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research on the solid particle erosion wear of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing based on experiments and numerical simulations

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2779-2792页

作者： Si-Qi Yang Jian-Chun Fan Ming-Tao Liu De-Ning Li Jun-Liang Li Li-Hong Han Jian-Jun Wang Shang-Yu Yang Si-Wei Dai Lai-Bin Zhang State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Equipment CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute Key Laboratory of oil and gas Safety and Emergency Technology China University of Petroleum oil Production Technology research Institute of Liaohe oilfield Company Tianjin gas Storage Branch PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company Petroleum Production Engineering research Institute Daqing Oilfield Company

Erosion wear is a common failure mode in the oil and gas industry. In the hydraulic fracturing, the fracturing pipes are not only in high-pressure working environment, but also suffer from the impact of the high-speed solid particles in the fracturing fluid. Beneath such complex conditions, the vulnerable components of the pipe system are prone to perforation or even burst accidents, which has become one of the most serious risks at the fracturing site. Unfortunately, it is not yet fully understood the erosion mechanism of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, this article provides a detailed analysis of the erosion behavior of fracturing pipes under complex working conditions based on experiments and numerical simulations. Firstly, we conducted erosion experiments on AISI 4135 steel for fracturing pipes to investigate the erosion characteristics of the material. The effects of impact angle, flow velocity and applied stress on erosion wear were comprehensively considered. Then a particle impact dynamic model of erosion wear was developed based on the experimental parameters, and the evolution process of particle erosion under different impact angles, impact velocities and applied stress was analyzed. By combining the erosion characteristics, the micro-structure of the eroded area, and the micro-mechanics of erosion damage, the erosion mechanism of pipe steel under fracturing conditions was studied in detail for the first time. Under high-pressure operating conditions, it was demonstrated through experiments and numerical simulations that the size of the micro-defects in the eroded area increased as the applied stress increased, resulting in more severe erosion wear of fracturing pipes.

关键词： Erosion wear Applied stress Particle impact dynamics Erosion mechanism

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Multiresponsive,easy-reversible,and dual-visual Pt(Ⅱ)salt nanostructures for advanced anti-counterfeiting application

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Nano research 2024年第1期17卷 372-381页

作者： Zhen Su§ Depeng Li§ Lixin Zhang Si Tian Yuhong Su Xiaoyun Hu Duan Xiong Qingqing Guan Key Laboratory of oil and gas Fine Chemicals Ministry of education College of Chemical EngineeringXinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017China

Smart materials that integrate multi-stimuli response,full reversibility,and dual-visual read-out channel are highly desired for anticounterfeiting and information encryption ***,we developed a multiresponsive perchlorate terpyridyl Pt(Ⅱ)nano complex which could undergo fully reversible conversion between three forms stimulated by water or formaldehyde molecule due to the extent of Pt–Pt ***,a dual-visual channel,i.e.,the colorimetric channel changed from yellow to orange or red and the corresponding luminescent channel from orange to orange-red or red,has also been *** weak and equivalent strength of ion-dipole interaction and hydrogen bond that generated between formaldehyde/water and Pt(II)salt result in the easy-control reversibility between the three ***,by introducing different polymer matrices,1Cl·ClO_(4)@PMMA(1Cl·ClO_(4):[Pt(tpy)Cl]·ClO4,tpy:2,2':6',2''-terpyridine),PMMA:poly(methyl methacrylate))and 1Cl·ClO4@PVA(PVA:polyvinyl alcohol)are successfully constructed,which exhibit different reversible behaviors since the PMMA and PVA matrix exert different influences on the strength of *** smart Pt(II)salt nanostructures present great potential for high-security-level anticounterfeiting application.

关键词： Pt(II)complex multiresponse reversibility anticounterfeiting information encryption

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Influence of supercritical CO_(2)on the physical property of tight sandstone

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Petroleum 2024年第3期10卷 520-526页

作者： Huan Peng Jian Yang Junliang Peng Huifen Han Xinghao Gou Yucheng Jia Yibo Li Valeriy Kadet Engineering Technology research Institute of Southwest oil&gas Field Company PetroChinaChengdu610017China Key Laboratory of oil&gas Well Stimulation Technology of Southwest oil&gas Field Company Chengdu610017China State Key Laboratory of oil&gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Gubkin Russia State University of oil and gas Moscow119991Russia

In low-pressure gas reservoirs,water-based fracture fluid is difficult to flowback,which is unfavorable for several tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin with low pressure and high permeability geological *** CO_(2)possesses a number of remarkable physical and chemical features,including a density near to water,a viscosity close to gas,and high *** CO_(2)fracturing is a new type of non-aqueous fracturing method that is favorable to fracturing flowback in low-pressure tight sandstone and has a wide range of *** discuss on whether supercritical CO_(2)fracturing with low pressure tight sandstone is *** sandstone cores from the Jinqiu gas field in the Sichuan Basin were used to study the influence of supercritical CO_(2)on the physical properties of sandstone *** CO_(2)was used to interact with tight sandstone samples,and then the changes in porosity,permeability,and rock microstructure of tight sandstone were observed under various time,pressure,and temperature *** the interaction between tight sandstone and supercritical CO_(2),new dissolution pores will appear,or the original pores will be increased,and the width of some natural fractures will also be increased,and the porosity will increase by 1.09%-8.85%,and the permeability will increase by 2.34%-21.26%,quantifying the influence of supercritical CO_(2)on physical properties of tight sandstone,and further improving the interaction mechanism between supercritical CO_(2)and tight *** study improves in the understanding of the tight sandstone-supercritical CO_(2)interaction mechanism,as well as providing an experimental foundation and technological guarantee for field testing and use of supercritical CO_(2)in low-pressure tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

关键词： Supercritical CO_(2) Low pressure tight sandstone Porosity Permeability Microstructure

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Evaluation of Well Spacing for Primary Development of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Sandstone gas Reservoirs

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第5期20卷 1015-1030页

作者： Fang Li Juan Wu Haiyong Yi Lihong Wu Lingyun Du Yuan Zeng Exploration and Development research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610041China oil and gas Resources Department PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610000China

Methods for horizontal well spacing calculation in tight gas reservoirs are still adversely affected by the complexity of related control factors,such as strong reservoir heterogeneity and seepage *** this study,the stress sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient of various types of reservoirs are quantitatively evaluated through reservoir seepage *** the basis of these experiments,a numerical simulation model(based on the special seepage mechanism)and an inverse dynamic reserve algorithm(with different equivalent drainage areas)were *** well spacing ranges of Classes I,II,and III wells in the Q gas field are determined to be 802–1,000,600–662,and 285–400 m,respectively,with their average ranges as 901,631,and 342.5 m,*** considering both the pairs of parallel well groups and series well groups as examples,the reliability of the calculation results is *** is shown that the combination of the two models can reduce errors and provide accurate results.

关键词： Well spacing for primary development tight gas reservoir fractured horizontal well threshold pressure gradient stress sensitivity

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Experimental investigation on pyrolysis products and pore structure characteristics of organic-rich shale heated by supercritical carbon dioxide

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2393-2406页

作者： Bai-Shuo Liu Chuan-Jin Yao Jia-Long Qi Ya-Qian Liu Liang Xu Jing-Xuan Hou State Key Laboratory of Deep oil and gas China University of Petroleum (East China) Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil & gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)) Ministry of Education School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China)

The efficient pyrolysis and conversion of organic matter in organic-rich shale,as well as the effective recovery of pyrolysis shale oil and gas,play a vital role in alleviating energy *** state of carbon dioxide（CO2） in the pyrolysis environment of shale reservoirs is the supercritical *** unique supercritical fluid properties not only effectively heat organic matter,displace pyrolysis products and change shale pore structure,but also achieve carbon storage to a certain *** samples were made into powder and three sizes of cores,and nitrogen（N2） and supercritical carbon dioxide（ScCO2）pyrolysis experiments were performed at different final pyrolysis *** properties and mineral characteristics of the pyrolysis products were studied based on gas chromatography analysis,Xray diffraction tests,and mass spectrometry ***,the pore structure characteristics at different regions of cores before and after pyrolysis were analyzed using N2adsorption tests to clarify the impact of fracturing degree on the pyrolysis *** results indicate that the optimal pyrolysis temperature of Longkou shale is about 430℃.Compared with N2,the oil yield of ScCO2pyrolysis is *** pyrolysis oil obtained by ScCO2extraction has more intermediate fractions and higher relative molecular *** ScCO2can effectively improve the pore diameter of shale and its effect is better than that of *** micropores are produced in shale after pyrolysis,and the macropores only are generated in ScCO2pyrolysis environments with temperatures greater than 430℃.The pore structure has different development characteristics at different pyrolysis temperatures,which are mainly affected by the pressure holding of volatile matter and products *** to the surface of the core,the pore development effect inside the core is *** the decrease in core size,the pore diameter,specific surface area,and pore volume of cores all increase after pyrolysis.

关键词： Organic-rich shale Supercritical carbon dioxide In-situ pyrolysis Pore structure Core size and region

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Evaluation and Application of Flowback Effect in Deep Shale gas Wells

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第10期20卷 2301-2321页

作者： Sha Liu Jianfa Wu Xuefeng Yang Weiyang Xie Cheng Chang Shale gas research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas field CompanyChengdu610051China

The pivotal areas for the extensive and effective exploitation of shale gas in the Southern Sichuan Basin have recently transitioned from mid-deep layers to deep *** challenges such as intricate data analysis,absence of effective assessment methodologies,real-time control strategies,and scarce knowledge of the factors influencing deep gas wells in the so-called flowback stage,a comprehensive study was undertaken on over 160 deep gas wells in Luzhou block utilizing linear flow models and advanced big data analytics *** research results show that:(1)The flowback stage of a deep gas well presents the characteristics of late gas channeling,high flowback rate after gas channeling,low 30-day flowback rate,and high flowback rate corresponding to peak production;(2)The comprehensive parameter AcmKm1/2 in the flowback stage exhibits a strong correlation with the Estimated Ultimate Recovery(EUR),allowing for the establishment of a standardized chart to evaluate EUR classification in typical shale gas wells during this *** enables quantitative assessment of gas well EUR,providing valuable insights into production potential and performance;(3)The spacing range and the initial productivity of gas wells have a significant impact on the overall effectiveness of gas ***,it is crucial to further explore rational well patterns and spacing,as well as optimize initial drainage and production technical strategies in order to improve their performance.

关键词： Deep shale gas flowback characteristic EUR forecast effect evaluation main controlling factors

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Simulation of Two-Phase Flowback Phenomena in Shale gas Wells

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第2期20卷 349-364页

作者： Yongwei Duan Zhaopeng Zhu Hui He Gaoliang Xuan Xuemeng Yu oil gas Engineering research Institute PetroChina Jilin OilfieldSongyuan138000China

The gas-water two-phaseﬂow occurring as a result of fracturingﬂuidﬂowback phenomena is known to impact signiﬁcantly the productivity of shale gas *** this work,this two-phaseﬂow has been simulated in the framework of a hybrid approach partially relying on the embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM).This model assumes the region outside the stimulated reservoir volume(SRV)as a single-medium while the SRV region itself is described using a double-medium strategy which can account for theﬂuid exchange between the matrix and the *** shale gas adsorption,desorption,diffusion,gas slippage effect,fracture stress sensitivity,and capillary imbibition have been *** shale gas production,pore pressure distribution and water saturation distribution in the reservoir have been *** inﬂuences of hydraulic fracture geometry and nonorthogonal hydraulic fractures on gas production have been determined and discussed *** simulation results show that the daily gas production has an upward and downward trend due to the presence of a large amount of fracturingﬂuid in the reservoir around the hydraulic *** smaller the angle between the hydraulic fracture and the wellbore,the faster the daily production of shale gas wells decreases,and the lower the cumulative *** fractures can increase the control volume of hydraulic fractures and improve the production of shale gas wells.

关键词： Shale gas fracturingﬂuid backﬂow the stimulated reservoir volume gas-water two-phase production

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gas hydrate saturation from NGHP 02 LWD data in the Mahanadi Basin

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 279-289页

作者： Uma Shankar Pradeep Kumar Yadav Sneha Devi Udham Singh Yadav Department of Geophysics Institute of ScienceBHUVaranasi221005India oil and Natural gas Corporation Ltd. Gas Hydrate Research&Technology Centre(GHRTC)Panvel410221Navi MumbaiIndia

During the Indian National gas Hydrate Program(NGHP)Expedition 02,Logging-while-drilling(LWD)logs were acquired at three sites(NGHP-02-11,NGHP-02-12,and NGHP-02-13)across the Mahanadi Basin in area *** applied rock physics theory to available sonic velocity logs to know the distribution of gas hydrate at site NGHP-02-11 and *** physics modeling using sonic velocity at well location shows that gas hydrate is distributed mainly within the depth intervals of 150-265 m and 100 -215 mbsf at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13,respectively,with an average saturation of about 4%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 40%of the pore space at 250 m depth at site NGHP-02-11,and at site NGHP-02-13 an average saturation of about 2%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 20%of the pore space at 246 m depth,as gas hydrate is distributed mainly within 100-246 mbsf at this *** of gas hydrate estimated from the electrical resistivity method using density derived porosity and electrical resistivity logs from Archie's empirical formula shows high saturation compared to that from the sonic ***,estimates of hydrate saturation based on sonic P-wave velocity may differ significantly from that based on resistivity,because gas and hydrate have higher resistivity than conductive pore fluid and sonic P-wave velocity shows strong effect on gas hydrate as a small amount of gas reduces the velocity significantly while increasing velocity due to the presence of *** site NGHP-02-11,gas hydrate saturation is in the range of 15%e30%,in two zones between 150-180 and 245-265 *** NGHP-02-012 shows a gas hydrate saturation of 20%e30%in the zone between 100 and 207 *** NGHP-02-13 shows a gas hydrate saturation up to 30%in the zone between 215 and 246 *** observations from rock physics modeling and Archie’s approximation show the gas hydrate concentrations are relatively low(<4%of the pore space)at the sites of the

关键词： Mahanadi Basin gas hydrate Sonic log Effective medium modeling Electrical resistivity log Archie’s analysis gas hydrate saturation

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Hydrodynamic resistance of pore–throat structures and its effect on shale oil apparent permeability

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International Journal of Coal Science & Technology 2024年第2期11卷 101-110页

作者： Wendong Wang Qian Zhang Jilong Xu Da Zheng Lifeng Liu Yuliang Su Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil and gas Development Ministry of EducationQingdao 266580China School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580ShandongChina PetroChina oil Gas and New Energies CompanyBeijing 100083China research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

oil transport is greatly affected by heterogeneous pore–throat structures present in *** is therefore very important to accurately characterize pore–throat ***,it remains unclear how pore–throat structures affect oil transport *** this paper,using finite element(FE)simulation and mathematical modeling,we calculated the hydrodynamic resistance for four pore–throat *** addition,the influence of pore throat structure on shale oil permeability is *** to the results,the hydrodynamic resistance of different pore throat structures can vary by 300%.The contribution of additional resistance caused by streamline bending is also in excess of 40%,even without slip ***-thermore,Pore–throat structures can affect apparent permeability by more than 60%on the REV scale,and this influence increases with heterogeneity of pore size distribution,organic matter content,and organic matter ***,modeling shale oil flow requires consideration of porous–throat structure and additional resistance,otherwise oil recovery and flow capacity may be overestimated.

关键词： Pore–throat structure Hydrodynamic resistance Apparent permeability REV-scale Shale oil

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Implication of Water-Rock Interaction for Enhancing Shale gas Production

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第7期20卷 1441-1462页

作者： Qiuyang Cheng Lijun You Cheng Chang Weiyang Xie Haoran Hu Xingchen Wang Shale gas research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyChengdu610056China Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Shale gas Evaluation and Exploitation PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyChengdu610056China State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China

Horizontal well drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing technologies are at the root of commercial shale gas development and *** these processes,typically,a large amount of working fluid enters the formation,resulting in widespread water-rock *** understanding such effects is required to optimize the production *** this study,the mechanisms of water-rock interaction and the associated responses of shale fabric are systematically reviewed for working fluids such as neutral fluids,acid fluids,alkali fluids and oxidative *** is shown that shale is generally rich in water-sensitive components such as clay minerals,acidsensitive components(like carbonate minerals),alkali-sensitive components(like quartz),oxidative-sensitive components(like organic matter and pyrite),which easily lead to change of rock fabric and mechanical properties owing to water-rock *** to the results,oxidizing acid fluids and oxidizing fracturing fluids should be used to enhance shale gas *** study also indicates that an aspect playing an important role in increasing cumulative gas production is the optimization of the maximum shut-in time based on the change point of the wellhead pressure drop *** important influential factor to be considered is the control of the wellhead pressure considering the stress sensitivity and creep characteristics of the fracture network.

关键词： Shale gas reservoir hydraulic fracturing working fluid water-rock interaction oxidation shut-in production system

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