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Mouse models of medulloblastoma

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2011年第7期30卷 442-449页

作者： Paul A.Northcott Sidney Croul Michael D.Taylor Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research center Hospital for Sick Children

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite its prevalence and importance in pediatric neuro-oncology, the genes and pathways responsible for its initiation, maintenance, and progression remain poorly understood. Genetically engineered mouse models are an essential tool for uncovering the molecular and cellular basis of human diseases, including cancer, and serve a valuable role as preclinical models for testing targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize how such models have been successfully applied to the study of medulloblastoma over the past decade and what we might expect in the coming years.

关键词：小鼠模型母细胞遗传工程人类疾病脑肿瘤发病率小儿神经

Impact of community-based interventions on HIV knowledge, attitudes, and transmission

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 250-260页

作者： Rehana A Salam Sarah Haroon Hashim H Ahmed Jai K Das Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women and Child Health Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada

In 2012,an estimated 35.3 million people lived with HIV,while approximately two million new HIV infections were ***-based interventions(CBIs)for the prevention and control of HIV allow increased access and ease availability of medical care to population at risk,or already infected with,*** paper evaluates the impact of CBIs on HIV knowledge,attitudes,and *** included 39 studies on educational activities,counseling sessions,home visits,mentoring,women’s groups,peer leadership,and street outreach activities in community settings that aimed to increase awareness on HIV/AIDS risk factors and ensure treatment *** review findings suggest that CBIs to increase HIV awareness and risk reduction are effective in improving knowledge,attitudes,and practice outcomes as evidenced by the increased knowledge scores for HIV/AIDS(SMD:0.66,95%CI:0.25,1.07),protected sexual encounters(RR:1.19,95%CI:1.13,1.25),condom use(SMD:0.96,95%CI:0.03,1.58),and decreased frequency of sexual intercourse(RR:0.76,95%CI:0.61,0.96).Analysis shows that CBIs did not have any significant impact on scores for self-efficacy and *** found very limited evidence on community-based management for HIV infected population and prevention of mother-to-child transmission(MTCT)for HIV-infected pregnant *** synthesis suggests that establishment of community support at the onset of HIV prevention programs leads to community acceptance and ***-based delivery of HIV prevention education and contraceptive distribution have also been advocated as potential strategies to target high-risk youth *** studies should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of community delivery platforms for prevention of MTCT,and various emerging models of care to improve morbidity and mortality outcomes.

关键词： Community-based interventions Antiretroviral therapy HIV prevention HIV/AIDS

Impact of community-based interventions for the prevention and control of malaria on intervention coverage and health outcomes for the prevention and control of malaria

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 235-249页

作者： Rehana A Salam Jai K Das Zohra S Lassi Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women and Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada

In this paper,we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based interventions(CBIs)for the prevention and management of *** conducted a systematic review and identified 42 studies for ***-five of the included studies evaluated the impact of the community-based distribution of insecticide-treated nets(ITNs),indoor residual spraying(IRS),or impregnated bed sheets;14 studies evaluated intermittent preventive therapy(IPT)delivered in community settings;two studies focused on community-based education for malaria prevention;and one study evaluated environmental management through drain *** analysis suggests that,overall,the community-based delivery of interventions to prevent and control malaria resulted in a significant increase in ITNs ownership(RR:2.16,95%CI:1.86,2.52)and usage(RR:1.77,95%CI:1.48,2.11).However,usage of ITNs was limited to two-thirds of the population who owned ***-based strategies also led to a significant decrease in parasitemia(RR:0.56,95%CI:0.42,0.74),malaria prevalence(RR:0.46,95%CI:0.29,0.73),malaria incidence(RR:0.70,95%CI:0.54,0.90),and anemia prevalence(RR:0.79,95%CI:0.64,0.97).We found a non-significant impact on splenomegaly,birth outcomes(low birth weight,prematurity,stillbirth/miscarriage),anthropometric measures(stunting,wasting,and underweight),and mortality(all-cause and malaria-specific).The subgroup analysis suggested that community-based distribution of ITNs,impregnated bed sheets and IRS,and IPT are effective *** synthesis suggests that high coverage could be achieved at a lower cost with the integration of CBIs with existing antenatal care and immunization ***-based delivery of interventions to prevent and control malaria are effective strategies to improve coverage and access and reduce malaria burden,however,efforts should also be concerted to prevent over diagnosis and drug resistance.

关键词： Malaria Community-based interventions Malarial control Malaria treatment

The conceptual framework and assessment methodology for the systematic reviews of community-based interventions for the prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 199-205页

作者： Zohra S Lassi Rehana A Salam Jai K Das Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women and Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada

This paper describes the conceptual framework and the methodology used to guide the systematic reviews of community-based interventions(CBIs)for the prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP).We adapted the conceptual framework from the 3ie work on the‘Community-Based Intervention Packages for Preventing Maternal Morbidity and Mortality and Improving Neonatal Outcomes’to aid in the analyzing of the existing CBIs for *** conceptual framework revolves around objectives,inputs,processes,outputs,outcomes,and impacts showing the theoretical linkages between the delivery of the interventions targeting these diseases through various community delivery platforms and the consequent health *** also describe the methodology undertaken to conduct the systematic reviews and the meta-analyses.

关键词： IDoPs Conceptual framework Prevention and control Community platforms CHWs

Community based interventions for the prevention and control of tuberculosis

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 261-270页

作者： Ahmed Arshad Rehana A Salam Zohra S Lassi Jai K Das Imama Naqvi Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women and Child Health The Aga Khan University74800 KarachiPakistan center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada

In 2012,an estimated 8.6 million people developed tuberculosis(TB)and 1.3 million died from the *** its recent resurgence with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV);TB prevention and management has become further *** systematically evaluated the effectiveness of community based interventions(CBI)for the prevention and treatment of TB and a total of 41 studies were identified for *** suggest that CBI for TB prevention and case detection showed significant increase in TB detection rates(RR:3.1,95%CI:2.92,3.28)with non-significant impact on TB *** for treating patients with active TB showed an overall improvement in treatment success rates(RR:1.09,95%CI:1.07,1.11)and evidence from a single study suggests significant reduction in relapse rate(RR:0.26,95%CI:0.18,0.39).The results were consistent for various study design and delivery *** synthesis suggests that community based TB treatment delivery through community health workers(CHW)not only improved access and service utilization but also contributed to capacity building and improving the routine TB recording and reporting *** coupled with the DOTS strategy seem to be an effective approach,however there is a need to evaluate various community-based integrated delivery models for relative effectiveness.

关键词： Community-based interventions Tuberculosis DOTS integrated delivery CHWs

Tackling the existing burden of infectious diseases in the developing world: existing gaps and the way forward

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 271-276页

作者： Zulfiqar A Bhutta Rehana A Salam Jai K Das Zohra S Lassi3 center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada Division of Women and Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan

This series evaluates the effectiveness of community-based interventions(CBIs)to prevent and control infectious diseases of poverty(IDoP).Evidence from our reviews suggests that CBIs and school-based delivery platforms are effective in averting risk behaviors and reducing the disease ***-implementation of interventions through existing community-based programs including immunization campaigns,antenatal care and maternal and child health programs have the potential to scale-up interventions for *** research should focus on the process of developing and implementing efficient community-based programs through a comprehensive approach,and to gauge the effectiveness of various existing delivery models in order to improve morbidity and mortality outcomes.

关键词： Infectious diseases of poverty Neglected tropical diseases Malaria HIV/AIDs Tuberculosis Community-based interventions Community platforms

New Insights into Sinus Venosus Defects from Cross-Sectional Imaging

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Congenital Heart Disease 2022年第1期17卷 5-23页

作者： Shi-Joon Yoo Sanga Lee Regina de la Mora Ankavipar Saprungruang Christoph Haller Lee N.Benson Vladimiro Vida Alvise Guariento Christopher Z.Lam Department of Diagnostic Imaging Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada Division of Cardiology Department of PaediatricsLabatt Family Heart CentreHospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada Department of Diagnostic Imaging Sejong Heart CenterBucheonKorea Department of Radiology Instituto Nacional de CardiologíaMexico CityMexico Division of Cardiac Surgery Department of SurgeryLabatt Family Heart CentreHospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit University of Padua Medical SchoolPaduaItaly

Sinus venosus defects include two varieties,superior and inferior sinus venosus *** superior sinus venosus defect is characterized by abnormal communication between two closely related venoatrial structures:1)the normally positioned superior vena cava-right atrium complex and 2)the right pulmonary vein-left atrium complex that is displaced leftward,forward and *** sinus venosus defects primarily involve the inferior vena cava-right atrial junction while the right pulmonary vein-left atrial junction can also be *** of the rarity and wide variation of the defects,the morphological characterization of sinus venosus defects is inconsistent among investigators and often *** imaging technologies with high spatial and temporal resolutions have allowed accurate and detailed assessment of the pathological anatomy in larger numbers of *** this pictorial essay,we revisit the established and controversial features of the sinus venous defects using twodimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)images obtained by magnetic resonance(MR)or computed tomography(CT)with brief discussion on imaging and treatment strategies.

关键词： Sinus venosus defect superior sinus venosus defect inferior sinus venosus defect anomalous pulmonary venous connection overriding superior vena cava overriding inferior vena cava

Community based interventions for the prevention and control of Non-Helmintic NTD

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 223-234页

作者： Jai K Das Rehana A Salam Ahmed Arshad Hasina Maredia Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan Brown University ProvidenceRIUSA center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada

In this paper,we aim to systematically analyze the effectiveness of community based interventions(CBI)for the prevention and control of non-helminthic diseases including dengue,trypanosomiasis,chagas,leishmaniasis,buruli ulcer,leprosy and *** systematically reviewed literature published up to May 2013 and included 62 studies in this *** from our review suggest that CBI including insecticide spraying;insecticide treated bednets and curtains;community education and cleanliness campaigns;chemoprophylaxis through mass drug administration;and treatment have the potential to reduce the incidence and burden of non-helminthic *** of data limited the subgroup analysis for integrated and non-integrated delivery strategies however,qualitative synthesis suggest that integrated delivery is more effective when compared to vertical interventions;however,such integration was possible only because of the existing vertical vector control *** delivered interventions have the potential to achieve wider coverage and sustained community *** these diseases will require a multipronged approach including drug administration,health education,vector control and clean water and sanitation *** would require high level governmental commitment along with strong partnerships among major stakeholders.

关键词： NTDs Non-helminthic Community based interventions

Community-based interventions for the prevention and control of helmintic neglected tropical diseases

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 206-222页

作者： Rehana A Salam Hasina Maredia Jai K Das Zohra S Lassi Zulfiqar A Bhutta Division of Women and Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachi 74800Pakistan Brown University ProvidenceRIUSA center of Excellence in Women&Child Health The Aga Khan UniversityKarachiPakistan center for Global Child Health Hospital for sick children TorontoCanada

In this paper,we aim to systematically analyze the effectiveness of community-based interventions(CBIs)for the prevention and control of helminthiasis including soil-transmitted helminthiasis(STH)(ascariasis,hookworms,and trichuriasis),lymphatic filariasis,onchocerciasis,dracunculiasis,and *** systematically reviewed literature published before May 2013 and included 32 studies in this *** from the meta-analysis suggest that CBIs are effective in reducing the prevalence of STH(RR:0.45,95%CI:0.38,0.54),schistosomiasis(RR:0.40,95%CI:0.33,0.50),and STH intensity(SMD:−3.16,95 CI:−4.28,−2.04).They are also effective in improving mean hemoglobin(SMD:0.34,95%CI:0.20,0.47)and reducing anemia prevalence(RR:0.90,95%CI:0.85,0.96).However,it did not have any impact on ferritin,height,weight,low birth weight(LBW),or ***-based delivery significantly reduced STH(RR:0.49,95%CI:0.39,0.63)and schistosomiasis prevalence(RR:0.50,95%CI:0.33,0.75),STH intensity(SMD:−0.22,95%CI:−0.26,−0.17),and anemia prevalence(RR:0.87,95%CI:0.81,0.94).It also improved mean hemoglobin(SMD:0.24,95%CI:0.16,0.32).We did not find any conclusive evidence from the quantitative synthesis on the relative effectiveness of integrated and non-integrated delivery strategies due to the limited data available for each ***,the qualitative synthesis from the included studies supports community-based delivery strategies and suggests that integrated prevention and control measures are more effective in achieving greater coverage compared to the routine vertical delivery,albeit it requires an existing strong healthcare *** evidence suggests that effective community-based strategies exist and deliver a range of preventive,promotive,and therapeutic interventions to combat helminthic neglected tropical diseases(NTDs).However,there is a need to implement and evaluate efficient integrated programs with the existing disease control programs on a larger scal

关键词： Neglected tropical diseases Soil-transmitted helminthiasis Community-based interventions