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Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第1期30卷 58-67页

作者： Khamphe Phoungthong Li-Ming Shao Pin-Jing He Hua Zhang State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Tongji University Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China (MOHURD)

The use of coal fly ash（CFA）, municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash（MSWIBA） and flue gas desulfurization residue（FGDR） in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater.Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study,the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model（Wisc LEACH） indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.

关键词： Thermal treatment residues Bottom ash Flue gas desulfurization residue Heavy metals Phytotoxicity Groundwater impact

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Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第8期31卷 47-56页

作者： Yang Li Hua Zhang Liming Shao Xiaoli Zhou Pinjing He State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration Soils Heavy metals Source identification Pb isotope ratios

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Importance of storage time in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第7期28卷 76-83页

作者： Fan Lü Xian Xu Liming Shao Pinjing He State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuses Tongji University Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of PR China

Storage was used as a pretreatment to enhance the methanization performance of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Food wastes were separately stored for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 days, and then fed into a methanogenic reactor for a biochemical methane potential（BMP） test lasting up to 60 days. Relative to the methane production of food waste stored for 0–1 day（285–308 m L/g-added volatile solids（VSadded））, that after2–4 days and after 5–12 days of storage increased to 418–530 and 618–696 m L/g-VSadded,respectively. The efficiency of hydrolysis and acidification of pre-stored food waste in the methanization reactors increased with storage time. The characteristics of stored waste suggest that methane production was not correlated with the total hydrolysis efficiency of organics in pre-stored food waste but was positively correlated with the storage time and acidification level of the waste. From the results, we recommend 5–7 days of storage of food waste in anaerobic digestion treatment plants.

关键词： Food waste Bio-pretreatment Storage Fermentation Biochemical methane potential Hydrolysates

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Estimating source strengths of HCl and SO_2 emissions in the flue gas from waste incineration

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第1期31卷 370-377页

作者： Hua Zhang Siyuan Yu Liming Shao Pinjing He State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Institute of waste Treatment & Reclamation College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

HCl and SO_2 emission is one of the major concerns related to municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI). In this study, a material flow analysis model was developed to estimate the HCl and SO_2 concentrations in the MSWI flue gases(FGs), and their concentrations in the full-scale MSWI were monitored. The calculated concentrations of HCl and SO_2 in the FG were 770–1300 mg/Nm^3 and 150–640 mg/Nm^3, respectively, in close agreement with the monitored values. More than 99% of Cl and 92% of S from the FG were captured into solid residues by the air pollution control(APC) systems. Moreover, since only 48.4%–67.5% of Cl and 21.3%–53.4% of S were transferred to the FG from the municipal solid waste(MSW), it was more reliable to estimate the source strengths and release amounts of HCl and SO_2 in the FG based on the amounts of Cl and S in the APC residues(AR) and exhaust gas rather than in the MSW. This simple method is easily applicable and the estimated results could provide scientific basis for the appropriate design and operation of the APC systems as well as corrosion control of heat recovery systems.

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration Acid gas Hydrogen chloride Sulfur dioxide Source strength

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Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale restaurant food waste treatment plant:Implications of the roles beyond heavy metals and mobile genetic elements

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第11期31卷 17-34页

作者： Pinjing He Zhuofeng Yu Liming Shao Yizhou Zhou Fan Lü State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PR China(MOHURD) China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China

Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AR)?And will the derived food waste (FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW.Sulfonamides (sulfamethazine,sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones (ciprofloxacin,enrofloxacin,ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment,while tetracyclines,macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable.ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides,tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates.Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics (except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes.Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment,physical processes (screening,centrifugation,solid-liquid and oil-water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently;the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount.Heavy metals Ni,Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations.Humic substances (fulvic acids,hydrophilic fractions),C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs.Overall,this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs,and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants.Nonetheless,derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.

关键词： Food waste Biological treatment Anaerobic digestion Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance genes Material flow analysis

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Metal distribution characteristic of MSWI bottom ash in view of metal recovery

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第2期29卷 178-189页

作者： Yi Xia Pinjing He Liming Shao Hua Zhang State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control&Resource Reuse Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Center for the technology research and training on household waste in small towns&rural area Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment of China(MOHURD)Shanghai 200092China

Bottom ash is the major by-product of municipal solid waste incineration（MSWI）, and is often reused as an engineering material, such as road-base aggregate. However, some metals（especially aluminum） in bottom ash can react with water and generate gas that could cause expansion and failure of products containing the ash; these metals must be removed before the ash is utilized. The size distribution and the chemical speciation of metals in the bottom ash from two Chinese MSWI plants were examined in this study, and the recovery potential of metals from the ash was evaluated. The metal concentrations in these bottom ashes were lower than that generated in other developed countries. Specifically, the contents of Al,Fe, Cu and Zn were 18.9–29.2, 25.5–32.3, 0.7–1.0 and 1.6–2.5 g/kg, respectively. Moreover,44.9–57.0 wt.% of Al and 55.6–75.4 wt.% of Fe were distributed in bottom ash particles smaller than 5 mm. Similarly, 46.6–79.7 wt.% of Cu and 42.9–74.2 wt.% of Zn were concentrated in particles smaller than 3 mm. The Fe in the bottom ash mainly existed as hematite, and its chemical speciation was considered to limit the recovery efficiency of magnetic separation.

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration Bottom ash Metal speciation Metal recovery Size distribution

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Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第2期10卷 399-411页

作者： Khamphe PHOUNGTHONG Yi XIA Hua ZHANG Liming SHAO Pinjing HE State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji Universily Shanghai 200092 China Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment of PR China (MOHURD) Shanghai 200092 China

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash （MSWIBA） has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H2SO4/HNO3 and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multi- variate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson＇s correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity （ECso） of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F and total organic carbon （TOC） concentrations were closely correlated with the ECso value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration bottomash alternative material leaching tests toxicity Vibrio qinghaiensis （Q67）

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Road to full bioconversion of biowaste to biochemicals centering on chain elongation: A mini review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第12期31卷 50-64页

作者： Wenhao Han Pinjing He Liming Shao Fan Lü State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China Institute of waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China centre for the technology research and training on household waste in small Toums&rural area Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China(MOHURD)China

Production of biochemicals from waste streams has been attracting increasing worldwide interest to achieve climate protection goals.Chain elongation(CE)for production of mediumchain carboxylic acids(MCCAs,especially caproate,enanthate and caprylate)from diverse biowaste has emerged as a potential economic and environmental technology for a sustainable society.The present mini review summarizes the research utilizing various synthetic or real waste-derived substrates available for MCCA production.Additionally,the microbial characteristics of the CE process are surveyed and discussed.Considering that a large proportion of recalcitrantly biodegradable biowaste and residues cannot be further utilized by CE systems and remain to be treated and disposed,we propose here a loop concept of bioconversion of biowaste to MCCAs making full use of the biowaste with zero emission.This could make possible an alternative technology for synthesis of value-added products from a wide range of biowaste,or even non-biodegradable waste(such as,plastics and rubbers).Meanwhile,the remaining scientific questions,unsolved problems,application potential and possible developments for this technology are discussed.

关键词： Organic waste waste valorization Chain elongation Medium-chain carboxylic acids Functional microbes Electron donors

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