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Deep overpressure gas accumulation

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 78-84页

作者： ZHANG Qiming china offshore Oil nanhai west corporation Zhanjiang 524057, china china offshore Oil nanhai west corporation Zhanjiang China

The Kela-2 gas field in the Kuqa Depression ofthe Tarim Basin is one of the greatest fields recently discov-ered in the deep overpressure reservoir in the world. Theplay conditions of Kela-2 field and Ya21-l structure featuresin the Qiongdongnan Basin on the South china Sea shelf hasbeen studied, and a gas accumulation under deep overpres-sure must have the following two conditions (besides otherfavourable conditions for gas accumulation): one is that thetime of gas charge matches with overpressure occurrencetime, and the other is a good quality caprock. If the chargewas early and the overpressure occurrence was late, and afine caprock of the evaporite bed existed, the accumulationof gas is favourable; conversely, it is difficult to form a gasreservoir.

关键词： overpressure overpressure basin deep overpressnre reservoir gas accumulation.

Natural gas generation model and its response in accumulated fluids in the Yinggehai basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2003年第11期46卷 1103-1112页

作者：郝芳邹华耀黄保家 Faculty of Natural Resource and Technology Information Petroleum University Beijing 102200 China nanhai west lnstitute China Offshore Oil Corporation Research Centre Zhanjiang 524057 China

The natural gases found in the Yinggehai basin have nitrogen gas content ranging from 3.5% to 35%, and carbon dioxide content ranging from 0.1% to 93%. The nitrogen and CO2 con-tents show a wide variation even in the same gas field. The natural gas generation and evolution model has been established based on the relationship among the contents of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon gases in the discovered gas fields, and the results of simulation experi-ments. The thickness of the Tertiary and Quaternary in the Yinggehai basin is over 17 km, and gas generation stages from diagenesis (microbial methane) to metamorphism have been developed. Nitrogen in this basin is organic in origin, and has been generated mainly in the catagenetic stage, roughly synchronous with hydrocarbon gases. Carbon dioxide is mainly inorganic in origin, and has been generated from high-temperature decomposition of carbonates in the metamorphic stage. The Dongfang gas field shows strong inter-reservoir compositional heterogeneities, and different gas reservoirs have recorded the products of gas generation at different stages. It has been con-firmed that the complexity in natural gas composition in the Yinggehai basin is the combined re-sults of multi-stage natural gas generation and multi-stage gas injection and accumulation.

关键词： Yinggehai basin, non-hydrocarbon gases, gas generation, reservoir fluids.

Tectono-thermal modeling of the Yinggehai Basin,South china Sea

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Science china Earth Sciences 2001年第1期44卷 7-13页

作者：何丽娟熊亮萍汪集旸杨计海董伟良 Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China china offshore Oil nanhai west corporation Zhanjiang China

Based on the observed data, the average value of surface heatflow in the Yinggehai Basin is calculated and it turns out to be 84.1 mW/m2. The thermal evolution of the basin since the Cenozoic era has been attempted by tectono-thermal modeling. Three-phase extension made the basin become hotter and hotter, reaching its climax in paleo-temperature history since 5.2 Ma. And nowadays, the basin is in the heat flow decreasing period. During the Cenozoic era, the basement heat flow remained at 50-70 mW/m2 all the time. This is related to the degree of each extension phase, stretching rate mode and also the limited basin scale. Modeling results also show that, the surface heat flow is controlled mainly by the basement heat flow, and less than 20% comes from radiogenic heat production in the sediments of the basin.

关键词： tectono-thermal modeling the Yinggehai Basin South china Sea

Evolution and petroleum systems of the Ying-Qiong Basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 1997年第5期40卷 553-560页

作者：张启明郝芳 china offshore Oil nanhai west corporation Zhanjiang 524057 China china Geological University Wuhan 430074 China

The Ying-Qiong Basin, a newly-discovered large gas province in china, lies to the west and south of the Hainan Island. Although the Yinggehai Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin are different in genesis, the rapid subsidence and the fast deposition since 5 Ma made both of them share the same environments of overtemperature and overpressure, which resulted in different petroleum systems from others in china.

关键词： evolution petroleum system basin

A Singular Perturbation Method for Parametric Investigation on J-lay Installation of Deepwater Pipelines

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china Ocean Engineering 2013年第6期27卷 751-766页

作者：王琴段梦兰李海明张庆元 offshore Oil/Gas Research Center China University of Petroleum china National offshore Oil corporation

The maximum bending moment or curvature in the neighborhood of the touch down point （TDP） and the maximum tension at the top are two key parameters to be controlled during deepwater J-lay installation in order to ensure the safety of the pipe-laying operation and the normal operation of the pipelines. In this paper, the non-linear governing differential equation for getting the two parameters during J-lay installation is proposed and solved by use of singular perturbation technique, from which the asymptotic expression of stiffened catenary is obtained and the theoretical expression of its static geometric configuration as well as axial tension and bending moment is derived. Finite element results are applied to verify this method. Parametric investigation is conducted to analyze the influences of the seabed slope, unit weight, flexural stiffness, water depth, and the pipe-laying tower angle on the maximum tension and moment of pipeline by this method, and the results show how to control the installation process by changing individual parameters.

关键词： deepwater touch down point singular perturbation technique non-linear governing differential equation J-lay of pipeline geometric nonlinearity stiffened catenary

Preferential petroleum Migration Pathways in Eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin,offshore South china Sea

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Journal of china University of Geosciences 2009年第4期20卷 720-730页

作者：于建宁邹华耀龚再升 State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum china National offshore Oil corporation

Secondary petroleum migration in the eastern Pearl River Mouth basin was modeled using the three-dimensional PATHWAYSTM model, which assumes that the positions of petroleum migration pathways are controlled by the morphology of the sealing surfaces. The modeling results have accurately predicted the petroleum occurrences. Most commercial petroleum accumulations are along the predicted preferential petroleum migration pathways （PPMP）, and most large fields （petroleum reserves greater than 1×10^8t） have more than one preferential petroleum migration pathways to convey petroleum to the traps. The lateral migration distance for oil in the LHII-1 field, the largest ollfield so far discovered in the Pearl River Mouth basin, was more than 80 km. The case study suggests that in lacustrine fault basins, petroleum can migrate over a long distance to form large oilfields without driving force from groundwater flow. The focusing of petroleum originating from a large area of the generative kitchens into restricted channels seems to be essential not only for long-range petroleum migration in hydrostatic conditions, but also for the formation of large oil or gas fields. The strong porosity and permeability heterogeneities of the carrier beds and the relatively high prediction accuracy by a model that does not take into consideration of the effect of heterogeneity suggest that the positions of petroleum migration pathways in heterogeneous carrier beds with relatively large dipping angles are determined primarily by the morphology of the sealing surfaces at regional scales.

关键词： preferential petroleum migration pathway modeling lacustrine fault basin Pearl River Mouth basin.

Kinetics and model of gas generation of source rocks in the deepwater area, Qiongdongnan Basin

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第4期34卷 11-18页

作者： HUANG Baojia HUANG Hao WANG Zhenfeng HUANG Yiwen SUN Zhipeng Zhanjiang Branch of china National offshore Oil corporation (CNOOC) Limited china University of petroleum

In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation （activation energy distribution and frequency factor） of the Yacheng Formation source rocks （coal and neritic mudstones） was determined by thermal simulation experiments in the closed system and the specific KINETICS Software. The results show that the activation energy （Ea） distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 50 to 74 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 2.4×1015 s–1 for the neritic mudstone and the Ea distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 49 to 73 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 8.92×1013 s–1 for the coal. On the basis of these kinetic parameters and combined with the data of sedimentary burial and paleothermal histories, the gas generation model of the Yacheng Formation source rocks closer to geological condition was worked out, indicating its main gas generation stage at Ro （vitrinite reflectance） of 1.25%–2.8%. Meanwhile, the gas generation process of the source rocks of different structural locations （central part, southern slope and south low uplift） in the Lingshui Sag was simulated. Among them, the gas generation of the Yacheng Formation source rocks in the central part and the southern slope of the sag entered the main gas window at 10 and 5 Ma respectively and the peak gas generation in the southern slope occurred at 3 Ma. The very late peak gas generation and the relatively large gas potential indices （GPI：20×10^8–60×10^8 m^3/km^2） would provide favorable conditions for the accumulation of large natural gas reserves in the deepwater area.

关键词： Yacheng Formation source rock gas generation kinetics gas generation model deepwater area Qiongdongnan Basin

Vertical migration through faults and hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in deepwater areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第12期33卷 96-106页

作者： WANG Zhenfeng LIU Zhen CAO Shang SUN Zhipeng ZUO Qianmei WANG Yahui HE Weijun Zhanjiang Branch of china National offshore Oil corporation (CNOOC) Limited Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum

In the Qiongdongnan Basin, faults are well *** on the drilling results, the traps controlled two or more faults are oil-rich. However, when only one fault cut through the sand body, there is no sign for hy-drocarbon accumulation in the sandstone. In terms of this phenomenon, the principle of reservoir-forming controlled by fault terrace is proposed, i.e., when the single fault activates, because of the incompressibility of pore water, the resistance of pore and the direction of buoyancy, it is impossible for hydrocarbon to ac-cumulate in sandstone. But when there are two or more faults, one of the faults acts as the spillway so the hydrocarbon could fill in the pore of sandstone through other faults. In total five gas bearing structures and four failure traps are considered, as examples to demonstrate our findings. According to this theory, it is well-advised that south steep slope zone of Baodao-Changchang Depression, south gentle slope zone of Lingshui Depression, north steep slope zone of Lingshui Depression, and north steep slope zone of Baodao Depression are the most favorable step-fault zones, which are the main exploration direction in next stage.

关键词： principle of reservoir-forming controlled by fault terrace gas bearing structures step-fault zone Qiongdongnan Basin

Composite Sand Bodies Architecture of Deep-Water Turbidite Channels in the Niger Delta Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第6期88卷 1822-1834页

作者： LIN Yu WU Shenghe WANG Xing LING Yun LU Yao ZHANG Jiajia YU Zhi College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum BGP Inc. China National Petroleum Corporation Research Institute China National Offshore Oil Corp

Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes（the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite） and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs.

关键词： turbidite channels composite sand bodies architecture Niger Delta Basin quantitative relations