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A cost-effectiveness assessment of the operational parameters of central HVAC systems during pandemics

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building Simulation 2023年第5期16卷 667-682页

作者： Yufan Chang Zhengtao Ai Jinjun Ye Guochuan Ma Department of building Environment and Energy College of Civil EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunanChina National Center for International research Collaboration in building Safety and Environment Hunan UniversityChangshaHunanChina China Southwest Architectural Design and research institute ChengduSichuanChina

The present study develops a cost-effectiveness assessment model to analyze the performance of major operational parameters of central HVAC systems in terms of airborne transmission risk,energy consumption,and medical and social cost.A typical multi-zone building model with a central HVAC system is built numerically,and the effect of outdoor air(OA)ratio(from 30%to 100%)and filtration level(MERV 13,MERV 16,and HEPA)are assessed under the conditions of five climate zones in China.Compared with the baseline case with 30%OA and MERV 13 filtration,the airborne transmission risk in zones without infector is negligibly reduced with the increase in OA ratio and the upgrade of filtration level,owing to their slight modification on the equivalent ventilation rate of virus-free air.However,depending on climate zone,a 10%increase in OA ratio results in 12.5%-78.6%and 0.1%-8.6%increase in heating and cooling energy consumption,respectively,while an upgrade of filtration level to MERV 16 and HEPA results in an increase of 0.08%-0.2%and 1.4%-2.6%,respectively.Overall,when compared to the use of 100%OA ratio and HEPA filtration,the application of 30%or 40%OA ratio and MERV 13 filtration would save annually an energy and facility related cost of$29.4 billion in China,though giving an increase of approximately$0.1 billion on medical and social cost from the increased number of confirmed cases.This study provides basic method and information for the formulation of cost-effective operational strategies of HVAC systems coping with the airborne transmission,especially in resource-limited regions.

关键词： outdoor air ratio filtration level airborne transmission risk energy consumption cost-effectiveness

research status and development trends of evaporative cooling air-conditioning technology in data centers

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Energy and Built Environment

Energy and Built Environment 2023年第1期4卷 86-110页

作者： Junjie Chu Xiang Huang institute of building Environment and Energy China Academy of Building ResearchBeijing 100013China School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Xi’an Polytechnic UniversityXi’an 710048China

This paper systematically describes the technical principles,evaluation indicators,system forms and research progress of air-side evaporative cooling air conditioning systems,water-side evaporative cooling air conditioning systems and freon-side evaporative cold coagulation heat air conditioning systems of Data center.In order to reduce the energy consumption of the refrigeration and air-conditioning system in the Data center,the applica-tion conditions and scenarios of the different forms of evaporative cooling air-conditioning systems should be considered comprehensively.Therefore,it is very important that the renewable energy-dry air can be used to the greatest extent.These efforts would contribute to China’s 2030"Carbon Peak"and 2060"Carbon Neutral."

关键词： Data center Evaporative cooling Air-side Water-side Freon-side

Structural Progressive Mode of Urban Renewal and Public Participation in Shenzhen International Low Carbon City

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China City Planning Review 2016年第3期25卷 42-49页

作者： Li Fen Ye Qing Lin Yingzhi Liu Jinxin research and Innovation Center Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co.Ltd. Shenzhen institute of building research Co. Ltd Shenzhen institute of building research Co. Ltd.

By means of a structural progressive mode of urban renewal, which operates through small and medium-scale projects on the basis of public participation, the Shenzhen International Low Carbon City has provided propagable and replicable experience for urban planning and construction in urban marginal areas. This article fi rstly introduces the improvement measures for willingness and capabilities of public participation in the process of structural progressive renewal in the Shenzhen International Low Carbon City, and expounds the construction methods of participation approach, feedback mechanism, and interest balance, followed by an introduction of the rolling development strategy, micro municipal construction strategy and spatial-industrial-ecological integrated development strategy and practice experience, hoping to serve as a reference for the planning and construction of other cities in China.

关键词： low carbon city green development structural progressive renewal public participation Shenzhen International Low Carbon City

Experimental studies on liquefaction and reliquefaction potential of saturated ground subjected to repeated incremental acceleration loading with varying shaking duration

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2023年第4期22卷 909-920页

作者： Gowtham Padmanabhan Ganesh Kumar Shanmugam Department of Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRoorkeeUttarakhand 247667India Geotechnical Engineering Division CSIR-Central Building Research InstituteAcademy of Scientific and Innovative Research(AcSIR)RoorkeeUttarakhand 247667India

Past research has focused on the factors that influence liquefaction under normal shaking conditions.However,studies on parameters that influence the reliquefaction potential of saturated deposits during repeated shaking events are limited.In this study,an attempt has been made to examine the influence of acceleration amplitude and shaking duration on liquefaction and reliquefaction potential under repeated shaking conditions is conducted.1-g uni-axial shaking table experiments were performed on saturated ground prepared with 40%and 60%relative density.The prepared ground was subjected to alternate longer and shorter shaking durations(40 and 20 s)of repeated incremental 0.1 g,0.2 g,0.3 g and 0.4 g acceleration loading,respectively.The variation in density,excess pore water pressure(EPWP),cyclic resistance ratio(CRR)and surface settlement were estimated.The results showed that due to repeated incremental shaking events,reliquefaction was observed on the prepared ground.During longer shaking duration,the post-liquefied soil showed density improvement with improved soil resistance.However,the application of shorter duration loading followed by longer shaking reduced the beneficial effect of density improvement by disturbing the densified ground.Due to this,the ground was found to be more susceptible to reliquefaction in the subsequent incremental longer shaking event.

关键词： 1g–shaking table reliquefaction acceleration amplitude shaking duration relative density

Numerical modeling of sedimentation control scenarios in the approach channel of the Nakdong River Estuary Barrage,South Korea

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International Journal of Sediment research 2016年第3期31卷 257-263页

作者： Un Ji Eun-Kyung Jang Gwonhan Kim Hydro Science and Engineering research institute Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology

The effects of sedimentation reduction at the Nakdong River Estuary Barrage(NREB) in Korea were quantitatively analyzed with respect to different sediment control methods using the calibrated and validated two-dimensional model.The countermeasures of sediment dredging,sediment flushing,channel geometry change,and a combination of flushing and channel geometry change were examined for the approach channel of the NREB.The flood event and channel geometries of the 3.8 km section upstream of the NREB surveyed before and after dredging in 2007 were used for modeling conditions.As a result,the half of sediments dredged in 2007 could be eliminated naturally by floods without dredging.The numerical simulation of sediment flushing indicated that the deposition height decreased in the entire simulation section with the minimum and maximum reductions from 0.3 in to1.3 m in deposition height.The channel contraction method produced quantitatively the largest amount of sedimentation reduction and sediment flushing and dredging followed.Sedimentation reduction by a combination of flushing and channel contraction was up 10%compared to the individual method of channel contraction.

关键词： Channel contraction Nakdong River Estuary Barrage Sediment dredging Sediment flushing Sedimentation reduction

The Pathways toward Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in China's building Sector

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Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 2022年第2期10卷 57-69页

作者： GUO Siyue JIANG Yi HU Shan institute of Energy Environment and Economy Tsinghua University building Energy research Center School of Architecture Tsinghua University

Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the building sector is an important component of China’s "dual carbon" goals.In recent years,the country’s direct carbon emissions in the building sector have hit a plateau while the total emissions still grow rapidly.Besides,the building materials for construction and refrigerants leaked during buildings’ operation also result in greenhouse gas emissions.To achieve the targets set for future low-carbon development,the building sector should feature sufficient demand,decarbonized structure and flexible load." According to the analysis of the emission reduction approaches adopted by different sectors,China’s building sector should make a ceaseless effort to promote building energy conservation,improve electrification,and load flexibility,reform the energy system in rural areas,optimize the heating structure in northern China’s urban areas,as well as reduce the emissions during construction and the non-CO2gas emissions.In the 14th Five-Year period,it is suggested to clarify the total energy consumption and carbon emission targets,adjust the energy structure more vigorously,and draw up more measures to reduce the emissions related to construction and refrigerant leakage.

关键词： Carbon peaking carbon neutrality the building sector

Disaster Risk Reduction Efforts in the Greater Horn of Africa

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第1期6卷 49-61页

作者： Marie-Ange Baudoin Tsegay Wolde-Georgis Consortium for Capacity building Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) University of Colorado

This article assesses the current state of disaster risk reduction(DRR) in the Greater Horn of Africa(GHA),and focuses on interventions and policies to mitigate hydrometeorological risks. The research analyzes, as main case study, the program 'Regional Climate Prediction and Risk Reduction in the Greater Horn of Africa'funded by the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance(USAID OFDA) in the early 2000 that targeted risk preparedness.The research method combines a desk review of relevant documents and research papers with surveys and interviews directed to key proponents of DRR across the GHA. Results highlight current strengths and weaknesses in the way DRR is implemented in the GHA. Significant improvements in the climate-forecasting capabilities in the GHA since the 2000 s are acknowledged, but the practice of DRR remains technology driven and impacts on the ground are limited. The key findings highlight the significant communication gaps that exist between the producers of climate information and their end users, the communities at risk. The article urges the establishment of bridges that connect climate experts, policymakers, and representatives of the local communities, and for the implementation of a feedback loop from forecast users to their producers, in order to strengthen risk resilience across the GHA.

关键词：气候变化灾难风险管理非洲的更大的角水象学的危险课学习了 Sub-Saharan 非洲

Preparation of Modified UiO-66 Catalyst and Its Catalytic Performance for NH_(3)-SCR Denitration

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2024年第2期39卷 261-267页

作者：吴彦霞梁海龙 CHEN Yufeng HU Liming WANG Chunpeng Ceramics Science institute China Building Materials AcademyBeijing 100002China

Zirconium-based metal-organic framework UiO-66 was successfully prepared by solvothermal method,and UiO-66 was modified by adding regulators such as formic acid,acetic acid,and hydrochloric acid.The NH_(3)-SCR reactivity of the samples was evaluated by the denitration activity evaluation system,and the UiO-66 and the regulator-modified UiO-66 were characterized by XRD,SEM,BET,FTIR,TG,NH_(3)-TPD,etc.,the effects of regulator types on the structure and properties of UiO-66 were investigated.The experimental results show that,after adding the modifier,the morphology of UiO-66 changes from irregular quadrilateral with serious agglomeration to particles with regular crystal shape and good dispersibility,and the crystal morphology of the catalyst is improved.In addition,after adding the modifier,UiO-66 has a larger specific surface area and stronger surface acidity,which optimizes the catalytic performance of UiO-66.The catalytic performance test results of NH_(3)-SCR show that the low-temperature activity of UiO-66 is poor,and it only shows a certain catalytic activity at higher temperatures.The catalytic activity of UiO-66 was significantly improved after adding the regulator.Among them,the UiO-66-HCl modified with hydrochloric acid had the best catalytic activity,and the denitration rate reached 70%when the denitration temperature was 380℃.

关键词： UiO-66 catalyst catalytic denitration NH_(3)-SCR modified

Airflow pattern and performance of attached ventilation for two types of tiny spaces

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building Simulation 2022年第8期15卷 1491-1506页

作者： Haiguo Yin Yanyan Li Da Zhang Yuekun Han Jiali Wang Yongshou Zhang Angui Li School of building Services Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi'an 710055ShaanxiChina The key Lab of Plateau building and Eco-community in Qinghai Xining 810008QinghaiChina Qinghai building and Materials research Co. LtdXining 810008QinghaiChina Energy Engineering Design institute Energy and Environmental Engineering Research InstituteChina IPPR International Engineering Co.Ltd.BeijingChina

With the emergence of urban sentry boxes and capsule hotels,the development of tiny spaces with the concept of a reasonable minimum occupied space has attracted widespread attention from society.The ventilation mode that fits with the limited geometric characteristics of tiny spaces is worth exploring.Combined with the respective ventilation requirements of two types of tiny spaces,i.e.,sentry box space and tiny sleeping space,this paper proposes two attached ventilation modes.A full-scale experiment cabin was established,and the simulation method was optimized through experimental data.The airflow pattern and distribution performance of the two attached ventilation modes in two types of tiny spaces were studied by the CFD method.The results showed that the airflow attached to the vertical wall could form an air curtain at the opening windows of the sentry box space,but there is a phenomenon of air leakage.The installation of the deflector can improve the integrity of the air curtain,and the best installation angle of the deflector is 60 degrees.The double side-attached ventilation mode in the tiny sleeping space can not only relieve the draught of the occupants(DRresearch conclusions will add new ideas to the diversity of ventilation modes in tiny spaces.

关键词： sentry box space tiny sleeping space attached ventilation air curtain draught rate