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Numerical Approach for Thermal History Modelling in Multi-Episodic Rifting Basins

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 519-528页

作者： Bo Kang Xinong Xie Tao Cui Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences csiro land and Water

Pre-existing models for thermal history modelling have shown deficiency in explicit algorithms to establish the quantitative relationship between maturity indices and thermal gradients in some sedimentary basins that experienced multi-episodic rifting evolution. In this study, a forward and inverse combination model（FICM） is proposed to estimate the vitrinite reflectance（Ro） and thermal gradients. The forward module is used to calculate Ro values. It couples the EASY%Ro model with burial history reconstruction with consideration of thermal gradient variations during basin evolution. The inverse module reconstructs histoical thermal gradients by calibrating cmputed Ro against measured Ro data. The time-temperature series is a necessary input for both forward and inverse modules. Sample density is a profound factor influencing the accuracy of modelling results. In order to obtain satisfying outputs, a sufficient sample density is required. Thermal gradients are assumed to vary linearly between two given samples. Modelling results of case studies indicate that the sensitivity of heating time to Ro evlution is differnt with thermal gradients depending on geolgoical setting. Three difffernt districts, which include the time-sensitive area, the temperature-sensitive area and the non-sensitive area, can be recognized on the the relationship map among Ro variations, heating time and geothermal gradients. This model can be applied to reconstruct the thermal history and maturation evolution in a basin that has undergone complex multi-episodic rifting.

关键词： thermal history maturity EASY%Ro burial history vitrinite reflectance.

Supply-Demand Analysis of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on Spatiotemporal Population Estimation

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第4期11卷 519-537页

作者： Xiaodong Zhang Jia Yu Yun Chen Jiahong Wen Jiayan Chen Zhan'e Yin School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China csiro land and Water Canberra 2601Australia

Supply–demand analysis is an important part of the planning of urban emergency *** Pudong New Area,Shanghai,China as an example,this study estimated daytime and nighttime population of the study area based on fine-scale land use data,census data,statistical yearbook information,and Tencent user-density big *** exponential function-based,probability density estimation method was used to analyze the spatial supply of and demand for shelters under an earthquake *** results show that even if all potential available shelters are considered,they still cannot satisfy the demand of the existing population for evacuation and sheltering,especially in the northern region of Pudong,under both the daytime and the nighttime *** proposed method can reveal the spatiotemporal imbalance between shelter supply and *** also conducted a preliminary location selection analysis of shelters based on the supply–demand analysis *** location selection results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed *** can be applied to identify the areas where the supply of shelters is seriously inadequate,and provide effective decision support for the planning of urban emergency shelters.

关键词： Big data China population estimation Probability density estimation Supply-demand analysis Urban emergency shelters

Delayed juvenile behavioral development and prolonged dependence are adaptations to desert life in the grey falcon

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Current Zoology 2022年第6期68卷 679-687页

作者： Jonny SCHOENJAHN Chris R.PAVEY Gimme H.WALTER School of Biological Sciences The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia csiro land and Water DarwinNT 0822Australia

Rapid learning in the young of most endothermic animals can be expected to be favored by natural selection because early independence reduces the period of *** of comparatively slow juvenile development continue,therefore,to attract scientific *** most species of birds,including raptors,the young depend on their parents for some time after fledging for the provisioning of food and for protection while they learn to become nutritionally and otherwise *** raptors,post-fledging dependence periods that exceed 6 months are exclusive to the largest species and these have reproductive cycles that exceed 12 *** contrast,young of the medium-sized grey falcon Falco hypoleucos have been reported in close company with their parents up to 12 months after fledging,that is,at a time when the adults are expected to breed *** investigated the occurrence and characteristics of prolonged adult–juvenile association relative to other falcons and similar-sized *** found that the behavioral development of grey falcon young is extremely delayed,and that they even depend nutritionally on their parents for up to 12 months after *** suggest that these 2 distinctive features are,ultimately,adaptations of the grey falcon to its extreme environment,Australia’s arid and semi-arid zone,one of the hottest environments in the world.

关键词： arid environment behavioral adaptation bird of prey post-fledging period

Validity of the Bouchet's complementary relationship at 102 observatories across China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第5期52卷 708-713页

作者： YU JingJie1,2,ZHANG YongQiang3,LIU ChangMing1,2 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 2 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 3 csiro land and Water,PO Box 1666,Canberra ACT 2601,Australia Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China csiro land and Water Canberra Australia

Bouchet in 1963 hypothesized that for large homogeneous land surface with minimum advection of heat and moisture,there exists a 1:1 complementary relationship of potential and actual evaporation coupled through land-atmosphere *** complementary relationship has been widely used to estimate regional actual evaporation and explain the pan evaporation *** examine the standardized potential evaporation(potential evaporation divided by wet environment evaporation) at 102 observatories at different elevations across ***,the relationship is appropriate at the low elevations(<1000 m).With the increase of elevation,vapor transfer power becomes much less than radiation energy budget because of lower vapor pressure deficit and stronger global solar *** a result,at the high elevations(over 1000 m),the excess energy resulted by limited moisture availability is not enough to be converted into drying power of the *** result suggests that the complementary relationship is asymmetric at the high elevations.

关键词： evaporation complementary relationship elevation China

Fifty Years of Water Sensitive Urban Design, Salisbury, South Australia

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第4期11卷 63-72页

作者： John C. Radcliffe Declan Page Bruce Naumann Peter Dillon csiro land and Water Private Bag 2 Glen Osmond South Australia 5064 Australia City of Salisbury 12 James St Salisbury South Australia 5108 Australia

Australia has developed extensive policies and guidelines for the management of its water. The City of Salisbury, located within metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia, developed rapidly through urbanisation from the 1970s. Water sensitive urban design principles were adopted to maximise the use of the increased rim-off generated by urbanisation and ameliorate flood risk. Managed aquifer recharge was introduced for storing remediated low-salinity stormwater by aquifer storage and recovery （ASR） in a brackish aquiter for subsequent lrngatlon. Ibis paper outlines now a municipal government has progressively adopted principles of Water Sensitive Urban Design during its development within a framework of evolving national water policies. Salisbury＇s success with stormwater harvesting led to the formation of a pioneering w aterbusiness that includes linking projects from nine sites to provide a non-potable supply of 5 ×10^6 m^3 year. These installations hosted a number of applied research projects addressing well configuration, water quality, reliability and economics and facilitated the evaluation of its system as a potential potable water source. The evaluation showed that while untreated stonnwater contained contaminants, subsurface storage and end-use controls were sufficient to make recovered water sale for public open space irrigation, and with chlorination acceptable lbr third pipe supplies. Drinking water quality could be achieved by adding microfiltration, disinfection with UV and chlorination. The costs that would need to be expended to achieve drinking water safety standards were found to be considerably less than the cost of establishing dual pipe distribution systems. The full cost of supply was determined to be AUD$1.57 m ＂ for non-potable water for pubhc open space lrngatlon much cheaper than mares water, AUD $3.45 m at that time. Producing and storing potable water was found to cost AUDS1.96 to $2.24 m .

关键词： Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Stormwater harvesting Water recycling drinking water Low impact development Water sensitive urban design

Patterns of sperm use by twice-mated female Queensland fruit flies

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Insect Science 2022年第4期29卷 1159-1169页

作者： Jason Shadmany Siu F.Lee Thu N.M.Nguyen Phillip W.Taylor Applied BioSciences Macquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSWAustralia csiro land and Water Black MountainACTAustralia School of BioSciences University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia

Multiple mating by females,polyandry,is common in insects,including in tephritid fruit *** insects that remate commonly store sperm of multiple *** the sperm of different males contribute to paternity is an important element of sexual *** behavior and reproduction of the Queensland fruit fly(Qfly),Bactrocera tryoni,has been extensively investigated both in relation to understanding this economically important species’reproductive biology and in relation to implications for Sterile Insect Technique(SIT),whereby sterile flies are released to constrain reproduction of pest *** numerous studies of pre-and postcopulatory sexual selection in Qfly,there have been no direct studies of paternity patterns in polyandrous female *** used two morphologically distinguishable lines to investigate patterns of sperm use in *** two lines showed comparable mating performance evidenced by similar mating and remating frequency,copula duration,and proportion of second mate paternity(P2)between reciprocal *** mechanism of sperm usage,with P2 close to 0.5 immediately after the second mating followed by gradual decrease of P2 as females aged,is most consistent with stratification or repositioning of *** observed in the present study are compared with the available information from other tephritid fruit flies,and are discussed in relation to this species’reproductive biology,known patterns of sperm storage,and SIT.

关键词： muliple mating polyandry sperm competition sperm pecedence Tephritidac

Element mapping the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第3期12卷 259-278页

作者： William Smith Wolfgang Maier Stephen Barnes Gareth Moorhead David Reid Bartosz Karykowski School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF240DEUnited Kingdom csiro Mineral Resources Perth 6160Australia csiro ClaytonVictoriaAustralia University of Cape Town South Africa Fugro Germany land GmbH 12555 BerlinGermany

The Merensky Reef hosts one of the largest PGE resources *** has been exploited for nearly 100 years,yet its origin remains *** the present study,we characterised eight samples of the reef at four localities in the western Bushveld Complex using micro-X-ray fluorescence and field emission scanning electron *** results indicate that the Merensky Reef formed through a range of diverse *** exhibited by chromite grains at the base of the reef are consistent with supercooling and in situ *** local thickening of the Merensky chromitite layers within troughs in the floor rocks is most readily explained by granular *** and deformation textures in pyroxenes of the Merensky pegmatoid bear testament to recrystallisation and *** footwall rocks to the reef contain disseminations of PGE rich sulphides as well as olivine grains with peritectic reaction rims along their upper margins suggesting reactive downward flow of silicate and sulphide ***-hosted melt inclusions containing Cl-rich apatite,sodic plagioclase,and phlogopite suggest the presence of highly evolved,volatile-rich *** reverse zonation of cumulus plagioclase in the footwall of the reef indicates dissolution or partial melting of plagioclase,possibly triggered by flux of heat,acidic fluids,or hydrous ***,these data suggest that the reef formed through a combination of magmatic,hydrodynamic and hydromagmatic processes.

关键词： Merensky Reef Bushveld Complex Magmatic sulphide Platinum-group elements PGE Anorthosite

Streamflow response to climate variability and human activities in the upper catchment of the Yellow River Basin

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第11期52卷 3249-3256页

作者： ZHAO FangFang XU ZongXue ZHANG Lu ZUO DePeng Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences Ministry of EducationCollege of Water SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China csiro land and Water Canberra ACT 2601Australia

Both sensitivity-based method and simulation method are used to analyze the streamflow response to climate variability and human activities in the upper catchment of the Yellow River Basin (UYRB) in this study. The separation regime of effects from climate variability and human activities is investigated. Results show that the changes of streamflow are more sensitive to precipitation than potential evapotranspiration (PET). Effect of climate variability on streamflow estimated using the sensitivity-based method is weak in the upper catchment of Jimai station, and strong in the upper catchment of Lanzhou station, where the climate effects accounted for about 50% of total streamflow changes. Effects of human activities on streamflow accounted for about 40% in the UYRB, with weaker effects in the upper catchment of Tangnaihai station than those in the upper catchment of Lanzhou station. Both climate variability and human activities are main factors to affect the changes of streamflow in the UYRB.

关键词： climate variability human activities Yellow River streamflow response

Water Cycle and Irrigation Expansion: An Application of Multi-Criteria Evaluation in the Limestone Coast (Australia)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014年第7期6卷 655-668页

作者： Zahra Paydar Yun Chen csiro land and Water Canberra Australia

A summary of the current understanding of the hydrological system in the Limestone Coast in Australia is presented. The regional water balance analysis indicated about 90% of the water is lost through evapotranspiration. Irrigation consumes a substantial part of the groundwater and returns up to half of the water inflow to the aquifer. A multi-criteria analysis using fuzzy quantifiers and analytical hierarchy process was applied for future irrigation expansion. The results showed a total of 94,632 ha of land, considered suitable for irrigation where groundwater is not over-allocated or over used. This model showed some advantages over the conventional multi-criteria evaluation methods as it avoids arbitrary decisions on criteria weightings.

关键词： land Suitability Regional Water Balance Irrigation Expansion Multi-Criteria Evaluation