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Quantifying forest structural diversity based on large-scale inventory data:a new approach to support biodiversity monitoring

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第4期5卷 472-485页

作者： Felix Storch Carsten F.Dormann Jurgen Bauhus Chair of Silviculture Tennenbacherstr 4University of FreiburgD-79085 FreiburgGermany chair of Biometry Tennenbacherstr.4University of FrelburgD-79085FreiburgGermany

Background: The importance of structurally diverse forests for the conservation of biodiversity and provision of a wide range of ecosystem services has been widely recognised. However, tools to quantify structural diversity of forests in an objective and quantitative way across many forest types and sites are still needed, for example to support biodiversity monitoring. The existing approaches to quantify forest structural diversity are based on small geographical regions or single forest types, typically using only small data sets.Results: Here we developed an index of structural diversity based on National Forest Inventory(NFI) data of BadenWurttemberg, Germany, a state with 1.3 million ha of diverse forest types in different ownerships. Based on a literature review, 11 aspects of structural diversity were identified a priori as crucially important to describe structural diversity. An initial comprehensive list of 52 variables derived from National Forest Inventory(NFI) data related to structural diversity was reduced by applying five selection criteria to arrive at one variable for each aspect of structural diversity. These variables comprise 1) quadratic mean diameter at breast height(DBH), 2) standard deviation of DBH, 3) standard deviation of stand height, 4) number of decay classes, 5) bark-diversity index, 6) trees with DBH ≥ 40 cm, 7) diversity of flowering and fructification, 8) average mean diameter of downed deadwood, 9) mean DBH of standing deadwood, 10) tree species richness and 11) tree species richness in the regeneration layer. These variables were combined into a simple,additive index to quantify the level of structural diversity, which assumes values between 0 and 1. We applied this index in an exemplary way to broad forest categories and ownerships to assess its feasibility to analyse structural diversity in large-scale forest inventories.Conclusions: The forest structure index presented here can be derived in a similar way from standard inventory variables for most other large-scale forest in

关键词： Stand structure Structural diversity Structural diversity index Large-scale forest inventory Angle count sampling

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Treasures in insect collections:the future of the bomb-radiocarbon analysis

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Insect Science 2018年第6期25卷 1128-1131页

作者： Norbert Kunert Alida Mercado Cárdenas Biogeochemical Processes Max-Planck-lnsUtute for BiogeochemistryHans-Knoll-Str.10JenaGermany Chair of Silviculture Universitɑt FreiburgTennenbacherstr.4FreiburgGermany

Dear Editor, Bomb-radiocarbon analysis of modern carbon has been applied in many fields of ecology.The method allows de- terrnining the residence time of carbon in photosynthetic products and thus aU organic matter in ecosystems.The atmospheric 14C signature will soon drop below the pre- bomb level due to fixation of atmospheric carbon in ter- restrial and marine ecosystems and high rates of lac-free fossil fuel combustion.Hence,the time is running out for bomb-radiocarbon application.Insect collections shelter an immense quantity of specimens stored in alcohol.We show how those specimens can be used for exploring the trophic structure of food webs by comparing their isotopic radiocarbon signature.

关键词： INSECT collection & preservation CARBON isotopes

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The changing Himalayan landscape:pine-oak forest dynamics and the supply of ecosystem services

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第3期28卷 431-443页

作者： Niyati Naudiyal Joachim Schmerbeck Department of Natural Resources TERI UniversityVasantKunjNew Delhi 110070India Chair of Silviculture Institute of Forest SciencesFaculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Str.479085 FreiburgGermany

This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on pine and oak forest dynamics in the midmontane central Himalayan forest and the ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the livelihood of the central Himalayas as well as the adjacent plains, providing a number of tangible and intangible ecosystem services, at each stage of succession. The successional sequence starts from warm temperate grasslands, followed by early successional pine forests, mid-successional pine-oak mixed forests and eventually culminating in a late successional oak community. This successional sequence is considerably influenced by disturbances like fire, grazing, and lopping, which maintain the vegetation types in their current form and can act as potential drivers of change. Fire and grazing in grasslands and pine forests inhibit the successional process by hindering the establishment of pioneer and late successional species, respectively. Potential land-cover changes with forest succession can lead to changes in ecosystem services supply. We found that the number of ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types increase from early to late successional community. Current management approaches fail to include the dynamic nature of vegetation, which is essential for maintenance of ecosystem service supply. In conclusion, the trade-offs between ES of global （biodiversity and carbon） and local importance （fuel wood and fodder） have to be examined carefully in order to have effective conservation and management plans for the region.

关键词： Disturbance Ecosystem services Himalaya Oak Pine

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Assessing the influence of harvesting intensities on structural diversity of forests in south-west Germany

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第3期6卷 249-260页

作者： Felix Storch Gerald Kadler Jürgen Bauhus Chair of Silviculture University of FreiburgD-79085 FreiburgGermany Department of Biometry Forest Research Institute of Baden-WürttembergD-79100 FreiburgGermany

Background: To increase ecosystem resilience and biodiversity, the maintenance and improvement of structural and compositional diversity of forests has become an important goal in forest management for many forest owners and jurisdictions. At the same time, future harvesting intensity (HI) may increase to meet the demand for woody biomass by an increasing bioeconomy sector. Yet, the influence of HI on forest structural diversity is largely unknown. Here, we address this issue by analyzing the relationship between HI and structural diversity based on large-scale national forest inventory (NFI) data, where the latter is quantified using a previously developed Forest Structure Index and HI is expressed as wood volume removal during the period 2002-2012 for the same inventory plots. Results: Our results show a surprisingly small impact of harvesting intensity on changes in structural diversity for most of the analysed types of forests. Only intense harvesting (> 80%-90% of initial growing stock) led to a significant reduction in structural diversity. At low to moderate HI most aspects of structural diversity were positively influenced. Only the quadratic mean DBH and the volume of large trees (≥ 40 cm DBH) were substantially negatively influenced at HI > 60% and 70% of initial growing stock, respectively. Conclusions: In several forest types, HI could be increased without a reduction in overall structural diversity. Hence, structural diversity in these selectively managed forests appears to be a very resistant forest property in relation to HI. Other indicators at stand and landscape scale may be needed to adjust levels of HI that are suited to maintain forest biodiversity.

关键词： Large-scale inventory Structural diversity index Harvesting intensity Changes in structural diversity

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Using a stand-level model to predict light absorption in stands with vertically and horizontally heterogeneous canopies

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Forestry Studies in China 2014年第3期16卷 158-176页

作者： David I Forrester Ruben Guisasola Xiaolu Tang Axel T Albrecht Tran Lam Dong Guerric le Maire Chair of Silviculture Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesFreiburg University chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wrttemberg Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture(TIA) Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences Silviculture Research Institute CIRAD UMR Eco & Sols2 Place VialaMontpellier 34060France

Background： Forest ecosystem functioning is strongly influenced by the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation （APAR）, and therefore, accurate predictions of APAR are critical for many process-based forest growth models. The Lambert-Beer law can be applied to estimate APAR for simple homogeneous canopies composed of one layer, one species, and no canopy gaps. However, the vertical and horizontal structure of forest canopies is rarely homogeneous. Detailed tree-level models can account for this heterogeneity but these often have high input and computational demands and work on finer temporal and spatial resolutions than required by stand-level growth models. The aim of this study was to test a stand-level light absorption model that can estimate APAR by individual species in mixed-species and multi-layered stands with any degree of canopy openness including open-grown trees to closed canopies. Methods： The stand-level model was compared with a detailed tree-level model that has already been tested in mixed-species stands using empirical data. Both models were parameterised for five different forests, including a wide range of species compositions, species proportions, stand densities, crown architectures and canopy structures. Results： The stand-level model performed well in all stands except in the stand where extinction coefficients were unusually variable and it appears unlikely that APAR could be predicted in such stands using （tree- or stand-level） models that do not allow individuals of a given species to have different extinction coefficients, leaf-area density or analogous parameters. Conclusion： This model is parameterised with species-specific information about extinction coefficients and mean crown length, diameter, height and leaf area. It could be used to examine light dynamics in complex canopies and in stand-level growth models.

关键词： Complex forests Mixed-species Stand structure Extinction coefficient Lambert-Beer law Light absorption

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Does a shift in shade tolerance as suggested by seedling morphology explain differences in regeneration success of northern red oak in native and introduced ranges?

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第3期33卷 949-962页

作者： Peter Nosko Kerri Moreau Christian Kuehne Kelly C.Major Jürgen Bauhus Department of Biology and Chemistry Nipissing UniversityNorth BayONP1B 8L7Canada Chair of Silviculture Freiburg University79085FreiburgGermany Division of Forestry and Forest Resources Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchP.O.Box 1151431ÅsNorway Tulloch Engineering 1942 Regent StUnit LSudburyONP3E 5V5Canada

Across North America, forests dominated by Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak), a moderately shade-tolerant tree species, are undergoing successional replacement by shade-tolerant competitors. Under closed canopies, Q. rubra seedlings are unable to compete with these shade-tolerant species and do not recruit to upper forest strata. In Europe, natural regeneration of introduced Q. rubra is often successful despite the absence of fire, which promotes regeneration in the native range. Considering that understorey light availability is a major factor affecting recruitment of seedlings, we hypothesized that Q. rubra seedlings are more shade tolerant in the introduced range than in the native range. Morphological traits and biomass allocation patterns of seedlings indicative of shade tolerance were compared for Q. rubra and three co-occurring native species in two closed-canopy forests in the native range (Ontario, Canada) and introduced range (Baden-Württemburg, Germany). In the native range, Q. rubra allocated a greater proportion of biomass to roots, while in the introduced range, growth and allocation patterns favored the development of leaves. Q. rubra seedlings had greater annual increases in height, diameter and biomass in the introduced range. Q. rubra seedlings in the introduced range were also younger;however, they had a mean area per leaf and a total leaf area per seedling that were five times greater than seedlings in the native range. Such differences in morphological traits and allocation patterns support the hypothesis that Q. rubra expresses greater shade tolerance in the introduced range, and that natural regeneration of Q. rubra is not as limited by shade as in the native range. The ability of Q. rubra seedlings to grow faster under closed canopies in Europe may explain the discrepancy in regeneration success of this species in native and introduced ranges. Future research should confirm findings of this study over a greater geographical range in native and introduced ecosystems, and examine the genet

关键词： Alien species Cross-continental study Forest regeneration Introduced species Seedling morphology Plant functional traits Quercus rubra

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Drought Effects on Early Growth and Mortality of Three Oak Species in the Upper Rhine Valley

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第2期7卷 336-354页

作者： Sandrine Brèteau-Amores Chair of Silviculture University Albert-Ludwigs Freiburg-im-Breisgau Germany Université de Lorraine Université de Strasbourg AgroParisTech CNRS INRA BETA Nancy France

Pedunculate oak and sessile oak are important natural species in the Upper Rhine Valley. The increasing mortality of these oak species has been observed since the 1980s in this region, mainly due to severe droughts. Turkey oak is known to be highly productive and drought-resistant. The goal of this article is therefore to investigate the adaptability to drought of these three young oak species growing at the same site, and to show to what extent Turkey oak can be substituted for these native oak species. Stand measurements and retrospective analyses of radial growth were performed within the framework of the eight-year-old “Mooswald” afforestation experiment in order to determine stand volume, mortality and resistance/resilience to drought for each species. Turkey oak shows significantly higher stand volume and significantly lower mortality than sessile oak. Values of these two parameters for Turkey oak and sessile oak are not significantly different from those of pedunculate oak. However, Turkey oak is not more resistant to drought than the other oak species. Sessile oak has the highest mortality and the smallest stand volume, while pedunculate oak is the least resilient to drought. These results are only a trend that must be confirmed in older stand stages and investigation in young stands must continue, supported by better monitoring and improved tools.

关键词： Forest Climate Change Case Study Tree-Ring Lloret Index

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Linking molecular deadwood-inhabiting fungal diversity and community dynamics to ecosystem functions and processes in Central European forests

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Fungal Diversity 2016年第2期77卷 367-379页

作者： Björn Hoppe Witoon Purahong Tesfaye Wubet Tiemo Kahl Jürgen Bauhus Tobias Arnstadt Martin Hofrichter François Buscot Dirk Krüger Department of Soil Ecology UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchTheodor-Lieser-Str.4D-06120 Halle(Saale)Germany Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Chair of SilvicultureUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacherstr.4D-79085 Freiburg i.Brsg.Germany Technical University of Munich Chair for Soil ScienceIngolstädter Landstr.1D-85758 OberschleissheimGermany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eD-04103 LeipzigGermany Department of Bio-and Environmental Sciences Technical University of DresdenInternational Institute(IHI)ZittauMarkt 23D-02763 ZittauGermany

Fungi play vital roles in the decomposition of deadwood due to their secretion of various enzymes that break down plant cell-wall complexes.The compositions of woodinhabiting fungal(WIF)communities change over the course of the decomposition process as the remaining mass of wood decreases and both abiotic and biotic conditions of the wood significantly change.It is currently not resolved which substrate-related factors govern these changes in WIF communities and whether such changes influence the deadwood decomposition rate.Here we report a study on fungal richness and community structure in deadwood of Norway spruce and European beech in temperate forest ecosystems using 454 pyrosequencing.Our aims were to disentangle the factors that correspond to WIF community composition and to investigate the links between fungal richness,taxonomically-resolved fungal identity,and microbial-mediated ecosystem functions and processes by analyzing physico-chemical wood properties,lignin-modifying enzyme activities and wood decomposition rates.Unlike fungal richness,we found significant differences in community structure between deadwood of different tree species.The composition of WIF communities was related to the physico-chemical properties of the deadwood substrates.Decomposition rates and the activities of ligninmodifying enzymes were controlled by the succession of the fungal communities and competition scenarios rather than fungal OTU richness.Our results provide further insights into links between fungal community structure and microbialmediated ecosystem functions and processes.

关键词： Ecosystem processes Enzyme activity Wood decay Physico-chemical wood properties Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Pyrosequencing

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What Happens after the Gap?— Size Distributions of Patches with Homogeneously Sized Trees in Natural and Managed Beech Forests in Europe

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Open Journal of Forestry 2016年第3期6卷 177-190页

作者： L. Drössler E. Feldmann J. Glatthorn P. Annighöfer S. Kucbel V. Tabaku Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden Institute of Plant ecology and Ecosystem Research University of G&#246ttingen G&#246ttingen Germany Department of silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones University of G&#246ttingen G&#246ttingen Germany Institute of silviculture Faculty of Forestry Technical University of Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology Agricultural University of Tirana Tirana Albania

A novel but simple approach for describing stand structure in natural and managed forests driven by small-scaled disturbances is introduced. A primeval beech forest reserve in Slovakia and two beech stands in Germany with different management histories were studied, and their forest stand texture was analysed in terms of tree coordinates, stem diameter, and crown radius. Neigh-bouring trees of similar size with estimated contact of their crowns were assigned to tree groups. The study goal was to estimate the number and size of such homogeneous patches. In all cases, the number of tree groups in a particular diameter class decreased exponentially as group size increased. Single trees were predominant. Compared to simulated random tree distributions, the natural stand exhibited a more clumped distribution of small trees and more regular distribution of larger ones. The natural forest generally had smaller groups than the managed even aged stand, but the smallest group sizes were found in the uneven-aged selection forest. The simple analytical approach provided new spatial insights into neighbourhood relations of trees. The continuous scale from single trees to larger tree groups is an important achievement compared to other analytical methods applied in this field. The findings may even indicate a certain degree of self-organization in natural forests. Due to the limitations associated with each method or statistical models, a joint consideration of 1) gap dynamics, 2) forest developmental stages, and 3) size classes of homogeneous tree groups is recommended. Relevant to forest practitioners, the size class distributions enhance an understanding of the complex stand structures in natural forests and therewith support an emulation of natural forest dynamics in managed beech forests.

关键词： Forest Structure Natural Forest Dynamics Tree Neighbourhood Relationships Close-to-Nature Management Fagus sylvatica Central Europe

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The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第3期6卷 194-209页

作者： Christian Messier Jürgen Bauhus Frederik Doyon Fanny Maure Rita Sousa-Silva Philippe Nolet Marco Mina Núria Aquilué Marie-Josée Fortin Klaus Puettmann Département des sciences naturelles and Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée (ISFORT) Université du Québec en Outaouais(UQO)58 rue PrincipaleRiponQC J0V 1V0 Canada Centre d’étude de la forêt Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)Case postale 8888succursale Centre-VilleMontréalQC H3C 3P8Canada Chair of Silviculture Institute of Forest SciencesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacherstr.479106 FreiburgGermany Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland Department of Ecology and Evolution University of TorontoTorontoON M5S 3B2Canada Department of Ecosystems and Society Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA

Human impacts on Earth's ecosystems have greatly intensified in the last decades. This is reflected in unexpected disturbance events, as well as new and increasing socio-economic demands, all of which are affecting the resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide and the provision of important ecosystem services. This Anthropocene era is forcing us to reconsider past and current forest management and silvicultural practices, and search for new ones that are more flexible and better at dealing with the increasing uncertainty brought about by these accelerating and cumulative global changes. Here, we briefly review the focus and limitations of past and current forest management and silvicultural practices mainly as developed in Europe and North America. We then discuss some recent promising concepts, such as managing forests as complex adaptive systems, and approaches based on resilience, functional diversity, assisted migration and multi-species plantations, to propose a novel approach to integrate the functionality of species-traits into a functional complex network approach as a flexible and multi-scale way to manage forests for the Anthropocene. This approach takes into consideration the high level of uncertainty associated with future environmental and societal changes. It relies on the quantification and dynamic monitoring of functional diversity and complex network indices to manage forests as a functional complex network. Using this novel approach, the most efficient forest management and silvicultural practices can be determined, as well as where, at what scale, and at what intensity landscape-scale resistance, resilience and adaptive capacity of forests to global changes can be improved.

关键词： forest management North America Ecosystem services

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