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Glacier Volume Calculation from Ice-Thickness Data for Mountain Glaciers—A Case Study of Glacier No. 4 of Sigong River over Mt. Bogda, Eastern Tianshan, Central Asia

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第2期25卷 371-378页

作者： Puyu Wang Zhongqin Li Wenbin Wang Huilin Li Feiteng Wang State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Tianshan Glaciological Station Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University

The determination of total glacial volume is important for the observation of climatic change and its consequences such as global sea-level rise. The tongue area of Glacier No. 4 of Sigong River over Mt. Bogda, eastern Tianshan was surveyed by ground-penetrating radar （GPR） and real time kinematic （RTK）-global positioning system （GPS） during the summer campaign 2009. In order to calculate the glacier volume, both co-kriging algorithm and estimation based on the theory of perfectly plastic material were employed. Results indicated that the ice-thickness distribution of the investigated glacier ranges from 0 to 105.0 m, with the mean thickness of 27.6 m in 2009. The corresponding ice volume was -0.076 km3 （-0.068 km3 water equivalent）. The bedrock topography shows more undulating than the glacier surface. The difference of the calculated ice volume in this study and the estimated value from the empirical formula is large. Therefore, it is urgent to validate the applicability of the ex- isting empirical formula.

关键词： ice volume ice-thickness GPR Glacier No. 4 of Sigong River Tianshan.

Seasonal Variability of the Yellow Sea/East China Sea Surface Fluxes and Thermohaline Structure

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2005年第1期22卷 1-20页

作者： Peter CHU 陈玉春 Akira KUNINAKA Naval Ocean Analysis and Prediction Laboratory Institute of cold and arid environment and engineering

We use the U.S. Navy's Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set (MOODS) forthe Yellow Sea/ East China Sea (YES) to investigate the climatological water mass features and theseasonal and non-seasonal variabilities of the thermohaline structure, and use the ComprehensiveOcean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) from 1945 to 1989 to investigate the linkage between the fluxes(momentum, heat, and moisture) across the air-ocean interface and the formation of the water massfeatures. After examining the major current systems and considering the local bathymetry and watermass properties, we divide YES into five regions: East China Sea (ECS) shelf, Yellow Sea (YS) Basin,Cheju bifurcation (CB) zone, Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) region, Kuroshio Current (KC) region. Thelong term mean surface heat balance corresponds to a heat loss of 30 W m^(-2) in the ESC and CBregions, a heat loss of 65 W m^(-2) in the KC and TWC regions, and a heat gain of 15 W m^(-2) in theYS region. The surface freshwater balance is defined by precipitation minus evaporation. The annualwater loss from the surface for the five subareas ranges from 1.8 to 4 cm month^(-1). The freshwater loss from the surface should be compensated for from the river run-off. The entire watercolumn of the shelf region (ECS, YS, and CB) undergoes an evident seasonal thermal cycle withmaximum values of temperature during summer and maximum mixed layer depths during winter. However,only the surface waters of the TWC and KC regions exhibit a seasonal thermal cycle.. We also foundtwo different relations between surface salinity and the Yangtze River run-off, namely, out-of-phasein the East China Sea shelf and in-phase in the Yellow Sea. This may confirm an earlier study thatthe summer fresh water discharge from the Yangtze River forms a relatively shallow, low salinityplume-like structure extending offshore on average towards the northeast.

关键词： yellow sea east China sea surface net heat flux fresh water flux seasonalvariability thermohaline structure

Hydrological processes of glacier and snow melting and runoff in the Urumqi River source region, eastern Tianshan Mountains, China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2015年第2期25卷 149-164页

作者： SUN Meiping YAO Xiaojun LI Zhongqin ZHANG Mingjun College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 China

Hydrological processes were compared, with and without the influence of precipita- tion on discharge, to identify the differences between glacierized and non-glacierized catchments in the Urumqi River source region, on the northern slope of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, during the melting season （May-September） in 2011. The study was based on hydrological data observed at 10-min intervals, meteorological data observed at 15-min intervals, and glacier melting and snow observations from the Empty Cirque, Zongkong, and Urumqi Glacier No.1 gauging stations. The results indicated that the discharge differed markedly among the three gauging stations. The daily discharge was more than the nightly discharge at the Glacier No.1 gauging station, which contrasted with the patterns observed at the Zongkong and Empty Cirque gauging stations. There was a clear daily variation in the discharge at the three gauging stations, with differences in the magnitude and duration of the peak discharge. When precipitation was not considered, the time-lags between the maximum discharge and the highest temperature were 1-3 h, 10-16 h, and 5-11 h at the Glacier No.l, Empty Cirque, and Zongkong gauging stations, respectively. When precipitation was taken into consideration, the corresponding time-lags were 0-1 h, 13 h, and 6-7 h, respectively. Therefore, the duration from the generation of discharge to confluence was the shortest in the glacierized catchment and the longest in the catchment where was mainly covered by snow. It was also shown that the hydrological process from the generation of discharge to confluence shortened when precipitation was considered. The factors influencing changes in the discharge among the three gauging stations were different. For Glacier No.1 station, the discharge was mainly controlled by heat conditions in the glacierized region, and the discharge displayed an accelerated growth when the temperature exceeded 5℃ in the melt season. It was found that the englaci

关键词： glacier and snow melting runoff generation and confluence hydrological process Urumqi Riversource region Tianshan Mountains

Chemical Characteristics and environmental Records of a Snow-Pit at the Glacier No.12 in the Laohugou Valley, Qilian Mountains

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第2期25卷 379-385页

作者： Xiaoqing Cui Jiawen Ren Xiang Qin Weijun Sun Guangming Yu Zebin Wang Weigang Liu State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic environment Key Laboratory of arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province Institute of Arid MeteorologyChina Meteorological Administration

In June 2006, samples were collected from a 90 cm snow-pit at an elevation of 5 040 m a.s.l, in the northern branch firn basin of the Glacier No. 12, Laohugou Valley, in the western part of Qilian Mountain, China. Oxygen isotopes （6180） and major soluble ions were measured. Results showed that Ca2＋ is the dominant cation, and SO42 is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with eachother except NO3 and NH4＋. 6180 show positive correlation with air temperature. The method of correlation analysis, sea-salt ion tracer and trend analysis were used to determine the source of the chemical components. The correlation analysis and HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis suggest that atmospheric soluble dust species dominate the chemical signature.

关键词： snow-pit glaciochemistry Glacier No. 12 at Laohugou ion Qilian Mountain.

Source of major anions and cations of snowpacks in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, Mt. Gongga and Baishui No.1 glacier, Mt. Yulong

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2008年第1期18卷 115-125页

作者： LI Zongxing HE Yuanqing PANG Hongxi YANG Xiaomei JIA Wenxiong ZHANG Ningning WANG Xufeng NING Baoying YUAN Lingling SONG Bo The State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 China College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China

Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na^＋ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl^-, NO3^- , SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. However, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it： firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.

关键词： Hailuogou No.1 glacier Baishui No.1 glacier ions origin

Himalayas as a global hot spot of springtime stratospheric intrusions:Insight from isotopic signatures in sulfate aerosols

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research in cold and arid regions 2024年第1期16卷 5-13页

作者： Kun Wang ShiChang Kang Mang Lin PengFei Chen ChaoLiu Li XiuFeng Yin Shohei Hattori Teresa L.Jackson JunHua Yang YiXi Liu Naohiro Yoshida Mark HThiemens State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)LanzhouGansu 730000China State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryCASGuangzhouGuangdong 510640China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China International Center for Isotope Effects research(ICIER) School of Earth Sciences and EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210023China Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits ResearchSchool of Earth Sciences and EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210023China Department of Chemical Science and engineering School of Materials and Chemical TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta-choMidori-kuYokohamaKanagawa 226-8502Japan Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093-0021USA Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of TechnologyMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8551Japan National Institute of Information and Communications Technology KoganeiTokyo 184-8795Japan

Downward transport of stratospheric air into the troposphere(identified as stratospheric intrusions)could potentially modify the radiation budget and chemical of the Earth's surface *** the highest and largest plateau on earth,the Tibetan Plateau including the Himalayas couples to global climate,and has attracted widespread attention due to rapid warming and cryospheric *** studies recognized strong stratospheric intrusions in the Himalayas but are poorly understood due to limited direct evidences and the complexity of the meteorological dynamics of the third ***^(35)S is a radioactive isotope predominately produced in the lower stratosphere and has been demonstrated as a sensitive chemical tracer to detect stratospherically sourced air mass in the planetary boundary ***,we report 6-month(April–September 2018)observation of^(35)S in atmospheric sulfate aerosols(^(35)SO_(4)^(2-))collected from a remote site in the Himalayas to reveal the stratospheric intrusion phenomenon as well as its potential impacts in this *** the sampling campaign,the^(35)SO_(4)^(2-)concentrations show an average of 1,070±980 atoms/m^(3).In springtime,the average is 1,620±730 atoms/m^(3),significantly higher than the global existing data measured so *** significant enrichments of^(35)SO_(4)^(2-)measured in this study verified the hypothesis that the Himalayas is a global hot spot of stratospheric intrusions,especially during the springtime as a consequence of its unique geology and atmospheric *** combined with the ancillary evidences,e.g.,oxygen-17 anomaly in sulfate and modeling results,we found that the stratospheric intrusions have a profound impact on the surface ozone concentrations over the study region,and potentially have the ability to constrain how the mechanisms of sulfate oxidation are affected by a change in plateau atmospheric properties and *** study provides new observational constraints on stra

关键词： Himalayas Stratospheric intrusions Cosmogenic^(35)SO_(4)^(2-) Ozone Atmospheric oxidation

Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River by the type change tracker model

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Journal of arid Land 2015年第2期7卷 177-188页

作者： RuiFeng ZHAO ZuoLun XIE LiHua ZHANG Wen ZHU Jie LI Dan LIANG College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

The quantitative research of wetland landscape fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River is important for the wetland and oasis sustainable development in the Hexi Corridor. Based on the data of remote sensing and GIS, we constructed the type change tracker model with sliding window technique and spatially mor- phological rule. The suitable scale and optimum scale of the fragmentation model of wetland landscape in the middle reaches of the Heihe River were determined by the area frequency statistics method, Chi-square distribution normal- ized scale variance, fractal dimension and diversity index. By integrating type change tracker model and the optimum scale with GIS spatial analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of wetland landscape fragmentation in different periods and the related spatial-temporal change process were clarified. The results showed that （1） the type change tracker model, which analyzes the spatial pattern of wetland fragmentation on the pixel level, is better than the tradi- tional wetland fragmentation analysis on the landscape and patch levels; （2） The suitable scale for the wetland frag- mentation ranged from 150 rex150 m to 450 mx450 m and the optimum scale was 250 mx250 m in the middle reaches of the Heihe River; and （3） In the past 35 years, the total wetland area decreased by 23.2% and the frag- mentatJon of wetland markedly increased in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. The areas of core wetlands re- duced by 12.8% and the areas of perforated, edge and patch wetlands increased by 0.8%, 3.1% and 8.9%, respec- tively. The process of wetland fragmentation in the research region showed the order of core wetland, perforated or edge wetland, patch wetland or non-wetland. The results of this study would provide a reference for the protection, utilization and restoration of limited wetland resources and for the sustainable development of the regional eco-environment in the Heihe River Basin.

关键词： wetland landscape pattern fragmentation the type change tracker model Heihe River

Microclimate and CO_2 fluxes on continuous fine days in the Xihu desert wetland,China

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Journal of arid Land 2015年第3期7卷 318-327页

作者： QianQian GOU JianJun QU ZhiWen HAN Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Dunhuang Gobi and Desert Ecology and environment research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Xihu desert wetland is located in an extremely arid area in Dunhuang,Gansu province of Northwest *** area is home to an unusual geographic and ecological environment that is considered unique,both in China and the *** is not only related to topography,but is also affected by the physical properties of underlying ground *** and CO2 flux have different characteristics under different underlying surface ***,until now,few studies have investigated the microclimate characteristics and CO2 flux in this *** eddy covariance technique（ECT） is a widely used and effective method for studying such factors in different *** on data from continuous fine days obtained in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland between September 2012 and September 2013,this paper discussed and compared the characteristics of daily microclimate variations and CO2 fluxes between the two *** from both years showed that there was a level of turbulent mixing and updraft in the area,and that the turbulent momentum flux was controlled by wind shear under good weather *** horizontal wind velocity,friction wind velocity and vertical wind velocity were commendably consistent with each *** temperature in the surface layer followed an initial decreasing trend,followed by an increasing then decreasing trend under similar net radiation *** changes in air temperature,the soil temperature in the surface layer follows a more obvious sinusoidal fluctuation than that in the *** of ground surface radiation during the two study periods showed typical diurnal *** maximum diurnal absorption of CO2 occurred at around 11：00（Beijing time） in the Xihu desert wetland,and the concentrations of CO2 in both periods gradually decreased with *** area was therefore considered to act as a carbon sink during the two observation periods.

关键词： eddy covariance microclimate characteristics CO2 flux extremely arid region desert wetland Dunhuang

Ice Surface-Elevation Change and Velocity of Qingbingtan Glacier No.72 in the Tomor region,Tianshan Mountains,Central Asia

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 855-864页

作者： WANG Puyu LI Zhongqin LI Huilin WANG Wenbin WANG Feiteng College of Geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute/Tianshan Glaciological Station Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Glaciers in the Tomor region of Tianshan Mountains preserve vital water ***,these glaciers suffer from strong mass losses in the recent years because of global *** 2008 to 2009,a large-scale scientific expedition has been carried out in this *** an individual reference glacier,the tongue area of Qingbingtan glacier No.72 was measured by the high precise Real Time Kinematic-Global Position System (RTK-GPS).In this paper,changes of the tongue area of Qingbingtan glacier No.72 has been studied based on topographic map,remote sensing image and the survey during 2008-2009 field *** indicated that the ice surface-elevation of the tongue area changed-0.22±0.14 m a-1 from 1964 to *** estimated loss in ice volume was 0.014±0.009 km3,which represented a ～20 % decrease from the 1964 volume and was equivalent to average annual mass balance of-0.20±0.12 m water equivalent for the tongue area during *** retreated by 1852 m,approximately 41 m a-1,with the area reduction of 1.533 km2 (0.034 km2 a-1) from 1964 to ***,the annual velocity reached to ～70 m *** with the other monitored glaciers in the eastern Tianshan Mountains,Qingbingtan glacier No.72 experienced more intensive in shrinkage,which resulted from the combined effects of climate change and glacier dynamic,providing evidence of the response to climatic warming.

关键词：冰川面积高程变化冰面速度天山中亚全球定位系统质量损失