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Along-track Calibration of the Zhurong Rover Magnetometer

Science China earth sciences 2024年第2期67卷 552-565页

作者： Hao LUO Aimin DU Yasong GE Ying ZHANG Haiying LI Lin TIAN Kuixiang ZHANG Shuquan SUN Lin ZHAO Zhi LI Xiao FENG CAS Engineering laboratory for deep Resources Equipment and technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China College of earth Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China

As part of the chinese Tianwen-1 mission,the Zhurong Rover began its scientific investigation in the southern Utopia Planitia after its successful landing in 15 May,2021.The Zhurong Rover magnetometer(RoMAG),one of the six payloads onboard the rover,includes two identical high-sensitivity triaxial fluxgate magnetometers and can implement mobile magnetic measurements on the surface of Mars.Although a rover magnetic compensation procedure was conducted to remove the magnetic interferences pre-launch,due to the different state of the payloads and electric power system such as the solar panel,an along-track calibration of the magnetometer is necessary to obtain a more accurate Martian magnetic field.Two methods,mast yaw rotations and Rover yaw rotations were utilized separately to determine the Martian horizontal magnetic components.Results show that the Martian horizontal magnetic components determined by the two methods are in good agreement,with the root mean square deviation less than 2.0 nT.The vertical component was also constrained through the pitch movements of the mast by assuming the interferences field distributes like a dipole field.A linear correlation between magnetic field measurements and the solar array currents was derived to calibrate the body field during the regular exploration.We conclude that more accurate measurements could be made when applying the calibration results in the magnetic survey on the surface of Mars.

关键词： The Zhurong Rover Magnetometer Along-track calibration Remnant magnetization

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The influence of boundary conditions on the distribution of energetic electrons during collisionless magnetic reconnection

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Plasma Science and technology 2024年第4期26卷 79-84页

作者：王磊黄灿陈冬可杨忠炜杜爱民葛亚松 CAS Engineering laboratory for deep Resources Equipment and technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029People’s Republic of China College of earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029People’s Republic of China State Key laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190People’s Republic of China

We conducted 2-D particle-in-cell simulations to investigate the impact of boundary conditions on the evolution of magnetic reconnection. The results demonstrate that the boundary conditions are crucial to this evolution. Specifically, in the cases of traditional periodic boundary(PB) and fully-opened boundary(OB) conditions, the evolutions are quite similar before the system achieves the fastest reconnection rate. However, differences emerge between the two cases afterward. In the PB case, the reconnection electric field experiences a rapid decline and even becomes negative, indicating a reversal of the reconnection process. In contrast, the system maintains a fast reconnection stage in the OB case. Suprathermal electrons are generated near the separatrix and in the exhaust region of both simulation cases. In the electron density depletion layer and the dipolarization front region, a larger proportion of suprathermal electrons are produced in the OB case. Medium-energy electrons are mainly located in the vicinity of the X-line and downstream of the reconnection site in both cases. However, in the OB case, they can also be generated in the electron holes along the separatrix. Before the reverse reconnection stage, no high-energy electrons are present in the PB case. In contrast, about 20% of the electrons in the thin and elongated electron current layer are high-energy in the OB case.

关键词： magnetic reconnection electron energization particle-in-cell simulation

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Deformations at earth’s dayside magnetopause during quasi-radial IMF conditions:Global kinetic simulations and Soft X-ray Imaging

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 59-69页

作者： ZhongWei Yang RiKu Jarvinen XiaoCheng Guo TianRan Sun Dimitra Koutroumpa George K.Parks Can Huang BinBin Tang QuanMing Lu Chi Wang State Key laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Finnish Meteorological Institute FI-00101 HelsinkiFinland LATMOS/IPSL CNRSUVSQ UniversitéParis-SaclaySorbonne UniversitéGuyancourt78280France Space sciences laboratory University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA CAS Engineering laboratory for deep Resources Equipment and technology Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 China deep Space Exploration laboratory/School of earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)is a joint mission of the European Space Agency(ESA)and the chinese Academy of sciences(CAS).Primary goals are investigating the dynamic response of the earth's magnetosphere to the solar wind(SW)impact via simultaneous in situ magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements,X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and magnetic cusps,and UV images of global auroral distributions.Magnetopause deformations associated with magnetosheath high speed jets(HSJs)under a quasi-parallel interplanetary magnetic field condition are studied using a threedimensional(3-D)global hybrid simulation.Soft X-ray intensity calculated based on both physical quantities of solar wind proton and oxygen ions is compared.We obtain key findings concerning deformations at the magnetopause:(1)Magnetopause deformations are highly coherent with the magnetosheath HSJs generated at the quasi-parallel region of the bow shock,(2)X-ray intensities estimated using solar wind h+and self-consistentO7+ions are consistent with each other,(3)Visual spacecraft are employed to check the discrimination ability for capturing magnetopause deformations on Lunar and polar orbits,respectively.The SMILE spacecraft on the polar orbit could be expected to provide opportunities for capturing the global geometry of the magnetopause in the equatorial plane.A striking point is that SMILE has the potential to capture small-scale magnetopause deformations and magnetosheath transients,such as HSJs,at medium altitudes on its orbit.Simulation results also demonstrate that a lunar based imager(e.g.,Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager,LEXI)is expected to observe a localized brightening of the magnetosheath during HSJ events in the meridian plane.These preliminary results might contribute to the pre-studies for the SMILE and LEXI missions by providing qualitative and quantitative soft X-ray estimates of dayside kinetic processes.

关键词： collisionless shock SMILE mission foreshock

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Ion and electron motions in the outer electron diffusion region of collisionless magnetic reconnection

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第3期8卷 472-478页

作者： Cong Chang QuanMing Lu San Lu Kai Huang RongSheng Wang deep Space Exploration laboratory School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China chinese Academy of sciences(CAS)Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace EnvironmentHefei 230026China Collaborative Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and technology Harbin 150001China

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are performed to study the coupling between ion and electron motions in collisionless magnetic reconnection.The electron diffusion region(EDR),where the electron motions are demagnetized,is found to have a two-layer structure:an inner EDR near the reconnection site and an outer EDR that is elongated to nearly 10 ion inertial lengths in the outflow direction.In the inner EDR,the speed of the electron outflow increases when the electrons move away from the X line.In the outer EDR,the speed of the electron outflow first increases and then decreases until the electrons reach the boundary of the outer EDR.In the boundary of the outer EDR,the magnetic field piles up and forms a depolarization front.From the perspective of the fluid,a force analysis on the formation of electron and ion outflows has also been investigated.Around the X line,the electrons are accelerated by the reconnection electric field in the out-of-plane direction.When the electrons move away from the X line,we find that the Lorentz force converts the direction of the accelerated electrons to the x direction,forming an electron outflow.Both electric field forces and electron gradient forces tend to drag the electron outflow.Ion acceleration along the x direction is caused by the Lorentz force,whereas the pressure gradient force tends to decelerate the ion outflow.Although these two terms are important,their effects on ions are almost offset.The Hall electric field force does positive work on ions and is not negligible.The ions are continuously accelerated,and the ion and electron outflow velocities are almost the same near the depolarization front.

关键词： collisionless magnetic reconnection electron diffusion region force analysis particle-in-cell simulation

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Preliminary research and scheme design of deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiment for Geology in Time

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International Journal of Mining Science and technology 2024年第1期34卷 1-13页

作者： Heping Xie Ru Zhang Zetian Zhang Yinshuang Ai Jianhui Deng Yun Chen Yong Zhou Mingchuan Li Liqiang Liu Mingzhong Gao Zeqian Yang Weiqiang Ling Heng Gao Qijun Hao Kun Xiao Chendi Lou State Key laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of deep Underground Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China College of Water Resource&Hydropower Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of deep earth sciences and Geothermal Energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Limited Chengdu 610051China

The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.

关键词： deep underground Geology in Time China Jinping Underground laboratory In situ detection

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MAVEN observation of magnetosonic waves in the Martian magnetotail region

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第2期8卷 317-325页

作者： ShangChun Teng JiCheng Sun JiaWei Gao Y.Harada Markus Fraenz DeSheng Han State Key laboratory of Marine Geology School of Ocean and Earth ScienceTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China mnr Key laboratory for Polar Science Polar Research Institute of ChinaShanghai 200136China Key laboratory of earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Geophysics Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research GoettingenGermany

Magnetosonic waves are an important medium for energy transfer in collisionless space plasma.Magnetosonic waves have been widely investigated in the upstream of the bow shock at Mars.These waves are believed to originate from pickup ions or reflected particles.By utilizing MAVEN spacecraft data,we have observed the occurrence of quasi-perpendicularly propagating magnetosonic emissions near the proton gyrofrequency in the Martian magnetotail region.These plasma waves are associated with a significant enhancement of proton and oxygen flux.The excited magnetosonic waves could possibly heat the protons through resonance and facilitate the ionospheric plasma escape.Our results could be helpful to better understand the Mars’magnetospheric dynamics and offer insights into possible energy redistribution between waves and plasma in the Martian nightside magnetosphere.

关键词： Martian magnetotail region magnetosonic waves proton escape

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Seasonal Characteristics of Forecasting Uncertainties in Surface PM_(2.5)Concentration Associated with Forecast Lead Time over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第5期41卷 801-816页

作者： Qiuyan DU Chun ZHAO Jiawang FENG Zining YANG Jiamin XU Jun GU Mingshuai ZHANG Mingyue XU Shengfu LIN deep Space Exploration laboratory/School of earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

Forecasting uncertainties among meteorological fields have long been recognized as the main limitation on the accuracy and predictability of air quality forecasts.However,the particular impact of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on air quality forecasts specific to different seasons is still not well known.In this study,a series of forecasts with different forecast lead times for January,April,July,and October of 2018 are conducted over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region and the impacts of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on surface PM_(2.5)concentration forecasts with each lead time are investigated.With increased lead time,the forecasted PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly change and demonstrate obvious seasonal variations.In general,the forecasting uncertainties in monthly mean surface PM_(2.5)concentrations in the BTH region due to lead time are the largest(80%)in spring,followed by autumn(~50%),summer(~40%),and winter(20%).In winter,the forecasting uncertainties in total surface PM_(2.5)mass due to lead time are mainly due to the uncertainties in PBL heights and hence the PBL mixing of anthropogenic primary particles.In spring,the forecasting uncertainties are mainly from the impacts of lead time on lower-tropospheric northwesterly winds,thereby further enhancing the condensation production of anthropogenic secondary particles by the long-range transport of natural dust.In summer,the forecasting uncertainties result mainly from the decrease in dry and wet deposition rates,which are associated with the reduction of near-surface wind speed and precipitation rate.In autumn,the forecasting uncertainties arise mainly from the change in the transport of remote natural dust and anthropogenic particles,which is associated with changes in the large-scale circulation.

关键词： PM_(2.5) forecasting uncertainties forecast lead time meteorological fields Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

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The use of electrokinetics promises a sustainable mining future

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The Innovation 2024年第3期5卷 17-18页

作者： Gaofeng Wang Xiaoliang Liang Jianxi Zhu Hongping He CAS Key laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Mineral Physics and Material Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China CAS Center for Excellence in deep earth Science Guangzhou 510640China University of the chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China

Moving toward a zero-carbon economy is an ambitious goal of all human beings.Utilization of various metal resources plays a central role in such a transition.Rare earth elements(REEs),especially heavy REEs(HREEs),are crucial for the development of future green and zero-carbon economies due to their irreplaceable roles in many applications of renewable energy technologies;e.g.,solar panels,wind turbines,and hybrid vehicle batteries.Ion-adsorption rare earth deposits(IADs)are the primary repositories for HREEs and supply more than 95%of the global HREE demand.1 However,current mining technologies using excessive ammonium salts have caused devastating harm to the local environment while exhibiting a low recovery rate of REEs,a long mining period,and landslide risks.Since 2018,the adoption of ammonium salt-based techniques in REE mining has been prohibited,exacerbating the scarcity of REEs that could lead to disruptions of the supply chain.Moreover,metals are currently almost exclusively extracted from their ores via physical excavation or chemical leaching.These energy-intensive and environmentally damaging techniques remain among the foremost CO_(2) emitters.The mining industry is in desperate need of a new generation of mining technology.

关键词： mining replace earth

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Plate tectonics in the Archean:Observations versus interpretations

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第1期67卷 1-30页

作者： YongFei ZHENG School of earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Key laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China Center of Excellence for Comparative Planetology Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230026China

Plate tectonics theory,established in the 1960s,has been successful in explaining many geological phenomena,processes and events that occurred in the Phanerozoic.However,the theory has often struggled to provide a coherent framework in interpreting geological records in continental interior and Precambrian period.In dealing with the relationship between plate tectonics and continental geology,continental interior tectonics was often separated from continental margin tectonics in the inheritance and development of their structure and composition.This separation led to the illusion that the plate tectonics theory is not applicable to Precambrian geology,particularly in explaining the fundamental geological characteristics of Archean cratons.Although this illusion does not mean that the Archean continental crust did not originate from a regime of plate tectonics,it led to the development of alternative tectonic models,often involving vertical movements under a regime of stagnant lid tectonics,including not only endogenous processes such as gravitational sagduction,mantle plumes and heat pipes but also exogenous processes such as bolide impacts.These vertical processes were not unique to the Archean but persisted into the Phanerozoic.They result from mantle poloidal convection at different depths,not specific to any particular period.Upgrading the plate tectonics theory from the traditional kinematic model in the 20th century to a holistic kinematic-dynamic model in the 21st century and systematically examining the vertical transport of matter and energy at plate margins,it is evident that plate tectonics can explain the common geological characteristics of Archean cratons,such as lithological associations,structural patterns and metamorphic evolution.By deciphering the structure and composition of convergent plate margins as well as their dynamics,the formation and evolution of continental crust since the Archean can be divided into ancient plate tectonics in the Precambrian and modern plate tectonics in the Phanero

关键词： Plate tectonics Archean geology Continental origin Crustal reworking Plate interior Plate margin

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Present-day Upper-crustal Strain Rate Field in Southeastern Tibet and its Geodynamic Implications:Constraints from GPS Measurements with ABIC Method

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第1期98卷 265-275页

作者： YANG Shaohua PAN Jiawei LI Haibing SHI Yaolin Key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources Institute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Jiangsu Donghai Continental deep Hole Crustal Activity National Observation and Research Station DonghaiJiangsu 222300China Key laboratory of Computational Geodynamics College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

The earth’s surface kinematics and deformation are fundamental to understanding crustal evolution.An effective research approach is to estimate regional motion field and deformation fields based on modern geodetic networks.If the discrete observed velocity field is obtained,the velocity related fields,such as dilatation rate and maximum shear strain rate,can be estimated by applying varied mathematical approaches.This study applied Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion(ABIC)method to calculate strain rate fields constrained by GPS observations in the southeast Tibetan Plateau.Comparison with results derived from other three methods revealed that our ABIC-derived strain rate fields were more precise.The maximum shear strain rate highlighted the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system as the main boundary for the outward migration of material in southeastern Tibet,indicating rotation of eastern Tibet material around the eastern Himalaya rather than whole extrusion along a fixed channel.Additionally,distinct dilatation rate patterns in the northeast and southwest regions of the fault system were observed.The northeast region,represented by the Longmenshan area,exhibited negative dilatational anomalies;while the southwest region,represented by the Jinsha River area north of 29°N,displayed positive dilatational anomalies.This indicates compression in the former and extension in the latter.Combined with deep geophysical observations,we believe that the upper and lower crusts of the Jinsha River area north of 29°N are in an entire expanding state,probably caused by the escape-drag effect of material.The presence of a large,low-viscosity region south of 29°N may not enable the entire escape of the crust,but instead result in a differential escape of the lower crust faster than the upper crust.

关键词： strain rate differential escape ABIC GPS southeastern Tibet

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