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Structural brain differences between ultra-endurance athletes and sedentary persons

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Sports Medicine and Health Science 2020年第2期2卷 89-94页

作者： T.Paruk L.Rauch M.Jankiewicz K.Van Breda D.J.Stein M.King Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine University of Cape TownSouth Africa Division of Biomedical Engineering Department of Human BiologyUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa SAMRC Unit on Risk&Resilience in Mental Disorders Dept of Psychiatry&Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa

Participation in ultra-endurance events has increased in recent years and requires extreme levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA).Moderate levels of MVPA have been associated with increased brain volume but the effects of extreme levels of MVPA on brain volume is *** a result,we sought to compare the brains of those who engage in extremely high levels of MVPA with those who are sedentary using magnetic resonance *** performed whole brain volumetric analyses and voxel-based morphometry on 12 ultraendurance athletes(1078.75±407.86 min of MVPA/week)and 9 sedentary persons(18.0±56.9 min of MVPA/week).Whole-brain analyses revealed that those who participate in ultra-endurance training have increased grey(p<0.0001),white(p=0.031),and total matter volume(p<0.0001),while regional analyses revealed that ultra-endurance athletes have smaller regional grey matter volume in the right primary sensory and motor cortex,inferior and middle frontal gyrus,and left *** research is warranted to determine why ultra-endurance athletes have lower regional volumes in these areas despite having overall increased grey and white matter volumes.

关键词： Ironman athletes Ultra-racing Ultra-training MRI Ultra endurance

The use of metal hydrides in fuel cell applications

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2017年第1期27卷 3-20页

作者： Mykhaylo V.Lototskyy Ivan Tolj Lydia Pickering Cordellia Sita Frano Barbir Volodymyr Yartys HySA Systems Competence Centre South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC) University of the Western Cape University of Split Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture Department of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines institute for Energy Technology Kjeller

This paper reviews state-of-the-art developments in hydrogen energy systems which integrate fuel cells with metal hydride-based hydrogen storage. The 187 reference papers included in this review provide an overview of all major publications in the field, as well as recent work by several of the authors of the review. The review contains four parts. The first part gives an overview of the existing types of fuel cells and outlines the potential of using metal hydride stores as a source of hydrogen fuel. The second part of the review considers the suitability and optimisation of different metal hydrides based on their energy efficient thermal integration with fuel *** performances of metal hydrides are considered from the viewpoint of the reversible heat driven interaction of the metal hydrides with gaseous H;. Efficiencies of hydrogen and heat exchange in hydrogen stores to control H;charge/discharge flow rates are the focus of the third section of the review and are considered together with metal hydride – fuel cell system integration issues and the corresponding engineering solutions. Finally, the last section of the review describes specific hydrogen-fuelled systems presented in the available reference data.

关键词： Fuel cells Hydrogen storage Metal hydrides Thermal integration System development

Combined Signal Processing Based Techniques and Feed Forward Neural Networks for Pathological Voice Detection and Classification

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Sound & Vibration 2021年第2期55卷 141-161页

作者： T.Jayasree S.Emerald Shia Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Government College of EngineeringTamil Nadu629007India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Cape Institute of TechnologyTamil Nadu629001India

This paper presents the pathological voice detection and classification techniques using signal processing based methodologies and Feed Forward Neural Networks(FFNN).The important pathological voices such as Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)and Down Syndrome(DS)are considered for *** pathological voices are known to manifest in different ways in the speech of children and ***,it is possible to discriminate ASD and DS children from normal ones using the acoustic features extracted from the speech of these *** important attributes hidden in the pathological voices are extracted by applying different signal processing *** this work,three group of feature vectors such as perturbation measures,noise parameters and spectral-cepstral modeling are derived from the *** detection and classification is done by means of Feed For-ward Neural Network(FFNN)classifier trained with Scaled Conjugate Gradient(SCG)*** performance of the network is evaluated by finding various performance metrics and the the experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method gives better performance compared with other methods discussed in the literature.

关键词： Autism spectrum disorder down syndrome feed forward neural network perturbation measures noise parameters cepstral features

Cytotoxicity of seven recent dentine bonding agents on mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells

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Open Journal of Stomatology 2012年第4期2卷 244-250页

作者： Annette Olivier Sias R. Grobler Yusuf Osman Oral and Dental Research institute Faculty of Dentistry University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa

Today it is generally accepted that most bonding agents are cytotoxic. In this study the relative cytotoxicity of seven recent dentine bonding agents on mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells were investigated. Materials and Methods. Near-confluent mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells were exposed to Dulbecco Modified Eagle’s Medium containing extractions from the seven different bonding agents. The cell survival rate was then determined using the standard MTT assay. Results. The cell survival rate ranking is: iBond (94%) < Gbond (78%) < Xeno V (71%) < Adper Easy Bond (63%) < Xeno V+ (61%) < Adper Scotchbond SE (33%) < XP Bond (32%). Part A of Adper Scotchbond SE had a survival rate of 35% and part B 38%. These two parts did not differ significantly. Adper Scotchbond SE and XP Bond do not differ significantly. While Xeno V+, Xeno V and Adper Easy Bond do not differ. (p < 5%;Tukey-Kramer Multiple-Comparison Test). Conclusion. All of the tested adhesive bonding agents were cytotoxic with survival rate of 3T3 cells between 94% to 31%. Of the 7 bonding agents tested iBond was found to be only slightly toxic and by far the least toxic. The two bonding agents (XP Bond and Adper Scotchbond SE) containing UDMA plus TEGDMA plus HEMA plus camphorquinone were found to be the most toxic.

关键词： Cytotoxicity Bonding Agents Mouse 3T3 Fibroblast

Semen analysis and sperm function testing

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2012年第1期14卷 6-13,174页

作者： Daniel R Franken Sergio Oehninger Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Tygerberg Hospita Tygerberg Cape Town 7505 South Africa Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Eastern Virginia Medical School Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine Norfolk VA 23507 USA

Despite controversy regarding the clinical value of semen analysis, male fertility investigation still relies on a standardized analysis of the semen parameters. This is especially true for infertility clinics in both developing and developed countries. Other optional tests or sophisticated technologies have not been widely applied. The current review addresses important changes in the analysis of semen as described in the new World Health Organization （WHO） manual for semen analysis. The most important change in the manual is the use of evidence-based publications as references to determine cutoff values for normality. Apart from the above mentioned changes, the initial evaluation and handling methods remain, in most instances, the same as in previous editions. Furthermore, the review evaluates the importance of quality control in andrology with emphasis on the evaluation of sperm morphology. WHO sperm morphology training programmes for Sub-Saharan countries were initiated at Tygerberg Hospital in 1995. The external qualitY control programme has ensured that the majority of participants have maintained their morphological reading skills acquired during initial training. This review reports on current sperm functional tests, such as the induced acrosome reaction, and sperm-zona pellucida binding assays, as well as the impact of sperm quality in terms of DNA integrity, and the relationship of sperm function tests to sperm morphology.

关键词： male infertility quality assurance semen analysis spermatozoa sperm concentration sperm function sperm morphology sperm motility

Cu-DNAzyme facilitates highly sensitive immunoassay

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2019年第9期30卷 1652-1654页

作者： Zhi Shan Mingsheng Lyu Dennis Curry David Oakley Ken Oakes Xu Zhang Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy & the Environment Cape Breton University Sydney Now Scotia B1P 612 Canada College of Life Science Sichuan Agriculture University Yaan 625014 China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment Huaihai Institute of Technology Lianyungang 222005 China Department of Biology Cape Breton University Sydney Nova Scotia BJP 612 Canada Department of Chemistry Cape Breton University Sydney Nova Scotia B1P 612 Canada

Fast and sensitive antigen detection is important in biomedical research and development. Despite, being invented 48 years ago, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) remains one of the most successful and widely employed bioanalytical techniques in research and clinical diagnostics due to its reliability and simplistic design. Recently, nanotechnology has offered efficient signal reporting. In spite of some improvements in these systems, there are typically increased material costs involved and the need for expensive equipment or complicated chemical processes, thus negating any possible benefits over ELISA. Herein, we communicate a simple Cu-DNAzyme system for signal transduction of a CuO nanoparticle-labeled immunoassay. The reported immunoassay amplifies signal generation similar to traditional ELISA and is fast, simple, cost-effective, and sensitive, holding promise for biomedical applications and point-of-care testing.

关键词： Cu-DNAzyme Immunoassay ELISA CuO Nanoparticles

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Migraine: Should Cochrane Close the Door?

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2018年第4期11卷 60-69页

作者： Daniel Shevel Medical Research institute Cape Town South Africa

The Cochrane Collaboration completed a review entitled “Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) for the Prevention of Migraine in Adults” in 2015. In the review, they acknowledge that poor-quality research and low levels of evidence make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions, but then state that “A randomised controlled trial comparing a SSRI or a SNRI versus another drug or another non-pharmacological intervention is not a priority in the migraine research pipeline and might not exert a significant impact on the overall evidence”. A detailed evaluation of 10 of the 11 papers analysed in the Cochrane Review reveals that 9 of them use the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) system to determine their study cohorts. Despite being the current globally accepted standard for classification, diagnosis and categorization of migraine, the ICHD criteria are based on an arbitrary symptom list and offer little, if any, insight into the possible mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of a migraine. Using the ICHD system in scientific studies which investigate the prevention and treatment of migraines, including those analyzed by the 2015 Cochrane Review, therefore results in amorphous cohort selection for those studies. This directly impacts the clinical relevance of the results drawn from the research. We acknowledge, and are grateful for, the important and highly credible contribution that the Cochrane Collaboration brings to our body of scientific knowledge. We are, however, concerned that the conclusions drawn in this important review might negatively impact on clinician ability to help individual migraine patients, not through any fault of the Cochrane Collaboration review system, but due to a fundamental flaw in the classification of migraines.

关键词： Migraine ICHD SSRI Depression Cochrane

Established and novel pathophysiological mechanisms of pericardial injury and constrictive pericarditis

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World Journal of Cardiology 2018年第9期10卷 87-96页

作者： Vinasha Ramasamy Bongani M Mayosi Edward D Sturrock Mpiko Ntsekhe institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences University of Cape Town Division of Cardiology University of Cape Town

This review article aims to:(1) discern from the literature the immune and inflammatory processes occurring in the pericardium following injury; and(2) to delve into the molecular mechanisms which may play a role in the progression to constrictive pericarditis. Pericarditis arises as a result of a wide spectrum of pathologies of both infectious and non-infectious aetiology, which lead to various degrees of fibrogenesis. Current understanding of the sequence of molecular events leading to pathological manifestations of constrictive pericarditis is poor. The identification of key mechanisms and pathways common to most fibrotic events in the pericardium can aid in the design and development of novel interventions for the prevention and management of constriction. We have identified through this review various cellular events and signalling cascades which are likely to contribute to the pathological fibrotic phenotype. An initial classical pattern of inflammation arises as a result of insult to the pericardium and can exacerbate into an exaggerated or prolonged inflammatory state. Whilst the implication of major drivers of inflammation and fibrosis such as tumour necrosis factor and transforming growth factor β were foreseeable, the identification of pericardial deregulation of other mediators(basic fibroblast growth factor, galectin-3 and the tetrapeptide Ac-SDKP) provides important avenues for further research.

关键词： Inflammatory pericarditis Autoimmune disease Tuberculous pericarditis Fibrosis mechanism Constrictive pericarditis

Does financial development lower energy intensity?

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Frontiers in Energy 2020年第3期14卷 620-634页

作者： Philip Kofi ADOM Michael Owusu APPIAH Mawunvo Prosper AGRADI Department of Development Policy School of Public Service and GovernanceGhana Institute of Management and Public Administration(GIMPA)AchimotaGhana Department of Finance Business SchoolUniversity of Cape CoastAccraGhana Department of Banking and Finance University of Professional StudiesAccraGhana

The growth-induced effects of financial development have been well-established in the empirical literature,as well as the significance of financial development to energy demand ***,the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and energy intensity remains sparse in the *** the multifaceted nature of the effects of financial development,the proposed relationship seems a complex one and warrants an empirical *** the case of Ghana,this study provides an empirical answer to the question:does financial development lower energy intensity?To provide solid grounds for either rejection or acceptance of the null hypothesis,this study performed several robustness ***,the evidence revealed that financial development lowers energy ***,the results revealed that the price of energy,trade liberalization and industry structure play significant *** results have important implications for the design of macro energy efficiency policies and the creation of a‘Green Bank’.

关键词： financial development energy intensity energy efficiency Ghana