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Formulating and Supporting a Hypothesis to Address a Catch-22 Situation in 6G Communication Networks

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Journal of Information Security 2024年第3期15卷 340-354页

作者： Fazal Raheman blockchain 5.0 ltd. Kesklinna Linnaosa Tallinn Estonia

2030 is projected as the year for the launch of the 6G (sixth generation) telecommunication technology. It is also the year predicted to introduce quantum computers powerful enough to break current cryptography algorithms. Cryptography remains the mainstay of securing the Internet and the 6G networks. Post quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms are currently under development and standardization by the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and other regulatory agencies. PQC deployment will make the 6G goals of very low latency and low cost almost unachievable, as most PQC algorithms rely on keys much larger than those in classical RSA (Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) algorithms. The large PQC keys consume more storage space and processing power, increasing the latency and costs of their implementation. Thus, PQC deployment may compromise the latency and pricing goals of 6G networks. Moreover, all the PQC candidates under NIST evaluation have so far failed, seriously jeopardizing their standardization and placing the security of 6G against the Q-Day threat in a catch-22 situation. This report formulates a research question and builds and supports a research hypothesis to explore an alternate absolute zero trust (AZT) security strategy for securing 6G networks. AZT is autonomous, fast, and low-cost.

关键词： 6G Quantum Computing PQC Latency Cost

Defining Quantum Advantage for Building a Sustainable MVP to Deliver Quantum Computing Services

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第6期14卷 1530-1549页

作者： Fazal Raheman blockchain 5.0 ltd.Kesklinnalinnaosa Tallinn Estonia

Quantum Computing (QC) is hailed as the future of computers. After Google’s claim of achieving Quantum Supremacy in 2019, several groups challenged the claim. Some QC experts attribute catastrophic risks that unrestrained QC may cause in the future by collapsing the current cryptographic cybersecurity infrastructure. These predictions are relevant only if QC becomes commercially viable and sustainable in the future. No technology can be a one-way ticket to catastrophe, and neither can the definition of superiority of that technology be. If there are catastrophic risks, large-scale QC can never enter the public domain as a minimum viable product (MVP) unless there are safeguards in place. Those safeguards should obviously become an integral part of the definition of its superiority over the legacy systems. NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology) is pursuing the standardization of Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) as that safeguard. However, with all the 82 candidate PQCs failing and companies already offering QC as a service, there’s an urgent need for an alternate strategy to mitigate the impending Q-Day threat and render QC sustainable. Our research proposes a novel encryption-agnostic cybersecurity approach to safeguard QC. It articulates a comprehensive definition of an MVP that can potentially set a sustainable gold standard for defining commercially viable quantum advantage over classical computing.

关键词： Cybersecurity NIST PQC Quantum Computers Quantum Advantage Quantum Supremacy

From Standard Policy-Based Zero Trust to Absolute Zero Trust (AZT): A Quantum Leap to Q-Day Security

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2024年第3期12卷 252-282页

作者： Fazal Raheman blockchain 5.0 ltd.Kesklinnalinnaosa Tallinn Estonia

Cybercrime is projected to cost a whopping $23.8 Trillion by 2027. This is essentially because there’s no computer network that’s not vulnerable. Fool-proof cybersecurity of personal data in a connected computer is considered practically impossible. The advent of quantum computers (QC) will worsen cybersecurity. QC will be a boon for data-intensive industries by drastically reducing the computing time from years to minutes. But QC will render our current cryptography vulnerable to quantum attacks, breaking nearly all modern cryptographic systems. Before QCs with sufficient qubits arrive, we must be ready with quantum-safe strategies to protect our ICT infrastructures. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is being aggressively pursued worldwide as a defence from the potential Q-day threat. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), in a rigorous process, tested 82 PQC schemes, 80 of which failed after the final round in 2022. Recently the remaining two PQCs were also cracked by a Swedish and a French team of cryptographers, placing NIST’s PQC standardization process in serious jeopardy. With all the NIST-evaluated PQCs failing, there’s an urgent need to explore alternate strategies. Although cybersecurity heavily relies on cryptography, recent evidence indicates that it can indeed transcend beyond encryption using Zero Vulnerability Computing (ZVC) technology. ZVC is an encryption-agnostic absolute zero trust (AZT) approach that can potentially render computers quantum resistant by banning all third-party permissions, a root cause of most vulnerabilities. Unachievable in legacy systems, AZT is pursued by an experienced consortium of European partners to build compact, solid-state devices that are robust, resilient, energy-efficient, and with zero attack surface, rendering them resistant to malware and future Q-Day threats.

关键词： Cybersecurity Quantum Computers Post Quantum Cryptography Q-Day Zero Trust

Traceable ring signature schemes based on SM2 digital signature algorithm and its applications in the data sharing scheme

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2024年第2期18卷 251-253页

作者： Yongxin ZHANG Hong LEI Bin WANG Qinghao WANG Ning LU Wenbo SHI Bangdao CHEN Qiuling YUE R&D Department SSC Holding CompanyLtd.Chengmai 571924China School of Cyberspace Security(School of Cryptography) Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China College of Computer Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China School of Computer Science and Technology Xidian UniversityXi'an 710071China blockchain Research Group Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research InstituteChengmai 571924China

1 Introduction Identity privacy concerns hinder data sharing by casting doubt on the safeguarding of personal information,eroding trust,and impeding the willingness of individuals and organizations to exchange their data[1,2].The traceable ring signatures(TRSs)addresses the contradiction between identity privacy and regulation[3],no scheme has been developed thus far that is based on SM2,the Chinese cryptographic public key algorithm standard,without relying on centralized trust.

关键词： SM2 signature scheme

Introducing on-chain graph data to consortium blockchain for commercial transactions

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2024年第2期18卷 255-257页

作者： Pengyi ZHANG Yuchen YUAN Jie SONG Yu GU Qiang QU Yongjie BAI Software College Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China School of Computer Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055China blockchain Lab Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co.Ltd.Shenzhen 518101China

1 Introduction A blockchain can be referred to as a distributed ledger[1].Nowadays,according to our previous work[2],the graphrelated blockchain grows efficiently in both academic studies and commercial *** data,algor... 详细信息

关键词： transactions ledge commercial

A General Authentication and Key Agreement Framework for Industrial Control System

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第4期33卷 1046-1062页

作者： Shan GAO Junjie CHEN Bingsheng ZHANG Kui REN Xiaohua YE Yongsheng SHEN School of Cyber Science and Technology Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Zhejiang University Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of blockchain and Cyberspace Governance Hangzhou City Brain Co. Ltd

In modern industrial control systems(ICSs), when user retrieving the data stored in field device like smart sensor, there exists two main problems: one is lack of the verification for identification of user and field device;the other is that user and field device need exchange a key to encrypt sensitive data transmitted over the *** propose a comprehensive authentication and key agreement framework that enables all connected devices in an ICS to mutually authenticate each other and establish a peer-to-peer session key. The framework combines two types of protocols for authentication and session key agreement: The first one is an asymmetric cryptographic key agreement protocol based on transport layer security handshake protocol used for Internet access, while the second one is a newly designed lightweight symmetric cryptographic key agreement protocol specifically for field devices. This proposed lightweight protocol imposes very light computational load and merely employs simple operations like one-way hash function and exclusive-or(XOR) operation. In comparison to other lightweight protocols, our protocol requires the field device to perform fewer computational operations during the authentication phase. The simulation results obtained using Open SSL demonstrates that each authentication and key agreement process in the lightweight protocol requires only 0.005 ms. Our lightweight key agreement protocol satisfies several essential security features, including session key secrecy, identity anonymity, untraceability, integrity, forward secrecy, and mutual authentication. It is capable of resisting impersonation, man-in-the-middle, and replay attacks. We have employed the Gong-NeedhamYahalom(GNY) logic and automated validation of Internet security protocols and application tool to verify the security of our symmetric cryptographic key agreement protocol.

关键词： Performance evaluation Protocols Costs Industrial control Internet security Authentication Time measurement

Scenarios analysis and performance assessment of blockchain integrated in 6G scenarios

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第7期67卷 5-26页

作者： Bo LI Guanjie CHENG Honghao GAO Xueqiang YAN Shuiguang DENG College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University College of Computer Science and Technology Shanghai University 2012 Lab Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.

Emerging applications such as smart city infrastructures and virtual reality landscapes are setting rigorous benchmarks for 6G mobile networks, requiring elevated levels of confidentiality, integrity, nonrepudiation, authentication, and stringent access controls. blockchain technology is heralded as a transformative enabler for meeting 6G standards, owing to its intrinsic attributes. However, a gap exists in the holistic investigation of blockchain's applicability in 6G realms, particularly addressing the “whether”, “when”, and“how” of its deployment. Present research trails in developing robust methodologies to gauge blockchain's efficacy within 6G use cases. Addressing this, our study introduces a novel confluence of blockchain with 6G networks, where data resides in distributed Hash tables(DHTs) while their hashes are secured in distributed ledger technology(DLT), harnessing blockchain's core strengths-immutability, traceability, and fortified security. We delineate seven specific 6G use cases poised for enhancement through blockchain integration,and scrutinize the rationale, nature, and timing of this convergence. Furthermore, we devise a comprehensive methodology for assessing blockchain's performance metrics and scalability in 6G environments. Our extensive experimental analyses evaluate the synergistic performance of this integration, revealing that the Quorum blockchain satisfactorily supports 80% of 6G scenarios. The findings suggest that, with appropriate configurations, consortium blockchains are well-equipped to fulfill the demanding performance and scalability requisites of 6G networks.

关键词： blockchain distributed ledger technology (DLT) 6G performance assessment 6G scenarios analysis transaction arrival rate

Futureproofing blockchain & Cryptocurrencies against Growing Vulnerabilities & Q-Day Threat with Quantum-Safe Ledger Technology (QLT)

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2024年第7期12卷 59-77页

作者： Fazal Raheman Quantsoft Systems ltd. Tallinn Estonia

With one billion users using 380 exchanges, the security of blockchains and cryptocurrencies remains a major concern as billions are lost to hackers every year. Cryptocurrency hacks negatively impact cryptocurrency markets introducing volatility. Each major scam/hack incident results in a significant price dip for most cryptocurrencies, decelerating the growth of the blockchain economy. Existing blockchain vulnerabilities are further amplified by the impending existential threat from quantum computers. While there’s no reprieve yet from the scam/hack prone blockchain economy, quantum resilience is being aggressively pursued by post quantum cryptography (PQC) researchers, despite 80 of 82 candidate PQCs failing. As PQC has no role in combating inherent vulnerabilities, securing over 1000 existing blockchains against scammers/hackers remains a top priority for this industry. This research proposes a novel Quantum-safe Ledger Technology (QLT) framework that not only secures DLTs/cryptocurrencies and exchanges from current vulnerabilities but protects them from the impending Q-day threats from future quantum computers. As blockchain-agnostic technology, the QLT framework can be easily adapted to secure any blockchain or crypto exchange.

关键词： Cybersecurity Quantum Computers Post Quantum Cryptography Q-Day Zero Trust

Energy blockchain in Smart Communities: Towards Affordable Clean Energy Supply for the Built Environment

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Energy Engineering 2024年第8期121卷 2313-2330页

作者： Mingguan Zhao Lida Liao Penglong Liang Meng Li Xinsheng Dong Yang Yang Hongxia Wang Zhenhao Zhang Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd.Urumqi830013China School of Energy and Power Engineering Changsha University of Science&TechnologyChangsha410114China Kumul Power Supply Company State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power Co.Ltd.Urumqi830013China Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Operation and Detection Technology of Power Transmission&Transformation Equipment Urumqi830013China

The rapid growth of distributed renewable energy penetration is promoting the evolution of the energy system toward decentralization and decentralized and digitized smart *** study was based on energy blockchain,and developed a dual-biding mechanism based on the real-time energy surplus and demand in the local smart grid,which is expected to enable reliable,affordable,and clean energy supply in smart *** the proposed system,economic benefits could be achieved by replacing fossil-fuel-based electricity with the high penetration of affordable solar PV *** reduction of energy surplus realized by distributed energy production and P2P energy trading,within the smart grid results in less transmission loss and lower requirements for costly upgrading of existing *** adopting energy blockchain and smart contract technologies,energy secure trading with a low risk of privacy leakage could be *** prototype is examined through a case study,and the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed mechanism are further validated by scenario analysis.

关键词： Solar PV smart community energy blockchain P2P energy trading smart grid affordable energy supply