to random environment through fixed quadrat observations of population changes and fixed plant determinations of individual growth, seed germination,population dynamics, spatial distribution pattern of population, competition and regulation. During the growing season, the survival rate of annual plants depends on the precipitation intensity and precipitation duration which activate the germination of seeds. The optimal germination strategy of annual plants in this habitat during the growing season appears as continuous germination under suitable conditions. Such continuous germination is an adaptive characteristic of annual plants to random environment. In addition, the variation processes of population size and regulation mechanism of E. poaeoides are studied. Statistical results of natural population in four consecutive years show that water condition in the habitat is the leading factor affecting the population dynamics of E. poaeoides. During the establishment period E. poaeoides had a higher death rate, but in the middle to later period they could survive stably. Due to the limitation of soil moisture, the competition among individuals for water inevitably led to self-thinning phenomena. Under very arid condition, the survival curve of annual herbs entirely appears as Deevey Ⅲ type (C type), but under relatively adequate precipitation condition, the survival curve appears as intermediate type. The strategy of life history obviously appears as r-strategy. Plant species of r-strategy often occurs in the early succession stage of the communities. In the relatively adequate and evenly-distributed rainfall years, E. poaeoides population exhibited a density-dependent, i. e., survival rate increased with decrease in population density. The main pattern to re

关键词： Shapotou region Eragrostis poaeoides ecological adaptation strategy.

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On the Relationship between Local Topography and Small Glacier Change under Climatic Warming on Mt. Bogda, Eastern Tian Shan, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第4期22卷 515-527页

作者：李开明李慧林王林高闻宇 State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/Tianshan Glaciological Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University

Glacial features in the geological record provide essential clues about past behavior of climate. Of the numerous physical systems on earth, glaciers are one of most responsive to climate change, especially small glaciers, their direct marginal response taking only a few years or decades to be expressed. Accelerating recession of modern glaciers raises the issue of the climate＇s impact on water runoff. Data based on topographic maps and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Radiometer （ASTER） imagery show the trends that are highly variable over time and within the region. An analysis of the local topographic settings of very small （〈0.5 km2） glaciers was conducted to investigate their influence on recent changes in these glaciers. Among 137 glaciers, 12 disappeared completely. The study reveals that glaciers situated in favorable locations had tiny relative area reduction, while those in less favorable settings generally had large area loss or even disappeared. It is suggested that most of the small glaciers studied have retreated as far as they are likely to under the climatic conditions of the late 20th century. Undoubtedly, the strong retreating of small glaciers exerts adverse effects on the hydro- logic cycle and local socioeconomic development.

关键词： glacier change climatic warming topography Mt. Bogda remote-sensing.

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