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Hydrocarbon accumulation in network and its application in the continental rift basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 88-100页

作者： PANG XiongQi1,2,CHEN DongXia1,ZHANG ShanWen3,HAO Fang1,LIU Zheng1,LIU KeYu3,SONG GuoQi4,WANG YongShi4,LUO XiaoRong5 & WU XiaoChun61 State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting,Chinese University of petroleum,Beijing 102249,China 2 Basin and Reservoir Center,Chinese University of petroleum,Beijing 102249,China 3 SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield,Dongying 257051,China 4 csiro petroleum,P. O. Box 1130,Bentley,WA 6102,Australia 5 Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China 6 China National petroleum Corporation,Beijing 100724,China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting Chinese University of Petroleum Beijing China Basin and Reservoir Center Chinese University of Petroleum Beijing China SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield Dongying China csiro petroleum Bentley Australia Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China China National petroleum Corporation Beijing China

The concept of hydrocarbon accumulation in network was presented on basis of the overall analysis of the formation and evolution characteristics of the continental faulted basin and of the systemic re-search on the major controlling factors on the hydrocarbon accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumu-lation in network can be defined as hydrocarbon accumulation in a three-dimensional network system which is constituted by the hydrocarbon migration passages under multiple dynamics,following the hydrocarbon generation from source rocks. The research shows that the hydrocarbon accumulation in network is composed of four elements,i.e.,hydrocarbon source (source rock kitchen),hydrocarbon accumulation terminal (trap),network pathway connecting source and terminal (transporting system),and network potential driving hydrocarbon migration in the network pathway (migration dynamics). Compared with other networks,hydrocarbon accumulation in network has three basic characteristics: the irreversible geological process of material and information flow in the network; the loss of material and information in the flow process in the network; the multiple dynamics in the flow process. Interac-tion of all the elements in the geological process can be called hydrocarbon accumulation in network. There are three basic models for hydrocarbon accumulation in network,that is,hydrocarbon accumu-lation in the network source area,hydrocarbon accumulation in the network pathway,and hydrocarbon accumulation in the network terminal. The key in the application of the hydrocarbon accumulation models in network in practice is to confirm the major accumulation stage and the function range of the four elements controlling the hydrocarbon firstly,to predict the profitable accumulation region by su-perposition of the favorable areas confirmed by four elements consequently,and to evaluate the oil-bearing property of the trap as well as confirm drilling targets. This paper takes the Dongying De-pression in the Bohai Bay Basin as an application example.

关键词： continental rift basin hydrocarbon accumulation theory hydrocarbon network hydrocarbon accumulation in network Bohai Bay Basin

Formation mechanisms of heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Depression,Bohai Gulf Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 156-169页

作者： LI SuMei1,2,PANG XiongQi1,2,LIU KeYu3,GAO XianZhi1,2,LI XiaoGuang4,CHEN ZhenYan4 & LIU BaoHong41 State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting,China University of Petroleam,Beijing 102249,China 2 Basin and Reservoir Research Center,China University of petroleum,Beijing 102249,China 3 csiro petroleum,P.O. Box 1130,Bentley WA 6102,Australia 4 Liaohe Oilfield Co. Ltd,PetroChina,Panjin 124010,China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleam Beijing China Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing China csiro petroleum Bentley Australia Liaohe Oilfield Co. Ltd PetroChina Panjin China

The Liaohe Oilfield in the Liaohe Western Depression of the Bohai Gulf Basin is the third-largest oil producing province and the largest heavy oil producing oilfield in China. A total of 65 oil samples,35 rock samples and 36 reservoir sandstone samples were collected and analyzed utilizing conventional geochemical and biogeochemical approaches to unravel the mechanisms of the formation of the heavy oils. Investigation of the oils with the lowest maturity compared with the oils in the Gaosheng and Niuxintuo oilfields indicates no apparent relation between the maturity and physical properties of the heavy oils. It is suggested that the heavy oil with primary origin is not likely the main mechanism re-sponsible for the majority of the heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Slope. The absence and/or depletion of n-alkanes etc.,with relatively low molecular weight and the occurrence of 25-norhopane series in the heavy oils as well as the relatively high acidity of the oils all suggest that the majority of the heavy oils once experienced secondary alteration. The fingerprints of the total scanning fluorescence (TSF) of the inner adsorbed hydrocarbons on the reservoir grains and the included hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions are similar to that of the normal oils in the area but are different from the outer adsorbed and reser-voired free oils at present,further indicating that most of the heavy oils are secondary in origin. Analyses of bacteria (microbes) in 7 oil samples indicate that anaerobic and hyperthermophilic Ar-chaeoglobus sp. are the dominant microbes relevant to oil biodegradation,which coincides with the shallow commercial gas reservoirs containing anaerobic bacteria derived gas in the Gaosheng and Leijia teotonic belts. The biodegradation most likely occurs at the water/oil interface,where the forma-tion water is essential for microbe removal and nutrient transportation. We think that biodegradation,water washing and oxidization are interrelated and are the main mechanisms for the formation of the heavy oils. Biod

关键词： heavy oil Liaohe Western Depression biodegradation water washing formation mechanism

An element by element spectral element method for elastic wave modeling

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第1期16卷 21-29页

作者： LIN Weijun1, WANG Xiuming1,2 and ZHANG Hailan 1(1.Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China 2. csiro petroleum, ARRC, PO BOX 1130, Technology Park, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia) Institute of Acoustics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China csiro petroleum ARRC PO BOX 1130 Technology Park Bentley WA 6102 Australia

The spectral element method which combines the advantages of spectral method with those of finite element method, provides an efficient tool in simulating elastic wave equation in complex medium. Based on weak form of elastodynamic equations, mathematical formulations for Legendre spectral element method are presented. The wave field on an element is discretized using high-order La-grange interpolation, and integration over the element is accomplished based upon the Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre integration rule. This results in a diagonal mass matrix which leads to a greatly simplified algorithm. In addition, the element by element technique is introduced in our method to reduce the memory sizes and improve the computation efficiency. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the spectral accuracy and the efficiency. Because of combinations of the finite element scheme and spectral algorithms, this method can be used for complex models, including free surface boundaries and strong heterogeneity.

关键词： spectral element Legendre polynomial elastic wave modeling element by element.

Differential interformational velocity analysis as an effective direct hydrocarbon indicator under velocity reversal conditions,an example from the anomalously high temperature and over-pressured DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

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petroleum Science 2009年第4期6卷 339-346页

作者： Zhu Hongtao Liu Keyu Chen Kaiyuan Li Min Huang Shengbing Key Laboratory of Tectonics and petroleum Resources of the Ministry of Education China University of GeosciencesWuhanHubei 430074China csiro petroleum P.O.Box 1130BentleyWA 6102Australia School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

In the DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea, the velocity-depth plot and velocity spectra show significant variations from a linear trend, exhibiting a distinct reversal phenomenon. Velocity parameters derived from velocity spectral analysis of the seismic data and sonic logs indicate that the interval velocity reverses below 2,100 m (2.2 s two-way time (TWT)) in the DF1-1 Gas Field. Some direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) models developed for the shallow strata cannot be simply applied to the moderately to deeply buried strata for direct exploration target recognition because the velocity reversal has caused the middle-deep gas reservoirs to exhibit a moderate or weak seismic amplitude. The hydrocarbon indicator method of “Differential Interformational Velocity Analysis (DIVA)” with the aid of other hydrocarbon indicating techniques was employed to effectively identify DHIs in the middle-deep strata under velocity inversion. The result has shown that the DIVA technique can be effectively used as a DHI in both the shallow and the middle-deep strata in the study area with the shallow strata characterized by Type I DIVA anomaly and the middle-deep strata characterized by the Type II DIVA anomaly.

关键词： DF1-1 Gas Field velocity reversal direct hydrocarbon indicator differential interformational velocity analysis South China Sea

Quantitative prediction of mixed-source crude oils and its significance for understanding oil accumulation in subtle pools in the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

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petroleum Science 2008年第3期5卷 203-211页

作者： Li Sumei Liu Keyu Pang Xiongqi Li Maowen Jiang Zhenxue Qiu Guiqiang Gao Yongjin Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism of the Ministry of Education. Basin ＆ Reservoir Research Center. China University of petroleum. Beijing 102249 csiro petroleum. P.O. Box 1130. Bentley WA 6102. Australia Geological Survey of Canada. 3303-33 Street NW Calgary. Alberta T2L 2A7. Canada Shengli Oilfield Conapany. SINOPEC. Dongying. Shandong 257015. China

Conventional geochemical approaches were utilized in the quantitative prediction of the proportions of mixed-source crude oils derived from the Es3 and ES4 members of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. The mixed-source oils are accumulated in the middle interval of the Es3 member （Es3 M） in the Niuzhuang Sag, which is one of the sags where subtle traps are primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands within mudstones mostly developed in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The result showed that about 18-92% of the mixed-source oils were derived from the Es4 source rocks with an average of 55-60%）. Reservoirs associated with deep faults appear to have much more Es4 genetic affinity oils. A high proportion of the Es4-derived oils discovered in the Es3 M subtle lithological traps in the Niuzhuang Sag have long migration distances. This suggests that surrounding source rocks might not necessarily control the hydrocarbon supply for subtle traps. Subtle migration pathway may play an important role in the vertical oil migration. The traditional concept of hydrocarbons accumulation in these tenticular turbidite sandstone traps within a short migration distance from the surrounding source rocks is not supported by this study. The present result is also consistent with our previous findings that immature oils in the Bamianhe Oilfield in the south slope of the Niuzhuang Sag were actually mixed-source oils mostly sourced from the Es4 in the depocenter of the Niuzhuang Sag, and the petroleum potential of the ES4 member in the Dongying Depression should therefore be re-evaluated.

关键词： Niuzhuang Sag lithological oil pool. mixed-source oil quantitative prediction

COHESIVE ZONE FINITE ELEMENT-BASED MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

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Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2009年第5期22卷 443-452页

作者： A.P.Bunger Robert G.Jeffrey csiro petroleum Resources Bayview AvenueClaytonVIC 3168Australia

Hydraulic fracturing is a powerful technology used to stimulate fluid production from reservoirs. The fully 3-D numerical simulation of the hydraulic fracturing process is of great importance to the efficient application of this technology, but is also a great challenge because of the strong nonlinear coupling between the viscous flow of fluid and fracture propagation. By taking advantage of a cohesive zone method to simulate the fracture process, a finite element model based on the existing pore pressure cohesive finite elements has been established to investigate the propagation of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture in an infinite elastic medium. The effect of cohesive material parameters and fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracture behaviour has been investigated. Excellent agreement between the finite element results and analytical solutions for the limiting case where the fracture process is dominated by rock fracture toughness demonstrates the ability of the cohesive zone finite element model in simulating the hydraulic fracture growth for this case.

关键词： hydraulic fracture cohesive zone model finite element method

Molecular simulation studies of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide adsorption on coal

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petroleum Science 2015年第4期12卷 692-704页

作者： Junfang Zhang Keyu Liu M.B.Clennell D.N.Dewhurst Zhejun Pan M.Pervukhina Tongcheng Han csiro Energy Flagship Research Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development Petro China csiro Energy Flagship Ian Wark Laboratory

Sorption isotherms of hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide （CO2） provide crucial information for designing processes to sequester CO2 and recover natural gas from unmineable coal beds. Methane （CH4）, ethane （C2H6）, and CO2 adsorption isotherms on dry coal and the temperature effect on their maximum sorption capacity have been studied by performing combined Monte Carlo （MC） and molecular dynamics （MD） simulations at temperatures of 308 and 370 K （35 and 97 ~C） and at pressures up to 10 MPa. Simulation results demonstrate that absolute sorption （expressed as a mass basis） divided by bulk gas density has negligible temperature effect on CH4, C2H6, and CO2 sorption on dry coal when pressure is over 6 MPa. CO2 is more closely packed due to stronger interaction with coal and the stronger interaction between CO2 mole- cules compared, respectively, with the interactions between hydrocarbons and coal and between hydrocarbons. The results of this work suggest that the ＂a＂ constant （pro- portional to TcPc） in the Peng-Robinson equation of state is an important factor affecting the sorption behavior of hydrocarbons. CO2 injection pressures of lower than 8 MPa may be desirable for CH4 recovery and CO2 sequestration. This study provides a quantitative under- standing of the effects of temperature on coal sorptioncapacity for CH4, C2H6, and CO2 from a microscopic perspective.

关键词： Molecular simulation - GROMOS force field -Coal bed methane - Sorption isotherm Bituminous coal Hydrocarbons Carbon dioxide

Migration,filling history and geochemical characteristics of Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2009年第3期28卷 299-307页

作者： WANG Jie LIU Wenhui QIN Jianzhong LIU Keyu GU Yi Wuxi Institute of petroleum Geology SINOPEC Wuxi 214151 China csiro petroleum PO.Box 1130 Bentley WA 6102 Australia

Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield are composed predominantly of hydrocarbon gases dominated by methane with a significant amount of heavy hydrocarbon gas component. The non-hydrocarbon gases include N2, CO2 and minor H2S. The Ordovician natural gases are believed to have originated from the same source rocks, and are composite of gases differing in thermal maturity. Carbon dioxide was derived from thermal metamorphism of Ordovician carbonate rocks. The generation of natural gases involves multiple stages from mature normal oil and condensate-associated gas to thermally cracked gas at the maturity to over-maturity stages. In the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, the Ordovician natural gases appear to be filled in two major phases with a typical petroleum-associated gas from southeast to northwest and from east to west in the early stage; and a thermally cracked gas from east to west in the late stage. At the same time, the oil/gas filling boundary has been primarily established between the two stages.

关键词：天然气发电塔河油田奥陶系地球化学特征塔里木盆地西北烃类气体移民

Numerical Approach for Thermal History Modelling in Multi-Episodic Rifting Basins

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 519-528页

作者： Bo Kang Xinong Xie Tao Cui Key Laboratory of Tectonics and petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences csiro Land and Water

Pre-existing models for thermal history modelling have shown deficiency in explicit algorithms to establish the quantitative relationship between maturity indices and thermal gradients in some sedimentary basins that experienced multi-episodic rifting evolution. In this study, a forward and inverse combination model（FICM） is proposed to estimate the vitrinite reflectance（Ro） and thermal gradients. The forward module is used to calculate Ro values. It couples the EASY%Ro model with burial history reconstruction with consideration of thermal gradient variations during basin evolution. The inverse module reconstructs histoical thermal gradients by calibrating cmputed Ro against measured Ro data. The time-temperature series is a necessary input for both forward and inverse modules. Sample density is a profound factor influencing the accuracy of modelling results. In order to obtain satisfying outputs, a sufficient sample density is required. Thermal gradients are assumed to vary linearly between two given samples. Modelling results of case studies indicate that the sensitivity of heating time to Ro evlution is differnt with thermal gradients depending on geolgoical setting. Three difffernt districts, which include the time-sensitive area, the temperature-sensitive area and the non-sensitive area, can be recognized on the the relationship map among Ro variations, heating time and geothermal gradients. This model can be applied to reconstruct the thermal history and maturation evolution in a basin that has undergone complex multi-episodic rifting.

关键词： thermal history maturity EASY%Ro burial history vitrinite reflectance.