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The geology, structure and mineralisation of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposits, Mongolia： A review

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geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 375-407页

作者： T.M.(Mike) Porter Porter CeoConsultancy Ply ltd. Linden Park 5065 SA Australia

The Oyu Tolgoi cluster of seven porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits in southern Mongolia,define a narrow,linear,12 km long,almost continuously mineralised trend,which contains in excess of 42 Mt of Cu and1850 t of Au,and is among the largest high grade porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the *** deposits lie within the Gurvansayhan island-arc terrane,a fault bounded segment of the broader Silurian to Carboniferous Kazakh-Mongol arc,located towards the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,a collage of magmatic arcs that were periodically active from the late Neoproterozoic to PermoTriassic,extending from the Urals Mountains to the Pacific *** at Oyu Tolgoi is associated with multiple,overlapping,intrusions of late Devonian（～372 to 370 Ma） quartzmonzodiorite intruding Devonian（or older） juvenile,probably intra-oceanic arc-related,basaltic lavas and lesser volcaniclastic rocks,unconformably overlain by late Devonian（～370 Ma） basaltic to dacitic pyroclastic and volcano sedimentary *** quartz-monzodiorite intrusions range from earlymineral porphyritic dykes,to larger,linear,syn-,late- and post-mineral dykes and *** was deposited within syn-mineral quartz-monzodiorites,but is dominantly hosted by augite basalts and to a lesser degree by overlying dacitic pyroclastic *** ore deposition,an allochthonous plate of older Devonian（or pre-Devonian） rocks was overthrust and a post-ore biotite granodiorite intruded at～365 *** is characterised by varying,telescoped stages of intrusion and *** A-type quartz veined dykes were followed by Cu-Au mineralisation associated with potassic alteration,mainly K-feldspar in quartz-monzodiorite and biotite-magnetite in basaltic *** reflux of cooled,late-magmatic hydrothermal fluid resulted in intense quartz-sericite retrograde alteration in the upper parts of the main syn-mineral intrusions,and an equivalent chlorite-muscovite/illite-hematite assemblage in bas

关键词： Tectonic setting Porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit High sulphidation Geology Alteration Structure

Shale gas accumulation conditions and gas-bearing characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Well Changye-1 in northwestern Hunan Province

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Petroleum Research 2016年第2期1卷 205-212页

作者： Tuo Lin Shujing Bao Jinchuan Zhang Zhi Zhou Kun Yuan Bo Li Shengyu Yang Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430074China School of Energy Resources China University of GeoscienceBeijing 100083China China Huadian Engineering Co. Ltd.Beijing 100035China

To evaluate the accumulation conditions and gas-bearing properties of shale gas in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,northwestern Hunan Province,the first shale gas parameter well(Well Changye-1)that takes the Niutitang Formation as the target horizon in the Hunan Province was selected preferably and drilled,cumulatively revealing the thickest dark shale horizon of the Niutitang Formation among the single-well drillings in China,with a true vertical thickness of *** analyzing the core samples in terms of organic geochemistry,rock mineralogy and reservoir properties,the black shale horizons in the Niutitang Formation of Well Changye-1 have high organic carbon content(average 3.9%),moderate maturity(equivalent Ro average 2.6%),high brittle mineral content(quartz content average 50.1%),low clay mineral content(average 32.4%),low porosity(1.7%)and low permeability(1.32×10^(-3)mD),and well-developed meso to micro-pores and fractures,indicating good conditions for shale gas *** desorption and laboratory isothermal adsorption measurements on core samples show that Well Changye-1 has good gas-bearing properties,and gas content generally increases with *** black shale horizons at the depth of 1100-1250m have an average organic carbon content up to 10.1%,total gas content of 0.5-2.1m^(3)/t and 3.7-6.4m^(3)/t,and this is the most favorable depth for shale gas development,indicating that the Niutitang Formation has good a prospect for shale gas *** to huge sedimentary thickness,the black shale in the middle-lower part of the Niutitang Formation should be given priority for exploration.

关键词： shale gas gas-bearing properties Niutitang Formation Well Changye-1 northwestern Hunan

A quantitative study on source rocks in the western Leidong depression, northern South China Sea

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Energy geoscience 2021年第1期2卷 73-82页

作者： Tao Wu Lie Li Wentuo Li Yonghao Gai Yu Qiu Guangchao Pan Lin Chen CNOOC China ltd. Zhanjiang BranchZhanjiang524057China

The Leidong depression is one of the secondary tectonic units and the least explored part of the Beibu Gulf Basin,northern South China *** activities in the basin reveal that the Middle Eocene deposition was controlled by NE-SW-striking faults and the second member of the Eocene Liushagang Formation(LII)consists of high-quality source *** nature and origin of this depression has remained enigmatic due to the complex fault structures as compared to those in other *** is important to identify whether LII occurs in the Leidong depression in the context of *** we analyze available geological,seismic,and drilling data of the depression and the controlling factors among faults,deposition,lithology,and hydrocarbon distribution in the *** such as stress fracture analysis,fault growth index analysis,and sedimentary strata characterization were used to construct an Eocene sedimentary model controlled by NW-SE striking *** model with integrated seismic profile characteristics comparison and velocity analysis results was then used to determine whether the Eocene strata in the west of the depression contain the high-quality source rocks that are widely distributed elsewhere in the ***,calculations were performed to quantify the intensity of hydrocarbon generation and amount of hydrocarbon generated in the depression based on available data of the source rocks,including their distribution and *** results confirmed the assumption that the Middle Eocene strata in the Leidong depression were controlled by NW-SE strike-slip faults and contain high-quality LII source rocks,thus providing an important foundation for future exploration.

关键词： Source rock quantization Fault-controlling depression Western Leidong depression Beibu Gulf basin

Accuracy assessment of ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates:A case study in Spain

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Journal of Central South University 2022年第1期29卷 226-238页

作者： ZHU Jun YANG Pan-feng LI Yi XIE Yan-zhou FU Hai-qiang China Energy Engineering Group Hunan Electric Power Design Institute Co. Ltd.Changsha 410007China School of geoscience and Info-physics Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

The Ice,Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2(ICESat-2),a new spaceborne light detection and ranging(LiDAR)system,was successfully launched on September 15,*** ICESat-2 data increase the types of spaceborne LiDAR data archive and provide new control point data for large-scale topographic mapping and geodetic ***,the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates has not been fully evaluated on a large scale and in complex terrain *** article aims to quantitatively assess the accuracy of ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain ***,the ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates were compared with the high-precision airborne LiDAR digital terrain model(DTM),and impacts of acquisition time,vegetation cover type,terrain slope,and season change on the terrain estimation accuracy were *** get the following conclusions from the analysis:1)the mean and RMSE of the terrain estimates of day acquisitions are 0.22 m and 0.59 m higher than that of night acquisitions;2)the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates acquired in vegetated areas is lower than those in non-vegetated areas;3)the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates is inversely proportional to the slope,and the elevation error increases significantly when the terrain slope is larger than 30°;4)in the non-vegetation covered area,the accuracy of the ATL 08 terrain estimates of summer and winter acquisitions has no obvious discrepancy,but in vegetated area,the accuracy of winter acquisitions is significantly better than that of summer *** research provides references for the selection and application of ICESat-2 data.

关键词： ICESat-2 ATL 08 terrain estimates accuracy assessment complex terrain vegetation cover type

Fluid property identification of the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs with complex oil-water contacts in Deseo Basin,Chad

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Energy geoscience 2024年第1期5卷 89-98页

作者： Xinxin Zhang Lianfeng Zhu Tianjiao Wang Xiaokang Shi Bo Han Jian Shen Hailei Gao Mud logging company Great Wall Drilling Company Ltd.CNPCLiaoningPanjin124010China CNPC Latin America ltd. Beijing100034China CNPC Andes(Ecuador)ltd. Beijing100034China

Recently,exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Doseo Basin,but the identification of reservoir fluid property is difficult due to variable reservoir lithology,complex oil-water contact within and faint responses of the oil zone,which causes the lower accuracy of reservoir fluid property identification with conventional mudlogging and wirelogging *** the geochemical logging,fluorescent logging,mud logging and cutting logging technology,in combination with formation test data,this paper distinguishes the crude oil types,analyzes the logging response characteristics of oil zone after water washing,and establishes the interpretation charts and parameter standards for reservoir fluid *** crude oil can be divided into two types,namely viscous-heavy and thin-light,based on total hydrocarbon content and component concentration tested by mud logging,features of pyrolysis gas chromatogram and fluorescence *** general characteristics of oil layers experienced water washing include the decrease of total hydrocarbon content and component concentration from mud logging,the decrease of S1 and PS values from geochemical logging,the decrease of hydrocarbon abundance and absence of some light components in pyrolysis gas chromatogram,and the decrease of fluorescence area and intensity from fluorescence *** to crude oil types,the cross plots of S1 versus peak-baseline ratio,and the cross plots of rock wettability versus fluorescence area ratio are drawn and used to interpret reservoir fluid ***,the standards of reservoir fluid parameter are established combining with the parameters of PS and the parameters in above charts,and comprehensive multiparameter correlation in both vertical and horizontal ways is also performed to interpret reservoir fluid *** application in the Doseo Basin achieved great success,improving interpretation ability of fluid property

关键词： Doseo Basin Reservoir interpretation Oil-water contact Fluid property Crude oil type

The enrichment characteristics and geological controlling factors of coalbed methane occurrence in Laochang area, Yunnan Province

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Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(China) 2012年第4期18卷 355-361页

作者： WU Cai-fang CHEN Zhao-ying WANG Cong JIANG Wei School of Resources and geoscience China University of Mining&TechnologyXuzhou 221116China Key Laboratory of CBM and Dynamic Accumulation Process Ministry of Education of ChinaXuzhou 221008China Qinshui Lanyan Coalbed Methane Co. Ltd.Jingcheng 048006China

The enriched characters of methane content in the main coal seam of Yunnan＇s Laochang coal mine was analyzed through combined with the geologic conditions of the research area： structure type, hydrogeology condition, coal reservoir＇s macerals, ash, water content, and so on. The geology factors of controlling gas in Laochang coal mine were illustrated; and the different geology models of controlling gas of geologic condition coupling were posed. Research shows that, in the region, the methane contents of the main coal seams decrease gradually from middle to all around it; the northeast and southeast is higher than the west. In the local area, the methane content of anticline axis is higher, and the gas content is reduced to both wings and plunging crown. On macroscopic view, the distribution of methane content in coal-beds was controlled by structural type. On microscopic view, the methane content in coal-beds is mainly involved in coal reservoir＇s macerals, ash content, and water content. The enriched characters of CBM in the research area are mainly the result of structure-hydrogeology-petrophysics coupling controls of CBM. On the basis of above analysis, according to the distribution character of methane content in coalbeds, the research area was divided into low gas area, middle gas area, and high gas area.

关键词： coalbed methane enrichment characteristics cotrolling factor Laochang area gas content geological condition

Development and evaluation of the refined zenith tropospheric delay(ZTD)models

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Satellite Navigation 2021年第1期2卷 296-304页

作者： Fei Yang Xiaolin Meng Jiming Guo Debao Yuan Ming Chen College of geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing100083 BeijingChina Global Geospatial Engineering ltd. The Sino-UK Geospatial Engineering Centre18 Radford Bridge RoadNottingham NG81NAUK School of Geodesy and Geomatics Wuhan University129 Luoyu RoadWuhan 430079China National Geomatics Center of China Beijing 100830China.

The tropospheric delay is a significant error source in Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)positioning and *** is usually projected into zenith direction by using a mapping *** is particularly important to establish a model that can provide stable and accurate Zenith Tropospheric Delay(ZTD).Because of the regional accuracy difference and poor stability of the traditional ZTD models,this paper proposed two methods to refine the Hopfield and Saastamoinen ZTD *** is by adding annual and semi-annual periodic terms and the other is based on Back-Propagation Artificial Neutral Network(BP-ANN).Using 5-year data from 2011 to 2015 collected at 67 GNSS reference stations in China and its surrounding regions,the four refined models were *** tropospheric products at these GNSS stations were derived from the site-wise Vienna Mapping Function 1(VMP1).The spatial analysis,temporal analysis,and residual distribution analysis for all the six models were conducted using the data from 2016 to *** results show that the refined models can effectively improve the accuracy compared with the traditional *** the Hopfield model,the improvement for the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)and bias reached 24.5/49.7 and 34.0/52.8 mm,*** values became 8.8/26.7 and 14.7/28.8 mm when the Saastamoinen model was refined using the two *** exploration is conducive to GNSS navigation and positioning and GNSS meteorology by providing more accurate tropospheric prior information.

关键词： GNSS Tropospheric delay ZTD Refined model ANN

Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Control of Pinghu Formation(Eocene)Coal-bearing Source Rocks in Xihu Depression,East China Sea Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第1期95卷 91-104页

作者： SHEN Yulin QIN Yong CUI Min XIE Guoliang GUO Yinghai QU Zhenghui YANG Tianyang YANG Liu Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane and Reservoir Formation Process Ministry of EducationXuzhouJiangsu 221008China School of Resources and geoscience China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhouJiangsu 221116China CNOOC Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 100028China College of Energy Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology XuzhouJiangsu 221018China

Coal-bearing source rocks of the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression comprise an important material basis of oil and gas resources in the East China Sea *** on drilling core observation results combined with the analysis and test results of macerals,trace/rare earth elements,and rock pyrolysis,the geochemical characteristics and sedimentary control of coal-bearing source rocks formation are discussed in a high-frequency sequence *** results indicate that the macerals composition of the coal-bearing source rocks of the Eocene Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression is dominated by vitrinite,with low-medium abundance of exinite and almost no *** coals and carbonaceous mudstones display higher amounts of total organic carbon(TOC)(14.90%-65.10%),S1+S2(39.24-136.52 mg/g),and IH(191-310 HC/g TOC)respectively,as compared to the *** matter is plotted in typeⅢkerogens and partially in typeⅡ;it is mainly in the low maturity *** trace elements results imply that the samples were deposited in a weakly reducing to weakly oxidizing environment and were occasionally affected by *** coal-bearing source rocks were deposited in a relatively oxygen-containing *** coal-bearing source rocks development is jointly controlled by the coal accumulation environment,the water conditions affected by ocean currents in offshore basins in China,oxidation-reduction cycles of aqueous media and paleoclimate evolution in a high-frequency sequence framework.

关键词： geochemical characteristics coal-bearing source rock high-frequency sequence Pinghu Formation Xihu Depression

Paleoenvironment evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanisms in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 364-383页

作者： Ying LI Min WANG Yu YAN Xin WANG Jinyou ZHANG Xuefeng BAI Yuchen ZHANG Jiaheng XUE Junsheng FEI Lianbin ZHANG Guojun WANG School of geoscience China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas Qingdao 266580China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co ltd. Daqing 163712China Exploration Division PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163453China Department of Physics Xiamen University MalaysiaBandar Sunsuria 43900Malaysia

Organic matter is the basis for oil and gas generation,and the depositional environment controls its *** first member of the Qingshankou Formation(K_(2)qn^(1))in Songliao Basin has a thick organic-rich shale and so is an important target section for shale oil exploration and *** the Gulong Sag,shale samples from this unit were collected over the full length of the *** characterization of the environments of deposition(EOD)of K_(2)qn^(1)was improved by utilizing lithological characteristics,thin section observations,elemental compositions,and organic carbon *** with the normalization coefficients proposed in this paper,an organic matter correlation model was established to elucidate the factors that influence organic matter *** the bottom to the top of K2qn1,the lake depth gradually becomes shallower,the primary productivity first decreases and then increases,the reducing conditions become stronger and then weaker,the water salinity gradually decreases,the climate first becomes semi-humid and then warm and humid,and the input of terrigenous debris first decreases and then increases.A major marine transgression at the base of the K_(2)qn^(1)᾽s brought in nutrients to increase primary productivity,and the density-stratified reducing environment preserved and enriched organic *** primary productivity occurred during the middle of the deposition of the K_(2)qn^(1),while terrigenous input is *** matter is preserved in reduced deep lake environments,resulting in organic matter-rich black *** lake became shallower,and the salinity decreased in the upper part of K_(2)qn^(1).Benthic organisms rapidly multiplied,consuming large amounts of oxygen and destroying the previously depositional environment,resulting in a reducing environment disturbed by benthic organisms with poor preservation conditions and the lowest organic matter content.

关键词： major and trace elements paleoenvironment evolution OM enrichment mechanism lacustrine shale Songliao Basin Qingshankou Formation