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An innovative heterogeneous transfer learning framework to enhance the scalability of deep reinforcement learning controllers in buildings with integrated energy systems

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building Simulation 2024年第5期17卷 739-770页

作者： Davide Coraci Silvio Brandi Tianzhen Hong Alfonso Capozzoli Politecnico di Torino Department of EnergyTEBE research groupBAEDA Lab.Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy building Technology and Urban Systems Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryOne Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA 94720USA

Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)-based control shows enhanced performance in the management of integrated energy systems when compared with Rule-Based Controllers(RBCs),but it still lacks scalability and generalisation due to the necessity of using tailored models for the training *** Learning(TL)is a potential solution to address this ***,existing TL applications in building control have been mostly tested among buildings with similar features,not addressing the need to scale up advanced control in real-world scenarios with diverse energy *** paper assesses the performance of an online heterogeneous TL strategy,comparing it with RBC and offline and online DRL controllers in a simulation setup using energyPlus and *** study tests the transfer in both transductive and inductive settings of a DRL policy designed to manage a chiller coupled with a Thermal energy Storage(TES).The control policy is pre-trained on a source building and transferred to various target buildings characterised by an integrated energy system including photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems,different building envelope features,occupancy schedule and boundary conditions(e.g.,weather and price signal).The TL approach incorporates model slicing,imitation learning and fine-tuning to handle diverse state spaces and reward functions between source and target *** show that the proposed methodology leads to a reduction of 10% in electricity cost and between 10% and 40% in the mean value of the daily average temperature violation rate compared to RBC and online DRL ***,online TL maximises self-sufficiency and self-consumption by 9% and 11% with respect to ***,online TL achieves worse performance compared to offline DRL in either transductive or inductive ***,offline Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)agents should be trained at least for 15 episodes to reach the same level of performance as the online

关键词： transfer learning reinforcement learning building control building energy management

Seasonal thermal energy storage using natural structures:GIS-based potential assessment for northern China

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building Simulation 2024年第4期17卷 561-574页

作者： Yichi Zhang Jianjun Xia Midea HVAC Heating&Ventilation Equipment Co. LtdFoshan528311China building energy research Center Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Seasonal thermal energy storage(STES)allows storing heat for long-term and thus promotes the shifting of waste heat resources from summer to winter to decarbonize the district heating(DH)*** being a promising solution for sustainable energy system,large-scale STES for urban regions is lacking due to the relatively high initial investment and extensive land *** close the gap,this study assesses the potentials of using two naturally available structures for STES,namely valley and ground pit *** on geographical information system(GIS)methods,the available locations are searched from digital elevation model and selected considering several criteria from land uses and construction *** costs of dams to impound the reservoir and the yielded storage capacities are then quantified to guide the choice of suitable *** assessment is conducted for the northern China where DH systems and significant seasonal differences of energy demand *** total,2,273 valley sites and 75 ground pit sites are finally identified with the energy storage capacity of 15.2 billion GJ,which is much larger than the existing DH demand in northern *** results also prove that 682 valley sites can be achieved with a dam cost lower than 20 CNY/m^(3).By conducting sensitivity analysis on the design dam wall height and elevations,the choices of available natural structures are expanded but practical issues about water pressures and constructions are also ***,the identified sites are geographically mapped with nearest urban regions to reveal their roles in the DH *** general,560 urban regions are found with potential STES units and most of them have STES storage capacities larger than their own DH *** novel planning methodology of this study and publicly available datasets create possibilities for the implementations of large-scale STES in urban DH systems.

关键词： seasonal thermal energy storage geographical information system district heating water reservoir

Experimental Investigation on Solution Regeneration Performance and Coefficients in Full-Open System for Heat and Water Recovery of Flue Gas

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 1094-1108页

作者： WEI Hongyang HUANG Shifang MA Yuxin CHEN Bo SUN Li ZHANG Xiaosong School of energy and Environment Southeast UniversityNanjing210096China MOE Engineering research Center for building energy Equipment&Environment Southeast UniversityNanjing210096China Jiangsu Frontier Electric Technology Co. LtdNanjing211106China

The recovery of heat and water from low-grade flue gas is of considerable importance for energy conservation and environmental *** the full-open absorption heat pump shows promise as a means of achieving heat and water recovery,the lack of research on heat and mass transfer performance of open-type solution evaporation regeneration represents a significant impediment to its design and *** paper experimentally investigates the regeneration performance of an open-type spaying tower equipped with ceramic structured *** different regeneration modes are proposed,namely ambient air receiver mode and flue gas receiver mode,to utilize air or low-grade flue gas as a driving *** impact of different input parameters on the regeneration characteristics,including heat transfer capacity,water removal rate,thermal efficiency,and humidity effectiveness,are *** findings indicate that the enhancement of regeneration can be achieved through the increase of solution flow rate,solution temperature,and flue gas flow rate in both regeneration ***,high solution concentration and flue gas humidity ratio can weaken water removal rates and reduce thermal *** the regeneration of CaCl_(2)-H_(2)O with a concentration of55%,flue gas around 200℃with a humidity ratio below 44 g/kg can successfully drive the solution regeneration *** the solution concentration or flue gas humidity ratio continues to rise,additional energy is necessary for ***,the coupled heat and mass transfer coefficients are fitted,which can contribute to the design and optimization of the open-type regenerator.

关键词： heat and water recovery solution regeneration flue gas regeneration performance coefficient

Defect Engineering in Earth-Abundant Cu2ZnSnSe4 Absorber Using Efficient Alkali Doping for Flexible and Tandem Solar Cell Applications

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energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第2期7卷 253-260页

作者： Muhammad Rehan Ara Cho Inyoung Jeong Kihwan Kim Asmat Ullah Jun-Sik Cho Joo Hyung Park Yunae Jo Sung Jun Hong Seung Kyu Ahn SeJin Ahn Jae Ho Yun Jihye Gwak Donghyeop Shin Photovoltaics research Department Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) Department of Renewable energy Engineering University of Science and Technology (UST) Korea Institute of energy Technology (KENTECH)

To demonstrate flexible and tandem device applications, a low-temperature Cu2ZnSnSe4（CZTSe） deposition process, combined with efficient alkali doping, was developed. First, high-quality CZTSe films were grown at480 °C by a single co-evaporation, which is applicable to polyimide（PI）substrate. Because of the alkali-free substrate, Na and K alkali doping were systematically studied and optimized to precisely control the alkali distribution in CZTSe. The bulk defect density was significantly reduced by suppression of deep acceptor states after the（Na F + KF） PDTs. Through the low-temperature deposition with（Na F + KF） PDTs, the CZTSe device on glass yields the best efficiency of 8.1% with an improved VOCdeficit of646 m V. The developed deposition technologies have been applied to *** the first time, we report the highest efficiency of 6.92% for flexible CZTSe solar cells on PI. Additionally, CZTSe devices were utilized as bottom cells to fabricate four-terminal CZTSe/perovskite tandem cells because of a low bandgap of CZTSe（～1.0 e V） so that the tandem cell yielded an efficiency of 20%. The obtained results show that CZTSe solar cells prepared by a low-temperature process with in-situ alkali doping can be utilized for flexible thin-film solar cells as well as tandem device applications.

关键词： alkali doping Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSnSe4 flexible solar cells four-terminal tandem cells low-temperature process

Universal Hyperthermal Model for Mass Extinctions

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第2期35卷 704-707页

作者： Michael J.Benton Paleobiology research group School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolLife Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS81TQUK

INTRODUCTION Earth scientists have long sought universal features of past extinction *** can be argued that each past extinction event was a singularity,caused by combinations of circumstances that are unique in each case,and therefore that the search for common causes is ***,a key feature of the uniformitarian approach to geology is that past processes are the same as modern-day processes and,with that in mind,earth scientists are keen to use their knowledge to contribute some understanding to the study of the present and future climate crisis.

关键词： extinction singularity Extinction

Proactive Resilience Enhancement of Power Systems with Link Transmission Model-based Dynamic Traffic Assignment Among Electric Vehicles

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CSEE Journal of Power and energy Systems 2024年第3期10卷 1320-1330页

作者： Haoyuan Yan Tianyang Zhao Zhanglei Guan energy Electricity research Center Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632China energy research Institute Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore IEEE

The rapid development of electric vehicles(EVs)is strengthening the bi-directional interactions between electric power networks(EPNs)and transportation networks(TNs)while providing opportunities to enhance the resilience of power systems towards extreme *** quantify the temporal and spatial flexibility of EVs for charging and discharging,a novel dynamic traffic assignment(DTA)problem is *** DTA problem is based on a link transmission model(LTM)with extended charging links,depicting the interaction between EVs and power *** models the charging rates as continuous variables by an energy boundary *** consider the evacuation requirements of TNs and the uncertainties of traffic conditions,the DTA problem is extended to a two-stage distributionally robust *** is further incorporated into a two-stage distributionally robust unit commitment problem to balance the enhancement of EPNs and the performance of *** problem is reformulated into a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved by off-the-shelf commercial *** studies are performed on two test *** effectiveness is verified by the numerical results,e.g.,reducing the load shedding amount without increasing the unmet traffic demand.

关键词： Coupled transportation and power network link transmission model resilience enhancement

Amorphous BaTiO3 Electron Transport Layer for Thermal Equilibrium-Governed γ-CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell with High Power Conversion Efficiency of 19.96%

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energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第3期7卷 295-306页

作者： Changhyun Lee Chanyong Lee Kyungjin Chae Taemin Kim Seaeun Park Yohan Ko Yongseok Jun Department of energy Environment Policy and Technology Graduate School of Energy Environment(KU-KIST Green School)Korea University Nano Electronic Materials and Components research Center Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI) energy Materials research Center Clean Energy Research DivisionKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)

Compared to organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites,the cesium-based allinorganic lead halide perovskite （CsPbI3） is a promising light absorber for perovskite solar cells owing to its higher resistance to thermal ***,additional research is required to reduce the nonradiative recombination to realize the full potential of ***,the diffusion of Cs ions participating in ion exchange is proposed to be an important factor responsible for the bulk defects in γ-*** based on first-principles density functional theory reveal that the [PbI6]4-octahedral tilt modifies the perovskite crystallographic properties in γ-CsPbI3,leading to alterations in its bandgap and crystal *** addition,by substituting amorphous barium titanium oxide （a-BaTiO3） for TiO2as the electron transport layer,interfacial defects caused by imperfect energy levels between the electron transport layer and perovskite are ***-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy demonstrate that a-BaTiO3forms entirely as a single phase,as opposed to Ba-doped TiO2hybrid nanoclusters or separate domains of TiO2and ***,inorganic perovskite solar cells based on the a-BaTiO3electron transport layer achieved a power conversion efficiency of 19.96%.

关键词： amorphous BaTiO3 electron transport layer moisture γ-CsPbI3

Overview of research and development of nearly zero energy buildings in China

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National Science Open 2024年第3期3卷 70-87页

作者： Zhen Yu Caifeng Gao Jiaxin Yang Jianlin Wu Huan Zhang Institute of building Environment and energy China Academy of Building Research

In recent years,the promotion of nearly zero-energy buildings(NZEBs) in China has emerged as a crucial step for the building industry in shifting towards a green and low-carbon *** from scratch,the development of NZEBs in China has included the application and fundamental research,the compilation of national and local standards,and the rapid emergence of projects encompassing 23.89 million square meters *** efforts have yielded preliminary results in national standards,technology systems,technical roadmaps,and large-scale project ***,challenges,including further reducing incremental costs,developing industries for retrotitting existing buildings into NZEBs,and expanding the range of policy incentives,remain to be *** article provides an overview of the last decade's progress in NZEBs in China,covering key technological research,policy development,engineering demonstrations,and the current industrial development ***,the prospects of the NZEB industry are discussed.

关键词： nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) overview cost incentive policy demonstration

Comparison of models to predict air infiltration rate of buildings with different surrounding environments

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building Simulation 2024年第6期17卷 1007-1021页

作者： Shu Zheng Xiujiao Song Lin Duanmu Yu Xue Xudong Yang Department of building Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China School of Civil Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China Shanxi research Institute for Clean energy Tsinghua UniversityTaiyuan030032China

The air infiltration rate of buildings strongly influences indoor environment and energy *** this study,several traditional methods for determining the air infiltration rate were compared,and their accuracy in different scenarios was ***,a method combining computational flow dynamics(CFD)with the Swami and Chandra(S-C)model was developed to predict the influence of the surrounding environment on the air infiltration *** buildings in Dalian,China,were selected:one with a simple surrounding environment and the other with a complex surrounding environment;their air infiltration rates were *** test results were used to validate the accuracy of the air infiltration rate solution models in different urban *** the building with a simple environment,the difference between the simulation and experimental results was 0.86%–22.52%.For the building with a complex environment,this difference ranged from 17.42%to 159.28%.We found that most traditional models provide accurate results for buildings with simple surrounding and that the simulation results widely vary for buildings with complex *** results of the method of combining CFD with the S-C model were more accurate,and the relative error between the simulation and test results was 10.61%.The results indicate that the environment around the building should be fully considered when calculating the air infiltration *** results of this study can guide the application of methods of determining air infiltration rate.

关键词： air infiltration rate models CFD simulation building surrounding air infiltration rate test