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Applications of AMSR-E Measurements for Tropical Cyclone Predictions PartⅠ: Retrieval of Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Speed

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第2期25卷 227-245页

作者： Banghua YAN Fuzhong WENG NOAA Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation Camp Springs MD USA NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research Camp Springs MD USA

Existing satellite microwave algorithms for retrieving Sea Surface Temperature （SST） and Wind （SSW） are applicable primarily for non-raining cloudy conditions. With the launch of the Earth Observing System （EOS） Aqua satellite in 2002, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer （AMSRoE） onboard provides some unique measurements at lower frequencies which are sensitive to ocean surface parameters under adverse weather conditions. In this study, a new algorithm is developed to derive SST and SSW for hurricane predictions such as hurricane vortex analysis from the AMSRoE measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz. In the algorithm, the effects of precipitation emission and scattering on the measurements are properly taken into account. The algorithm performances are evaluated with buoy measurements and aircraft dropsonde data. It is found that the root mean square （RMS） errors for SST and SSW are about 1.8 K and 1.9 m s^- 1, respectively, when the results are compared with the buoy data over open oceans under precipitating clouds （e.g., its liquid water path is larger than 0.5 mm）, while they are 1.1 K for SST and 2.0 m s^-1 for SSW, respectively, when the retrievals are validated against the dropsonde measurements over warm oceans. These results indicate that our newly developed algorithm can provide some critical surface information for tropical cycle predictions. Currently, this newly developed algorithm has been implemented into the hybrid variational scheme for the hurricane vortex analysis to provide predictions of SST and SSW fields.

关键词： Ocean surface temperature ocean surface wind AMSR-E hurricane vortex analysis

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DOMINANT PHYSICAL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH PHASE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SURFACE RAINFALL AND CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2009年第2期15卷 148-154页

作者：李小凡 NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research camp Springs

A lag correlation analysis is conducted with a 21-day TOGA COARE cloud-resolving model simulation data to identify the phase relation between surface rainfall and convective available potential energy (CAPE) and associated physical processes. The analysis shows that the maximum negative lag correlations between the model domain mean CAPE and rainfall occurs around lag hour 6. The minimum mean CAPE lags mean and convective rainfall through the vapor condensation and depositions,water vapor convergence,and heat divergence whereas it lags stratiform rainfall via the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions,vapor condensation and depositions,water vapor storage,and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.

关键词： phase relation convective available potential energy surface rainfall cloud-resolving model simulation

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Optimized Hot Spot and Directional Distribution Analyses Characterize the Spatiotemporal Variation of Large Wildfires in Washington,USA,1970-2020

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第1期13卷 139-150页

作者： Kevin Zerbe Chris Polit Stacey McClain Tim Cook Washington Emergency Management Division Camp MurrayTacomaWA 98430USA

Spatiotemporal analysis of fire activity is vital for determining why wildfires occur where they do,assessing wildfire risks,and developing locally relevant wildfire risk reduction *** various spatial statistical methods,we determined hot spots of large wildfires(>100 acres)in Washington,the United States,and mapped spatiotemporal variations in large wildfire activity from 1970 to *** results found that all hot spots are located east of the crest of the Cascade *** spatiotemporal analysis found that the geographic area wherein most of the state’s acres burned has shrunk considerably since 1970 and has become concentrated over the north-central portion of the state over *** concentration of large wildfire activity in north-central Washington was previously unquantified and may provide important information for hazard mitigation efforts in that *** results highlight the advantages of using spatial statistical methods that could aid the development of natural hazard mitigation plans and risk reduction strategies by characterizing previous hazard occurrences spatially and spatiotemporally.

关键词： Hazard mitigation Natural hazards Spatial statistics Washington state Wildfire

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Modeling of dendritic growth in the presence of convection

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2005年第3期48卷 241-257页

作者： LEE Sungyoon HONG Chunpyo Center for Computer-Aided Materials Processing (camp) Department of Metallurgical Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 120749 KoreaCenter for Computer-Aided Materials Processing (CAMP) Department of Metallurgical Engineering Yonsei University Seoul 120749 Korea

A two-dimensional coupling modified cellular automatons (MCA)-transport model has been employed to investigate the asymmetrical dendritic growth behavior in a flowing melt. In the present model, the cellular automaton method for crystal growth is incorporated with a transport model, for numerical calculating of the fluid flow and mass transport by both convection and diffusion. The MCA takes into account the effects of the thermal, the constitutional and the curvature undercoolings on dendritic growth. It also considers the preferred growth orientation of crystal and solute redistribution during solidification. In the transport model, the SIMPLE scheme and a fully implicit finite volume method are employed to solve the governing equations of momentum and species transfers. The present model was applied to simulating the evolution of a single dendrite and multi-dendrites of an Al-3mass%Cu alloy in a forced flow. The simulated results show that dendritic growth morphology is strongly influenced by melt convection.

关键词： structure modeling,cellular automaton,dendritic growth,convection,diffusion.

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Flood basalt hosted palaeosols:Potential palaeoclimatic indicators of global climate change

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Geoscience Frontiers 2014年第6期5卷 791-799页

作者： M.R.G.Sayyed Department of Geology Poona College (University of Pune)CampPune 411 001MaharashtraIndia

Since continental sediments （in addition to the marine geological record） offer important means of deciphering environmental changes, the sediments hosted by the successive flows of the continental flood basalt provinces of the world should be treasure houses in gathering the palaeoclimatic data. Palaeosols developed on top of basalt flows are potentially ideal for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions because it is easy to determine their protolith geochemistry and also they define a definite time interval. The present paper summarizes the nature of the basalt-hosted palaeosols formed on the flood basalts provinces from different parts of the ~lobe havin~ different ages.

关键词： Continental flood basalts Palaeosols Weathering Palaeoclimates Global change

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Impacts of Land Process on the Onset and Evolution of Asian Summer Monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2011年第6期28卷 1301-1317页

作者： Song YANG 温敏 Rongqian YANG Wayne HIGGINS 张人禾 NOAA ＇s Climate Prediction Center Camp Springs Maryland 20746 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 NOAA＇s Environmental Modeling Center Camp Springs Maryland 20746

Impacts of land models and initial land conditions （ICs） on the Asian summer monsoon, especially its onset, were investigated using the NCEP Climate Forecast System （CFS）. Two land models, the Oregon State University （OSU） land model and the NCEP, OSU, Air Force, and Hydrologic Research Laboratory （Noah） land model, were used to get parallel experiments NCEP/Department of Energy （DOE） Global Reanalysis 2 System （GLDAS）. The experiments also used land ICs from the （GR2） and the Global Land Data Assimilation Previous studies have demonstrated that, a systematic weak bias appears in the modeled monsoon, and this bias may be related to a cold bias over the Asian land mass. Results of the current study show that replacement of the OSU land model by the Noah land model improved the model＇s cold bias and produced improved monsoon precipitation and circulation patterns. The CFS predicted monsoon with greater proficiency in E1 Nifio years, compared to La Nifia years model in monsoon predictions for individual years. and the Noah model performed better than the OSU These improvements occurred not only in relation to monsoon onset in late spring but also to monsoon intensity in summer. Our analysis of the monsoon features over the India peninsula, the Indo-China peninsula, and the South Chinese Sea indicates different degrees of improvement. Furthermore, a change in the land models led to more remarkable improvement in monsoon prediction than did a change from the GR2 land ICs to the GLDAS land ICs.

关键词： Asian summer monsoon NCEP Climate Forecast System land models land initial conditions

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APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR MULTI-CHANNEL ALGORITHMS FOR ESTIMATING SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WITH NOAA 14 AVHRR DATA

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2000年第3期18卷 199-207页

作者：李晓峰 NOAA Science Center Camp Springs USA

NOAA global operational NOAA/AVHRR Nonlinear Sea Surface Temperature (NLSST) retrieval algorithms were used to generate Global Area Coverage (GAC) sea surface temperature (SST) measurements in the global ocean in 1998. The accuracy of SST retrieved from daytime split window NLSST algorithm and nighttime triple window NLSST algorithm for NOAA 14 AVHRR data was investigated in this study. A matchup dataset of drifting buoys and NOAA 14 satellite measurements in the global ocean was generated to validate these operational split window and triple window algorithms. For NOAA 14 in 1998, we had 14095 and 22643 satellite and buoy matchups that matched within 25 km and 4 hours for daytime and nighttime, respectively. The satellite derived SST had a bias of less than 0.1℃ and standard deviation of about 0.5℃. This study also showed that the NLSST algorithm provided the same order of SST accuracy in different time of the year and under a wide range of satellite zenith angle and water vapor represented by the channel 4 and 5 brightness temperature difference. Therefore, NLSST algorithms are usually independent of season, geographic location, or atmospheric moisture content. Comparison between the low resolution AVHRR GAC data accuracy and high resolution Local Area Coverage (LAC) data accuracy is also discussed.

关键词： sea surface temperature (SST) NOAA/AVHRR nonlinear SST algorithm

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DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第11期14卷 1741-1748页

作者： Iris Tischoff Andrea Tannapfel Institute of Pathology Ruhr-University of BochumBürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1Bochum44789Germany

As for many other tumors,development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)must be understood as a multistep process with accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in regulatory genes,leading to activation of oncogenes and inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes(TSG).In the last decades,in addition to genetic alterations,epigenetic inactivation of(tumor suppressor) genes by promoter hypermet hylation has been recognized as an important and alternative mechanism in *** HCC,aberrant methylation of promoter sequences occurs not only in advanced tumors, it has been also observed in premalignant conditions just as chronic viral hepatitis B or C and cirrhotic liver. This review discusses the epigenetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma focusing DNA methylation.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma DNA methylation Histone modification Tumor suppressor genes

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South Asian High and Asian-Pacific-American Climate Teleconnection

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2005年第6期22卷 915-923页

作者：张培群 Song YANG Vernon E. KOUSKY National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100029 NOAA＇s Climate Prediction Center Camp Springs Maryland

Growing evidence indicates that the Asian monsoon plays an important role in affecting the weather and climate outside of Asia. However, this active role of the monsoon has not been demonstrated as thoroughly as has the variability of the monsoon caused by various impacting factors such as sea surface temperature and land surface. This study investigates the relationship between the Asian monsoon and the climate anomalies in the Asian-Pacific-American （APA） sector. A hypothesis is tested that the variability of the upper-tropospheric South Asian high （SAH）, which is closely associated with the overall heating of the large-scale Asian monsoon, is linked to changes in the subtropical western Pacific high （SWPH）, the midPacific trough, and the Mexican high. The changes in these circulation systems cause variability in surface temperature and precipitation in the APA region. A stronger SAH is accompanied by a stronger and more extensive SWPH. The enlargement of the SWPH weakens the mid-Pacific trough. As a result, the southern portion of the Mexican high becomes stronger. These changes are associated with changes in atmospheric teleconnections, precipitation, and surface temperature throughout the APA region. When the SAH is stronger, precipitation increases in southern Asia, decreases over the Pacific Ocean, and increases over the Central America. Precipitation also increases over Australia and central Africa and decreases in the Mediterranean region. While the signals in surface temperature are weak over the tropical land portion, they are apparent in the mid latitudes and over the eastern Pacific Ocean.

关键词： South Asian high subtropical western Pacific high mid-Pacific trough Mexican high Asian-Pacific-American climate

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A Fractal Measure of Spatial Association between Landslides and Conditioning Factors

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第4期28卷 588-594页

作者： Renguang Zuo Emmanuel John M.Carranza State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Institute of Geosciences State University of Campinas (Uni Camp)

Measuring the relative importance and assigning weights to conditioning factors of land- slides occurrence are significant for landslide prevention and/or mitigation. In this contribution, a fractal method is introduced for measuring the spatial relationships between landslides and condition- ing factors （such as faults, rivers, geological boundaries, and roads）, and for assigning weights to condi- tioning factors for mapping of landslide susceptibility. This method can be expressed as p=C~, where d is the fractal dimension, and C is a constant. This relationship indicates a fractal relation between land- slide density （p） and distances to conditioning factors （6）. The case of d〉0 suggests a significant spatial correlation between landslides and conditioning factors. The larger the d （〉0） value, the stronger the spatial correlation is between landslides and a specific conditioning factor. Two case studies in South China were examined to demonstrate the usefulness of this novel method.

关键词： geological hazard landslides fractal spatial statistic.

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