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Global perspectives on the ecological,cultural and socioeconomic relevance of wild edible fungi

Studies in Fungi 2021年第1期6卷 408-424页

作者： Pérez-Moreno J Mortimer PE Xu J Karunarathna SC Li H Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina Edafología Campus MontecilloColegio de PostgraduadosTexcocoMéxico CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)KunmingChina

Wild edible fungi(WEF),including mushrooms and truffles,comprise a natural source of nutritious and healthy food.The consumption of WEF began at least 18,700 years ago during the Stone Age.Current data from over 100 countries indicates the existence of more than 2,100 edible species,a figure that is continually growing,as vast regions and many cultures remain understudied.However,only around 30 species of WEF are grown commercially at a large-scale.WEF also play a key ecological role in the structure and functioning of natural ecosystems and have significantly contributed in shaping all life on the planet.Either as food,medicine or both,they are important for the survival,cultures,and economies of hundreds of ethnic groups around the globe.Over the last 15 years,there has been a noteworthy increase in the international trade of WEF,which is currently estimated at billions(USD)annually.In 2017,the WEF global trade,of either fresh or processed products,exceeded 1,230,000 tonnes.Due to their ecological,sociocultural and economic importance,the international WEF trade has a role to play in the post-pandemic recovery period.The main challenge of this period will be maintaining natural ecosystems while simultaneously improving human wellbeing.Critical elements of this challenge include ensuring food security,enhancing rural development,creating sustainable jobs,mitigating hunger,and slowing the loss of traditional knowledge generated over millennia.This review analyzes the ways in which sustainable use of WEF could contribute to achieving these goals.

关键词： Biocultural importance Edible Wild Mushrooms Global Sustainable Development Socioeconomic value Traditional knowledge

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Seedling survival after simulating grazing and drought for two species from the Pamirs,northwestern china

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Plant Diversity 2022年第6期44卷 607-616页

作者： Fiona R.Worthy Stefanie D.Goldberg Sailesh Ranjitkar Jian-Chu Xu CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanChina Honghe Center for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina Faculty of Agroforestry Lumbini Buddhist UniversityLumbiniNepal

For plant populations to persist,seedling recruitment is essential,requiring seed germination,seedling survival and growth.Drought and grazing potentially reduce seedling recruitment via increased mortality and reduced growth.We studied these seederelated processes for two species indigenous to the Pamir Mountains of Xinjiang in northwestern china:Saussurea glacialis and Plantago lessingii.Seeds collected from Taxkorgan,Xinjiang,had a viability rate of 15.8%for S.glacialis but 100%for P.lessingii.Of the viable seeds,the highest germination rates were 62.9%for S.glacialis and 45.6%for P.lessingii.In a greenhouse experiment,we imposed a series of stressful conditions,involving a combination of simulated grazing and drought events.These had the most severe impact on younger seedlings.Modelling showed that 89%of S.glacialis mortality was due to early simulated grazing,whereas 80%of P.lessingii mortality was due to early simulated drought.Physiological differences could contribute to their differing resilience.S.glacialis may rely on water storage in leaves to survive drought events,but showed no shifts in biomass allocation that would improve grazing tolerance.P.lessingii appears more reliant on its root system to survive grazing,but the root reserves of younger plants could be insufficient to grow deeper in response to drought.After applying all mortality factors,17.7 seedlings/parent of P.lessingii survived,while only<0.1 seedlings/parent of S.glacialis survived,raising concerns for its capacity to persist in the Pamirs.Inherent genetic differences may underlie the two species’contrasting grazing and drought responses.Thus,differing conservation strategies are required for their utilization and protection.

关键词： Medicinal plant Pastoralist Plantago lessingii Saussurea glacialis Soil moisture Water deficit

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Key biodiversity recommendations from the 2021 FTA Scientific Conference

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 87-88页

作者： FTA Scientific Steering Committee CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry CenterKunming 650201China

Nature is in peril.The Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)as the largest multilateral treaty on the protection of global biodiversity must play a significantly expanded role in the next decade of biodiversity policy development and implementation if we wish to halt and reverse accelerating biodiversity losses.From the 22nd–24th of June 2021,nearly 400 on-site and online participants gathered at the FTA Scientific Conference in Kunming,china as part of the buildup to the 15th meeting(COP15)of the CBD.From the technical and plenary sessions,12 recommendations emerged to strengthen the capacity of the CBD and safeguard the planet's wildlife.Participants urge all stakeholders,particularly government actors in attendance at CBD COP15 in Kunming in October 2021,to heed the warnings of experts in attendance at the FTA Scientific Conference to accelerate and intensify efforts to conserve diverse lifeforms and maintain healthy ecosystems by incorporating these 12 recommendations into the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the CBD.

关键词： FTA planet maintain

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Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes

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Fungal Diversity 2022年第3期114卷 237-278页

作者： Indunil C.Senanayake Dhandevi Pem Achala R.Rathnayaka Subodini N.Wijesinghe Saowaluck Tibpromma Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Rungtiwa Phookamsak Nuwan D.Kularathnage Deecksha Gomdola Dulanjalee Harishchandra Lakmali S.Dissanayake Mei-mei Xiang Anusha H.Ekanayaka Eric H.C.McKenzie Kevin D.Hyde Hao-xing Zhang Ning Xie Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics College of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityNanhai AvenueNanshanShenzhen 3688GuangdongChina Innovative Institute for Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina Centre for Mountain Futures(CMF) Kunming Institute of BotanyKunming 650201YunnanChina CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry(ICRAF)Kunming 650201YunnanChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management On Fruit Diseases and Pests in North china Institute of Plant and Environment ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing 100097China Engineering Research Center of the Utilization for Characteristic Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources in Southwest Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025GuizhouChina Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Auckland Mail CentrePrivate Bag 92170Auckland 1142New Zealand

Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.

关键词： Ascomycota Estimates Habitat diversity Molecular techniques Species concepts

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Global carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry and increased tree cover on agricultural land

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2022年第1期2卷 38-47页

作者： Robert J.Zomer Deborah A.Bossio Antonio Trabucco Meine van Noordwijk Jianchu Xu Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Science(CAS)Kunming 650201China Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry(cifor-icraf) Kunming 650201China Global Evergreening Alliance Surat Thani 84280Thailand The Nature Conservatory(TNC) OaklandCalifornia 94609USA Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici(CMCC) Sardinia 73100Italy Centre for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry(cifor-icraf) Bogor 16115Indonesia

Biomass is fundamental to circular agricultural systems.Estimates of above-and below-ground biomass on agricultural land based upon IPCC Tier 1 estimates are compared with an updated carbon density map based on remote sensing,with results indicating the methodology and initial estimations are robust.Two scenarios are evaluated to estimate carbon sequestration potential of increasing tree cover on agricultural land:1)incremental change and 2)a systemic change to agroforestry.Estimates of above-and below ground biomass carbon were combined with a tree cover analysis to estimate the increase in biomass.Global increases(4−6 PgC for incremental change;12−19 PgC for systemic change)highlight substantial mitigation potential.Increasing global tree cover on agricultural land by 10%would sequester more than 18 PgC.South America has the highest potential,followed by Southeast Asia,West and Central Africa,and North America.Brazil,Indonesia,Philippines,India,the United States and china are among the top countries with the highest carbon sequestration potential on agricultural land with increased tree cover.

关键词： carbon potential agricultural

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A circular approach for sustainable agriculture and human health

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 37-38页

作者： Jianchu Xu Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry CentreKunming 650201China State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

In the 21st century,global food systems cannot remain stuck in the past.Agriculture currently contributes about one fourth of global greenhouse gas emissions and about half of all nutrient wastes annually[1].As the number of humans on the planet continues to grow,the effects of climate change will worsen and ecosystems will continue to deteriorate.Innovation in today’s agricultural food production systems is therefore urgently needed to increase crop and animal outputs,enhance dietary diversity and improve human health while conserving environments and sustaining natural resources and cultures.

关键词： annually continue circular

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Root symbioses as belowground C pumps:a mitigation strategy against rising CO_(2)levels

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 62-64页

作者： Peter E.Mortimer James Hammond Kevin D.Hyde Heng Gui Jianchu Xu Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China International Livestock Research Institute(ILRI) PO Box 30709Nairobi 00100Kenya Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World Agroforestry CenterKunming 650201China

Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.

关键词： Root (2) properly

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Deciphering microplastic ecotoxicology:impacts on crops and soil ecosystem functions

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 55-61页

作者： Shahid Iqbal Jianchu Xu Sehroon Khan Muhammad Saleem Arif Tahira Yasmeen Sadia Nadir Douglas Allen Schaefer Honghe Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceHonghe 654400YunnanChina cifor-icraf china Country program World Agroforestry CentreKunming 650201China Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Government College UniversityFaisalabad38000Pakistan Department of Chemistry University of Science and TechnologyBannu28100KPKPakistan

Review on microplastic toxicity in agroecosystems is scarce.Thus,we develop a conceptual model(based on literature to date)that describes various microplastic effects using a size-scale.We also classify crops depending on their observed responses,and discuss several conceptual mechanisms of soil functions.The model shows that microplastic effects on crops can be positive,toxic,lethal and no-effect.Predominantly,microfibers in a wide range of sizes can positively affect crops.However,toxic effects of microplastics with/without other pollutants are more common at different sizes.Surprisingly,biodegradable plastic effects are lethal,calling into question their environmental friendliness.No-effect on crops is also possible but less observed.Unlike other crops(e.g.,wheat,maize and bean),only onion seems resistant to microplastics.Crop uptake of micro/nanoplastic demands a clear benchmark to ensure food-safety.Furthermore,mixed effects are observed on soil functions.Alternation in soil enzymes and litter decomposition can affect nutrients and organic matter biogeochemistry.Hydrophobicity can be induced by increasing evaporation.Shifts in microbial community structure and activities are inevitable.

关键词： crops soil sizes

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Trees as hotspots:Using forests,trees,and agroforestry to foster diverse sustainable landscapes

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2022年第1期2卷 30-37页

作者： Vincent Gitz Jianchu Xu Yuanchang Lu Elaine Springgay Illias Animon Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak Robert Nasi Tony Simons Ranjit Barthakur Ren Wang Jianrong Su Fergus Sinclair Eduardo Somarriba Dossa G.O.Gbadamassi Ramni Jamnadass Christopher JKettle Dengpan Bu Anja Gassner Yves Laumonier Mi Zhou Himlal Baral Fangyuan Hua Peter AMinang Yufu Guo Michael Allen Brady Yanxia Li Peter Mortimer Bin Yang Heng Gui Fiona Worthy Deli Zhai Huafang Chen Huili Li Yufang Su Alexandre Meybeck Fabio Ricci cifor-icraf Bogor 16115Indonesia Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China CIFOR-ICRAF China Program World AgroforestryKunming 650201China State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Institute of Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091China Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) Rome 00153Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) Bangkok 10200Thailand Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund Abu Dhabi 131112United Arab Emirates Balipara Foundation GuwahatiAssam 781024India china National Gene Bank Shenzhen 518083China Research Institute of Resource Insects Chinese Academy of ForestryKunming 650233China World Agroforestry Centre(icraf) United Nations AvenueGigiriP.O.Box 30677-00100NairobiKenya CATIE Turrialba 30501Costa Rica Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303China Bioversity International Rome 00153Italy Global Landscapes Forum CIFOR gmbHCharles-de-Gaulle-Straße 553113 BonnGermany Institute of American and Oceania Study Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic CooperationMinistry of CommerceBeijingChina Institute of Ecology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing 100714China International Network for Bamboo and Rattan(INBAR) Beijing 100102China Yunnan University Kunming 650500China Editorial Office of Biological Science Institute of BotanyChinese Academy SciencesBeijing 100093China

Forests,trees,and agroforestry(FTA)are ecosystem hotspots.They exemplify the contributions of biodiversity to sustainable and resilient landscapes,green circular economy and to sustainable agriculture and food systems for healthy diets.However,most research on these topics have been performed separately and lack comparison.The International FTA-Kunming Conference'Forests,trees and agroforestry for diverse sustainable landscapes'22nd–24th June 2021,focused on these contributions,brought together scientists NGOs,and policy makers to further the understanding of tree diversity;provided a communication platform for scientists to share their research results;evaluated the role of tree diversity in agroecology and circular agriculture;assessed benefits of landscape restoration;and explored applied research in mountain ecosystems and food security.The goals were to gather evidence that ground the design of solutions that can contribute to the implementation of the post 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and towards the UN Food Systems Summit,and the overall implementation of the SDGs.This paper summarizes the outcomes of the international FTA Conference in Kunming 2021 and points out the highlights of research involved in six major themes.

关键词： landscape sustainable diverse

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Towards a comprehensive understanding of free-living nitrogen fixation

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Circular Agricultural Systems 2021年第1期1卷 89-99页

作者： Sehroon Khan Sadia Nadir Shahid Iqbal Jianchu Xu Heng Gui Afsar Khan Lei Ye Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of Science and TechnologyBannu 28100Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan Honghe Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe 654400YunnanChina Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of Science and TechnologyBannu 28100Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan cifor-icraf china Country program World Agroforestry CentreKunming 650201China Department of Chemistry COMSATS University Islamabad(Abbottabad Campus)-22060Pakistan

Free-living nitrogen fixation(FNF)is a ubiquitous phenomenon that plays a modest role in the(N)economy of an ecosystem.However,sampling difficulties,methodological constraints and environmental controls have presented challenges for predicting the actual rate of FNF.Therefore,a deeper understanding of the accuracy to design models that consider dynamics,heterogeneity,influences,and other limitations is needed.This review presents an overview of the biology and diversity of microorganisms related to FNF as well as various ecological controls that influence these microorganisms.We also discussed contributions of FNF to the N input of various ecosystems.Overall,previous research has shown that considerable spatiotemporal variability exists in microbial types at both biome and microbiome scales,resulting in significant variation in FNF.Beyond this,rate of FNF is controlled by certain factors,such oxygen and metal ion availability,source of energy and soil nutrients,temperature,and pH.Empirical evidence increasingly indicates a significant contribution of FNF to N inputs in natural,agricultural,and aquatic ecosystems.It is inferred from this review that for the expanded exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation(BNF),we must pay additional attention to FNF because it occupies a central role within the process.Finally,we propose a framework for the quantification of FNF alongside a suite of recommendations that would deepen our understanding of FNF.

关键词： ecosystems expanded fixation

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