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Bimetallic Single‑Atom Catalysts for Water Splitting

Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第1期17卷 1-45页

作者： Megha A.Deshmukh Aristides Bakandritsos Radek Zbořil Nanotechnology centre Centre for Energy and Environmental TechnologiesVŠB–Technical University of Ostrava17.listopadu 2172/1570800 Ostrava‑PorubaCzech Republic Regional centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute(CATRIN)Palacky University OlomoucŠlechtitelů241/2778371 Olomouc–HoliceCzech Republic

Green hydrogen from water splitting has emerged as a critical energy vector with the potential to spearhead the global transition to a fossil fuel-independent *** field of catalysis has been revolutionized by single-atom catalysts(SACs),which exhibit unique and intricate interactions between atomically dispersed metal atoms and their ***,bimetallic SACs(bimSACs)have garnered significant attention for leveraging the synergistic functions of two metal ions coordinated on appropriately designed *** offer an avenue for rich metal–metal and metal–support cooperativity,potentially addressing current limitations of SACs in effectively furnishing transformations which involve synchronous proton–electron exchanges,substrate activation with reversible redox cycles,simultaneous multi-electron transfer,regulation of spin states,tuning of electronic properties,and cyclic transition states with low activation *** review aims to encapsulate the growing advancements in bimSACs,with an emphasis on their pivotal role in hydrogen generation via water *** subsequently delve into advanced experimental methodologies for the elaborate characterization of SACs,elucidate their electronic properties,and discuss their local coordination ***,we present comprehensive discussion on the deployment of bimSACs in both hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,the two half-reactions of the water electrolysis process.

关键词： Single-atom catalysts Single-atom dimers Hydrogen evolution Oxygen evolution Water splitting

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Numerical simulations of smoke spread during solar roof fires

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building Simulation 2022年第4期15卷 561-570页

作者： Xin Zhang Monireh Aram Dahai Qi Liangzhu(Leon)Wang Department of Civil and building Engineering Universite de Sherbrooke2500boul.de I'UniversiteSherbrooke(Quebec)J1K2R1Canada centre for zero energy building studies Deportment of BuildingCivil and Environmental EngineeringConcordia University1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd.WestMontreal(Quebec)H3G 1M8Canada

As the installation of solar roofs increases,so has the concern over *** from a solar roof fire could spread into a building through roof openings and presents a challenge for existing fire protection *** date,there have been insufficient studies on solar roof fire-induced smoke *** this study,we conducted computational fluid dynamics(CDF)simulations using Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)to better understand the mechanisms of solar roof fire-induced smoke spread and help with solar roof ***,the photovoltaic(PV)combustion model was created in FDS and validated by experimental data.A parametric study was then simulated to investigate the impacts of roof slopes and vent sizes on the smoke spread of the solar *** was found that the roof slope has a significant effect on the fire smoke *** the roof slope increases,the region of separation,where the smoke and air are mixed,can extend from the leeward side of the building to the roof *** a result,smoke could fill the attic and room more slowly,leading to a lower soot density and lower indoor *** design a solar roof,both fire smoke protection and PV energy performance should be considered,especially for the low latitude regions where the PV optimal title angle regarding energy performance is small and leads to a higher risk of smoke infiltration.

关键词： solar roof fire CFD smoke infiltration

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An exploratory study on road tunnel with semi-transparent photovoltaic canopy-From energy saving and fire safety perspectives

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building Simulation 2022年第4期15卷 537-548页

作者： Dahai Qi Senwen Yang Chang Shu Xin Zhang Liangzhu(Leon)Wang Andreas Athienitis Department of Civil and building Engineering Universite de Sherbrooke2500boul.de I'UniversiteSherbrookeQuebec J1K2R1Canada centre for zero energy building studies Department of BuildingCivil and Environmental EngineeringConcordia University1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd.WestMontrealQuebec H3G 1M8Canada

Road tunnels consume a large amount of energy,especially in the Canadian cold climate,where the roads are heated electrically or deicing during the *** a more sustainable and resilient road tunnel energy system,we conducted an exploratory study on installing a semi-transparent photovoltaic(STPV)canopy at the entrances and exits of a tunnel under a *** proposed system generates solar-powered electricity,improves thermal and visual conditions,and reduces energy *** this study,field measurements of road surface temperature and air temperature were conducted,and numerical simulations with and without STPV were performed to study air and road surface temperatures under different traffic *** field measurements show the road surface temperatures are higher than the air temperature on *** interior air and road surface temperature were measured to be above 0°C,even though the outdoor temperature is far below 0°C,thus significantly reducing the need for deicing in winter using *** simulations show that the air and surface temperatures elevate due to the solar transmission heat through the STPV canopy,thus reducing deicing energy consumption *** fire safety analysis also showed that the proposed system's top opening should be located near the tunnel entrance instead of the canopy entrance for better smoke exhaust during a fire.

关键词： STPV road tunnel fire safety energy efficiency cold climate

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Development of a Bayesian inference model for assessing ventilation condition based on CO_(2)meters in primary schools

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building Simulation 2023年第1期16卷 133-149页

作者： Danlin Hou Liangzhu(Leon)Wang Ali Katal Shujie Yan Liang(Grace)Zhou Vicky Wang Mark Vuotari Ethan Li Zihan Xie centre for zero energy building studies Department of BuildingCivil and Environmental EngineeringConcordia University1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd.WestMontrealQuebecH3G 1M8Canada Construction Research centre Engineering DivisionNational Research Council of CanadaM-241200 Montreal RoadOttawaOntario K1A 0R6Canada

Outdoor fresh air ventilation plays a significant role in reducing airborne transmission of diseases in indoor *** classrooms are considerably challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic because of the increasing need for in-person education,untimely and incompleted vaccinations,high occupancy density,and uncertain ventilation *** schools started to use CO_(2)meters to indicate air quality,but how to interpret the data remains *** uncertainties are also involved,including manual readings,student numbers and schedules,uncertain CO_(2)generation rates,and variable indoor and ambient *** study proposed a Bayesian inference approach with sensitivity analysis to understand CO_(2)readings in four primary schools by identifying uncertainties and calibrating key *** outdoor ventilation rate,CO_(2)generation rate,and occupancy level were identified as the top sensitive parameters for indoor CO_(2)*** occupancy schedule becomes critical when the CO_(2)data are limited,whereas a 15-min measurement interval could capture dynamic CO_(2)profiles well even without the occupancy *** CO_(2)recording should be avoided because it failed to capture peak values and overestimated the ventilation *** the four primary school rooms,the calibrated ventilation rate with a 95%confidence level for fall condition is 1.96±0.31 ACH for Room#1(165 m^(3)and 20 occupancies)with mechanical ventilation,and for the rest of the naturally ventilated rooms,it is 0.40±0.08 ACH for Room#2(236 m^(3)and 21 occupancies),0.30±0.04 or 0.79±0.06 ACH depending on occupancy schedules for Room#3(236 m^(3)and 19 occupancies),0.40±0.32,0.48±0.37,0.72±0.39 ACH for Room#4(231 m^(3)and 8–9 occupancies)for three consecutive days.

关键词： COVID-19 Bayesian calibration Markov Chain Monte Carlo ventilation rate school CO_(2)

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Experimental Investigation for NO_x Emission Reduction in Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Using Spark Timing Retardation, Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Water Injection Techniques

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第4期28卷 789-800页

作者： JEERAGAL Ramesh K.A.Subramanian Engines and Unconventional Fuels Laboratory Centre for Energy Studies IIT Delhi

The experimental tests were carried out on a single cylinder hydrogen fueled spark ignition(SI)generator set with different spark timings(4-20℃A bTDC),exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)up to 28% by volume and water injection up to 1.95 kg/h(maximum water to fuel mass ratio of 8:1).The engine speed was kept constant of 3000 r/*** NOx emission and thermal efficiency of engine with gasoline and hydrogen fuel operation at 1.4 kW power output are 5 g/kWh and 12.1 g/kWh,and 15% and 20.9% *** order to reduce the NOx emission at source level,retarding spark timing,exhaust gas recirculation(EGR),and water injection techniques were *** emission decreased with spark timing retardation,EGR,and water *** emission with hydrogen at 1.4 kW power output decreased from 12.1 g/kWh with maximum brake torque(MBT)spark timing(10℃A bTDC)to 8.1 g/kWh with retarded spark timing(4℃A bTDC)due to decrease in the in-cylinder peak pressure and *** Nox emission decreased to 6.1 g/kWh with 20% EGR due to thermal and chemical dilution ***,thermal efficiency decreased about 33% and 17% with spark timing retardation and 20EGR respectively as compared to that of MBT spark ***,in the case of water injection,the NOx emission decreased significantly without affecting the thermal efficiency of the engine and it is 5.6 g/kWh with water-hydrogen ratio of 4:1(water flow rate of 0.92 kg/h).Water injection is the best suitable method to reduce the NOx emission in a hydrogen fueled engine compared with the spark timing retardation and EGR technique.

关键词： hydrogen spark ignition engine spark timing exhaust gas recirculation NOx emission water injection

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Emissions and deposit properties from combustion of wood pellet with magnesium additives

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燃料化学学报 2013年第5期41卷 530-539页

作者： Tomas Persson Jochen Riedel Jonas Berghel Ulf Bexell Kaung Myat Win School of Technology and Business studies Dalarna University Department of energy Environmental and Building TechnologyKarlstad University

This work studies the amount of gaseous and particle emissions and deposits on heat exchanger surfaces in a boiler firedwith commercially available pellets and with pellets primed with magnesium oxide and magnesium *** combustionexperiments were performed on a residential boiler of 20 *** placed in the heat exchanger was analysed with SEM-EDX-mapping to evaluate the chemical composition of the *** results show that particle emissions(PM 2.5)using the additivesincreased by about 50%and the mass of the deposits in the flue gas heat exchanger(excluding loose fly ash)increased by about25%compared to the combustion of pellets without *** amount of additives was found to be eight times higher than theamount of the main alkali metals potassium(K)and sodium(Na)which leads to the assumption that the additives were overdosedand therefore caused the problems *** SEM analysis of the substrates placed in the flue gas heat exchanger indicate that thedeposits of sodium(Na),potassium(K),chlorine(Cl)and sulphur(S)decrease using the *** this was due to theexpected chemical reactions or due to the loose fly ash covering the substrates after the test,could not be determined in this study.

关键词： softwood pellets magnesium additives particle emissions deposit formation

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A review of refinery complexity applications

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Petroleum Science 2017年第1期14卷 167-194页

作者： Mark J. Kaiser Center for energy studies Louisiana State UniversityEnergy Coast and Environment Building Baton RougeLA 70803 USA

Refinery complexity quantifies the sophistication and capital intensity of a refinery and has found widespread application in facility classification, cost estimation, sales price models, and other uses. Despite the ubiquity and widespread use of refining complexity, however, surprisingly little material has been written on its applications. The pur- pose of this review is to describe the primary applications of refinery complexity and some recent extensions. A secondary purpose of this review is to provide a framework that unifies complexity applications and suggests avenues for future research. Examples illustrate the applications considered.

关键词： Cost estimation Functional complexityInverse problem Replacement cost Refineryclassification Sales price models

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Prospects of shallow geothermal systems in HVAC for NZEB

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energy and Built Environment 2021年第4期2卷 425-435页

作者： Irfan Ahmad Gondal US-Pakistan centre for Advanced studies in energy NUSTPakistan

Shallow geothermal systems use the thermal inertia of the earth to provide a temperature gradient between the ambient conditions and the underground *** thermal inertia can be used by the heat exchangers to provide space heating and cooling during the winters and *** paper provides a brief but broad overview of the different active and passive technologies involved in the use of heat exchangers for HVAC in order to achieve a near net zero energy *** the different types of ground heat exchangers and heat pumps are introduced along with the relevant studies of significance in this *** has been demonstrated that the different types of heat exchangers can be integrated with thermally active building envelopes and renewable energy resources to significantly minimize the building energy *** a pathway has been devised for use of ground heat exchangers to realize a net zero energy building.

关键词： Shallow geothermal energy HVAC Near zero energy building Passive technologies

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Radiation and Chemical Reaction Effects on Nanofluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2019年第5期15卷 557-582页

作者： Anupam Bhandari University of Petroleum&energy studies(UPES) Department of MathematicsSchool of EngineeringEnergy Acres BuildingBidholi Dehradun248007UttarakhandIndia

The present research aims to examine the steady state of the two-dimensional incompressible magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)flow of a micropolar nanofluid over a stretching sheet in the presence of chemical reactions,radiation and viscous *** effect of particle rotation is taken into account.A conducting fluid passes over a semi-infinite plate with variable temperature while a magnetic field is directed in the transverse *** for velocity,angular momentum,temperature and concentration profiles are obtained for various values of Eckert number,Schmidt number,Prandtl number,thermophosis parameter and Brownian motion parameters.A similarity approach is used to transform the original set of two-dimensional partial differential equations into a set of highly nonlinear-coupled differential equations in dimensionless form.A numerical solution is obtained with the help of the COMSOL multiphysics software in the framework of a finite element *** findings indicate that on increasing Brownian motion and the chemical reaction rate,the fluid temperature becomes *** increase in the values of other physical parameters has the opposite effect.A variation in the boundary layer thickness typically results in changes in the concentration distribution in the *** angular velocity is deeply affected by the Eckert number,material parameter and magnetic number.

关键词： Nanofluid magnetohydrodynamics rotation temperature concentration

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Impact of a Magnetic Dipole on Heat Transfer in Non-Conducting Magnetic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Cylinder

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第3期20卷 475-486页

作者： Anupam Bhandari Department of Mathematics School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum&Energy Studies(UPES)Energy Acres BuildingBidholi DehradunUttarakhand248007India

The thermal behavior of an electrically non-conducting magnetic liquid flowing over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole is *** governing nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically using a finite element approach,which is properly validated through comparison with earlier results available in the *** results for the velocity and temperature fields are provided for different values of the Reynolds number,ferromagnetic response number,Prandtl number,and viscous dissipation *** influence of some physical parameters on skin friction and heat transfer on the walls of the cylinder is also *** applicability of this research to heat control in electronic devices is discussed to a certain extent.

关键词： Ferrofluid stretching cylinder finite element method heat transfer magnetic dipole

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