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Context Processing in Contextual and Cued Fear Extinction

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neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第6期40卷 835-839页

作者： Yimu Zhang Chun Xu Yu Gu State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers center for Brain Science Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200032China Institute of neuroscience State Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China

Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)are prevalent mental disorders that disturb millions *** disorders often manifest as excessive fear,anxiety,and distress,significantly impacting daily *** fear extinction paradigms in animals were established decades ago and have been widely used in research,providing a scientific basis for exposure therapies for anxiety disorders in humans.

关键词： distress disorders traumatic

Astrocyte syncytium:from neonatal genesis to aging degeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第2期19卷 395-396页

作者： Min Zhou Shiying Zhong Alexei Verkhratsky Department of neuroscience Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK Achücarro Basque center for neuroscience IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain Department of neurosciences University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNEDLeioaSpain

Modern neuroscience began from all reaching and fierce conflict between“neuronismo and reticulismo”——between neuronal and reticular theories of the organization of the nervous system;the conflict culminated in December of 1906 in Stockholm where Santiago Ramon y Cajal(the proponent of the neuronal doctrine)and Camillo Golgi(who advocated the syncytial reticular organization of neural networks)delivered their Noble prize lectures(Verkhratsky,2009).

关键词： degeneration neonatal aging

Apoer2/Lrp8:the undercover cop of synaptic homeostasis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第12期19卷 2563-2564页

作者： Gordon C.Werthmann Joachim Herz Department of Molecular Genetics and center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA Department of neuroscience Department of Neurology University of Texas Southwestern Medical center at Dallas DallasTXUSA

Apolipoprotein E receptor 2(ApoER2)is a receptor for the protein ApoE,the most common genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease(AD).It is also a key modulator of syna ptic homeostasis,in part through its effect on the expression of neuronal genes including those implicated in AD and other neuropsychiatric *** this perspective,we highlight several genes affected by ApoER2 and its alternatively spliced forms and how aberrant expression can be rescued by the reintroduction of the ApoER2 intracellular domain in the mouse hippocampus.

关键词： homeostasis ApoE Alzheimer

Novel insights in phosphodiesterase 4 subtype inhibition to target neuroinflammation and stimulate remyelination

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第3期19卷 493-494页

作者： Melissa Schepers Tim Vanmierlo Department of neuroscience Biomedical Research InstituteFaculty of Medicine and Life SciencesHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands University MS center(UMSC)Hasselt-Pelt HasseltBelgium

In neurodegenerative and classically demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis(MS),spinal cord injury(SCI),stroke,and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,glial functioning is compromised and nervous tissue integrity is ***,primary neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),and Parkinson’s disease(PD)are increasingly linked to impaired oligodendroglia functioning upon *** to the destructive micro-environment created by nervous tissue damage,the progressive cellular loss in these disorders,and the amitotic nature of neurons,spontaneous endogenous repair process are limited in ***,there is a medical need for efficient therapeutic strategies capable of supporting neuro-reparative processes to occur,likely supported by improved oligodendroglia cell functioning.

关键词： impaired inflammation Marie

The bumpy road of purinergic inhibitors to clinical application in immune-mediated diseases

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第6期19卷 1206-1211页

作者： Matihias T.Wyss Christine Heuer Marina Herwerth Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Zurich neuroscience center Zurich (ZNZ) University of Zurich and ETH Zurich 3. Neurology Department University Hospital of Zurich

Purinergic signaling plays important roles throughout the body in the regulation of organ functions during and following the disruption of homeostasis. This is also reflected by the widespread expression of two families of purinergic receptors(P1 and P2) with numerous subtypes. In the last few decades, there has been increasing evidence that purinergic signaling plays an important role in the regulation of immune functions. Mainly, signals mediated by P2 receptors have been shown to contribute to immune system-mediated pathologies. Thus, interference with P2 receptors may be a promising strategy for the modulation of immune responses. Although only a few clinical studies have been conducted in isolated entities with limited success, preclinical work suggests that the use of P2 receptor inhibitors may bear some promise in various autoimmune diseases. Despite the association of P2 receptors with several disorders from this field, the use of P2 receptor antagonists in clinical therapy is still very scarce. In this narrative review, we briefly review the involvement of the purinergic system in immunological responses and clinical studies on the effect of purinergic inhibition on autoimmune processes. We then open the aperture a bit and show some preclinical studies demonstrating a potential effect of purinergic blockade on autoimmune events. Using suramin, a non-specific purinergic inhibitor, as an example, we further show that off-target effects could be responsible for observed effects in immunological settings, which may have interesting implications. Overall, we believe that it is worthwhile to further investigate this hitherto underexplored area.

关键词： autoimmune diseases neurological disorders purinergic system P2 receptor inhibitors suramin

A comparison of statistical learning of naturalistic textures between DCNNs and the human visual hierarchy

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2310-2318页

作者： LU XinCheng YUAN ZiQi ZHANG YiChi AI HaiLin CHENG SiYuan GE YiRan FANG Fang CHEN NiHong Department of Psychological and cognitive Sciences Tsinghua University Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University School of Psychological and cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking University Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) Peking University Peking-Tsinghua center for Life Sciences Peking University IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University State Key Laboratory of Brain and cognitive Science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Tsinghua University

The visual system continuously adapts to the statistical properties of the environment. Existing evidence shows a close resemblance between deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs) and primate visual stream in neural selectivity to naturalistic textures above the primary visual processing stage. This study delves into the mechanisms of perceptual learning in CNNs,focusing on how they assimilate the high-order statistics of natural textures. Our results show that a CNN model achieves a similar performance improvement as humans, as manifested in the learning pattern across different types of high-order image statistics. While L2 was the first stage exhibiting texture selectivity, we found that stages beyond L2 were critically involved in learning. The significant contribution of L4 to learning was manifested both in the modulations of texture-selective responses and in the consequences of training with frozen connection weights. Our findings highlight learning-dependent plasticity in the mid-to-high-level areas of the visual hierarchy. This research introduces an AI-inspired approach for studying learning-induced cortical plasticity, utilizing DCNNs as an experimental framework to formulate testable predictions for empirical brain studies.

关键词： CNN perceptual learning naturalistic texture psychophysics

Unraveling the potential of acute intermittent hypoxia as a strategy for inducing robust repair in multiple sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第11期19卷 2339-2340页

作者： Valerie M.K.Verge Nataliya Tokarska Justin M.Naniong Department of Anatomy Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada Cameco MS neuroscience Research center University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada

Multiple sclerosis(MS)is a debilitating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated segmental demyelination and variable degrees of axonal and neuronal degeneration that contribute to *** efficient and effective repair programs following demyelination is a major goal and challenge in *** MS therapies focus largely on modulating the immune aspects of the disease contributing to *** this alleviates some symptoms and mitigates damage,it does not tackle the fundamental challenge of effective remyelination,which few MS patients experience,especially in the progressive phase of the disease.

关键词： sclerosis degeneration damage

New complex physiological findings evolve hypothesized mechanisms of Dravet syndrome

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 1867-1868页

作者： MacKenzie A.Howard Department of Neurology Dell Medical SchoolAustinTXUSA center for Learning and Memory and Department of neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies(DEEs)are neurological disorders generally involving medically intractable seizures and a diverse array of comorbid neuropsychiatric delays and deficits that may severely affect cognition,mood,sleep,social behavior,movement control,learning,and/or *** syndrome(DS),also known as Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy.

关键词： sized finding seizures

Local field potentials,spiking activity,and receptive fields in human visual cortex

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第3期67卷 543-554页

作者： Lu Luo Xiongfei Wang Junshi Lu Guanpeng Chen Guoming Luan Wu Li Qian Wang Fang Fang School of Psychological and cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of Psychology Beijing Sport UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Neurosurgery Sanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100093China Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy Epilepsy CenterSanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing 100093China IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Peking-Tsinghua center for Life Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing 100069China State Key Laboratory of cognitive neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The concept of receptive field(RF) is central to sensory neuroscience. Neuronal RF properties have been substantially studied in animals,while those in humans remain nearly unexplored. Here, we measured neuronal RFs with intracranial local field potentials(LFPs) and spiking activity in human visual cortex(V1/V2/V3). We recorded LFPs via macro-contacts and discovered that RF sizes estimated from lowfrequency activity(LFA, 0.5–30 Hz) were larger than those estimated from low-gamma activity(LGA, 30–60 Hz) and high-gamma activity(HGA, 60–150 Hz). We then took a rare opportunity to record LFPs and spiking activity via microwires in V1 simultaneously. We found that RF sizes and temporal profiles measured from LGA and HGA closely matched those from spiking activity. In sum, this study reveals that spiking activity of neurons in human visual cortex could be well approximated by LGA and HGA in RF estimation and temporal profile measurement, implying the pivotal functions of LGA and HGA in early visual information processing.

关键词： human visual cortex receptive field intracranial EEG local field potential spiking activity