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Chinese prototype building models for simulating the energy performance of the nationwide building stock

building Simulation 2023年第8期16卷 1559-1582页

作者： Jingjing An Yi Wu Chenxi Gui Da Yan School of Environment and Energy Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureBeijingChina building Energy Research Center School of ArchitectureTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina

building energy modeling(BEM)has become increasingly used in building energy conservation *** building models are developed to represent the typical urban building characteristics of a specific building type,meteorological conditions,and construction *** study included four residential buildings and 11 commercial buildings to represent nationwide building types in *** consideration of five climate zones and different construction years corresponding to national standards,a total of 151 prototype building models were *** building envelope properties,occupancy and energy-related behaviors,and heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)system characteristics were defined according to the corresponding building energy efficiency design standards,HVAC design standards,and through other sources,such as questionnaire surveys,on-site measurements,and literature,which reflect the real situation of existing buildings in *** on the developed prototype buildings,a large database of 9225 models in 270 cities was further developed to facilitate users to simulate building energy in different *** conclusion,the developed prototype building models can represent realistic building characteristics and construction practices of the most common residential and commercial buildings in china,serving as an important foundation for *** models can be used for analyses related to building energy conservation research on typical individual buildings,including energy-saving technologies,advanced controls,and new policies,and providing a reference for the development of building energy codes and standards.

关键词： prototype building models building stock modeling Chinese building building performance simulation energy conservation

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Model of Diffusion of Sulfur in Soda-lime-silicate Glass:An Experimental and Comparative Study

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2017年第1期32卷 76-79页

作者：孟政 HONG Wang WANG Yongbin JIANG Hong State Key Laboratory of Green building Materials China Building Materials AcademyBeijing 100024China Institute of GlassResearch China Building Materials AcademyBeijing 100024China Materials and Chemical Engineering Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China

The diffusion property of sulfur on the soda-lime-silicate float glass surface was studied by using secondary ion mass spectroscopy（SIMS）.According to the Fick＇s Second Law,two models of diffusion of sulfur on the glass surface were *** the diffusion of sulfate（S^6＋） is considered uniquely,the concentration-depth profile of sulfur can not be fitted very well,especially on the top surfaces of the air side and tin side of float *** the diffusion of sulfide（S^2-） on the profile of sulfur can not be *** concentration-depth profile of sulfur on both sides of glass can be fitted more exactly when both S^6＋ and S^2- are *** on the above-mentioned fitting results,it is concluded that the diffusion coefficents of S^6＋ and S^2- of tin side are larger than those of the air ***,the diffusion coefficents are related to the contacted medium.

关键词： diffusion sulfur soda-lime-silicate glass secondary ion mass spectroscopy

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Restoring-force model of modified RAC columns with silica fume and hybrid fiber

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Journal of Central South University 2017年第11期24卷 2674-2684页

作者： YANG Tao WANG She-liang LIU Wei School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Xi’an Polytechnic UniversityXi’an 710048China School of Civil Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’an 710055China academy of building Research of Shaanxi Provincial Xi’an 710082China

In order to establish a restoring-force model for modified concrete columns with recycled aggregates concrete(RAC), cyclic loading tests were carried out on five concretes with RAC columns and ordinary concrete frame columns under the combined influence with different admixtures and admixtures ratios(silica fume and hybrid fiber). The expressions for characteristic nodes of the skeleton curve were given by the analysis and numerical regression of the test results. In addition, the hysteretic rules of the restoring-force model and the expression for unloading stiffness were presented. Finally, we summed up the complete calculation method of the hysteretic restoring force, whose results were in good agreement with experiment. The results demonstrated that the proposed model could simulate and reflect the corresponding hysteretic behaviors, and the calculation method can provide the theoretical basis for the engineering application.

关键词： modified RAC columns skeleton curve unloading stiffness hysteretic rule restoring-force model

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Effect of SAP on Properties of High Performance Concrete under Marine Wetting and Drying Cycles

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2019年第5期34卷 1136-1142页

作者： Ouattara Coumoin Cherel WANG Fazhou YANG Jin LIU Zhichao[[ State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for architecture Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China School of Civil Engineering and architecture Hubei University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China State Key Laboratory of Green building Materials China Building Materials AcademyBeijing 100024China

The internal curing effect of superabsorbent polymer(SAP) on the properties of high performance concrete(HPC) under marine wetting and drying cycles(WD cycles) was investigated. Compressive strength, hydration and chloride migration were experimentally investigated and the results were evaluated by compasison with those under fresh water curing(FW). Water absorption and porosity were also evaluated only under WD cycles. The results showed the important influence of wetting and drying cycles on the properties of SAP modified HPC properties. Carefully designed, SAP minimized the long-term compressive strength of HPC under marine WD cycles. The hydration rate was faster in the initial curing, but became lower as compared with that cured in FW. In addition, SAP improved the long-term water absorption resistance and chloride migration resistance of HPC under marine WD cycles. The examination of the porosity showed a lower increase of the volume of capillary pores in SAP modified HPC under long term WD cycles compared with that without SAP. Therefore, internal curing by SAP could improve the durability properties of HPC under marine WD cycles.

关键词： superabsorbent polymer(SAP) high performance concrete wetting and drying cycles internal curing

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Microstructure and Composition of Hydration Products of Ordinary Portland Cement with Ground Steel-making Slag

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2003年第4期18卷 76-79页

作者：李永鑫 china building Materials academy

The effect of ground steel-making slag on microstructure and composition of hydration products of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was investigated by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).Results show that ground steel-making slag is a kind of high activity mineral additives and it can raise the longer-age strength of OPC *** total porosity and average pore diameter of OPC paste with ground steel-making slag increase with the increase of the amount of ground steel-making slag replacing OPC at various ages,while after 28 days most pores in OPC paste with ground steel-making slag do not influence the strength because the diameter of those pores is in the rang of 20 to *** hydration mechanism of ground steel-making slag is similar to that of OPC but different from that of fly ash and blast furnace *** hydration products of ground steel-making slag contain quite a lot of Ca(OH) 2 in long age.

关键词： ground steel-making slag microstructure composition hydration products

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Airflow Analytical Toolkit(AAT):A MATLAB-based analyzer for holistic studies on the dynamic characteristics of airflows

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building Simulation 2024年第7期17卷 1137-1159页

作者： Zuoyu Xie Junhui Fan Bin Cao Yingxin Zhu Department of building Science School of ArchitectureTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Key Laboratory of Eco Planning&Green building Ministry of Education(Tsinghua University)BeijingChina

The dynamic characteristics of different airflows on micro-scales have been explored from many perspectives since the late *** the one hand,most analytical tools and research subjects in previous contributions vary significantly:some only focus on fluctuant velocity features,while others pay attention to directional *** the other hand,despite the wide variety of existing analytical methods,they are not systematically classified and *** paper aims to establish a system including state-of-the-art tools for airflow analysis and to further design a holistic toolkit named Airflow Analytical Toolkit(AAT).The AAT contains two tools,responsible for analyzing the velocity and direction characteristics of airflows,each of which is integrated with multiple analytical *** assess the performance of the developed toolkit,we further take typical natural and mechanical winds as cases to show its excellent analytical *** the help of this toolkit,the great differences in velocity and directional characteristics among different airflows are *** comparative results reveal that not only is the velocity of natural wind more fluctuating than that of mechanical wind,but its incoming flow direction is also more *** AAT,serving as a powerful and user-friendly instrument,will hopefully offer great convenience in data analysis and guidance for a deeper understanding of the dynamic characteristics of airflows,and further remedy the gap in airflow analytical tools.

关键词： airflow analysis dynamic characteristic wind velocity wind direction thermal comfort wind comfort

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A prediction model to forecast passenger flow based on flight arrangement in airport terminals

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Energy and Built Environment 2023年第6期4卷 680-688页

作者： Lin Lin Xiaochen Liu Xiaohua Liu Tao Zhang Yang Cao Department of building Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China china academy of building Research Beijing 100084China

Passenger flow plays an important role in the indoor environment and energy consumption of airport *** this paper,field investigations were carried out in four typical airport terminals with different scales and operation states to reveal the characteristics of passenger flow.A prediction model is established to forecast passengers’distribution in the main areas of an airport terminal based on its flight *** results indicate the dislocation peaks of passenger numbers in these areas,due to the airport’s departure *** peak time interval is about 30 min between the check-in hall and the security check area,and 60-80 min between the check-in hall and the departure *** value(i.e.,the ratio of the actual passenger number in a certain area to the design value)is used to describe this peak shifting *** the annual passenger throughput of an airport terminal reaches or even exceeds its design value,the total peak RD value is normally *** the airport affected by COVID-19,the peak RD is only 0.2,which reflects the decline in terminal passenger numbers during the *** research provides useful insight into the characteristics of passenger flow in airport terminals,and is beneficial for their design and operation.

关键词： Airport terminal Passenger flow Prediction model Reduction coefficient

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Truncation method for calculating the resistance of ventilation air-conditioning duct systems under nonfully developed flow boundary conditions

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building Simulation 2021年第4期14卷 1237-1249页

作者： Ran Gao Wei Guo Changqing Yang Meng Wang Sikai Zhang Hang Zhou Angui Li School of building Services Science and Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’anShaanxi710055China

Calculating the resistance of ventilation air-conditioning ducts under nonfully developed flow is a crucial problem that must be addressed. Based on the characteristics of the resistance in ventilation air-conditioning ducts, the truncation method-a computational method that is appropriate for nonfully developed flow boundary conditions-was proposed in this study. The resistance distributions in the upstream and downstream ducts from typical local components, including reducers, bends and tee ducts, were investigated. Using the resistance values of the local components under fully developed flow, the resistances that did not belong to nonfully developed flow were truncated and removed. Finally, the calculation steps of the proposed method were discussed, an engineering case study was presented, and the accuracy of the developed model was analyzed. The results showed that for the local components in the system (reducers, bends and tee ducts), their proportions of the total resistance exhibited similar trends under different width-to-height ratios. The resistance of these local components included upstream resistance, downstream resistance and their own resistance. The upstream resistance accounted for 2%–6% of the total resistance, whereas the downstream resistance of the reducers, bends and tee ducts accounted for 40%–60% of the total resistance. A functional relationship was established between the local resistance and cutoff distance of the reducers, bends and tee ducts. Hence, the truncation method can calculate the local resistance from the cutoff distance. Moreover, in the presented engineering case study, the error between the actual measured resistance values and those simulated with the truncation method was only 4.28%, which was far less than that of the results simulated with the traditional calculation methods (53.64%).

关键词： resistance local components nonfully developed flow truncation method

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Electrical conductivity changes of bulk tin and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu in bulk and in joints during isothermal aging

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2010年第4期17卷 453-458页

作者： Bin Liu Fu Guo Institute of building Environment and Energy Efficiency China Academy of Building Research Beijing 100044 China College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China

The changes of electrical conductivity （resistance） between Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder joints and printed circuit board （PCB） assembly during aging at 125℃ were investigated by the four-point probe technique. The microstructural characterizations of interfacial layers between the solder matrix and the substrate were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. Different types of specimens were designed to consider several factors. The experimental results indicate that electrical conductivities （resistances） and residual shear strengths of the solder joint specimens significantly decrease after 1000 h during isothermal aging. Microcracks generate in the solder matrix at the first 250 h. Besides, the evolutions of microstructural characterizations at the interface and the matrix of solder joints were noted in this research.

关键词： lead-free solder electrical conductivity isothermal aging, microcrack thermal stress

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Experimental study on the CO_(2) concentration and age of air distribution inside tiny sleeping spaces

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building Simulation 2024年第4期17卷 591-605页

作者： Jingying Zhang Yanyan Li Haiguo Yin Linfeng Liang Songmei Zu Le Gao Ying Zhang Angui Li School of building Services Science and Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’anShaanxi710055China

In recent years,rapid urban development has led to capsule hotels,sleep pods,and other tiny sleeping spaces that adapt to people’s fast-paced lives,achieving maximum functionality with a very small ***,due to the small space,human metabolic pollutant(such as CO_(2))is more likely to accumulate,and the air is not easily *** this paper,a full-size experimental platform is set up with three types of ventilation modes to explore the exclusion efficiency of metabolic pollutants and the overall distribution of age of air under these ventilation *** conclusions showed that the mean values of metabolic pollutant exclusion rates for the different ventilation modalities varied very little across the spatial dimensions of the confined space but varied considerably in the area around the *** double-side attached ventilation method was the most effective in removing human metabolic pollutants,especially in the head region(CN≥0.92),while the single-wall attached ventilation method had the best air exchange efficiency(η≥0.85).This suggests an inconsistent distribution of CO_(2) and age of air,which is contrary to general common *** conclusions of this paper can guide the design of ventilation for tiny sleeping spaces.

关键词： attached ventilation mode human metabolic pollutant indoor air quality air exchange efficiency tiny sleeping spaces

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