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Bottom hole pressure prediction based on hybrid neural networks and Bayesian optimization

petroleum Science 2023年第6期20卷 3712-3722页

作者： Chengkai Zhang Rui Zhang Zhaopeng Zhu Xianzhi Song Yinao Su Gensheng Li Liang Han College of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China College of Artificial Intelligence China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China National Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China CNPC Engineering technology R&D company Limited Beijing102206China

Many scholars have focused on applying machine learning models in bottom hole pressure (BHP) prediction. However, the complex and uncertain conditions in deep wells make it difficult to capture spatial and temporal correlations of measurement while drilling (MWD) data with traditional intelligent models. In this work, we develop a novel hybrid neural network, which integrates the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and the Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) for predicting BHP fluctuations more accurately. The CNN structure is used to analyze spatial local dependency patterns and the GRU structure is used to discover depth variation trends of MWD data. To further improve the prediction accuracy, we explore two types of GRU-based structure: skip-GRU and attention-GRU, which can capture more long-term potential periodic correlation in drilling data. Then, the different model structures tuned by the Bayesian optimization (BO) algorithm are compared and analyzed. Results indicate that the hybrid models can extract spatial-temporal information of data effectively and predict more accurately than random forests, extreme gradient boosting, back propagation neural network, CNN and GRU. The CNN-attention-GRU model with BO algorithm shows great superiority in prediction accuracy and robustness due to the hybrid network structure and attention mechanism, having the lowest mean absolute percentage error of 0.025%. This study provides a reference for solving the problem of extracting spatial and temporal characteristics and guidance for managed pressure drilling in complex formations.

关键词： Bottom hole pressure Spatial-temporal information Improved GRU Hybrid neural networks Bayesian optimization

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Plugging performance and mechanism of an oil-absorbing gel for lost circulation control while drilling in fractured formations

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petroleum Science 2022年第6期19卷 2941-2958页

作者： Ying-Rui Bai Li-Yao Dai Jin-Sheng Sun Guan-Cheng Jiang Kai-He Lv Rong-Chao Cheng Xiao-Sen Shang School of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina CNPC Engineering technology R&D company Limited Beijing102206China College of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common engineering problems in the drilling process of fractured *** this study,an oil-absorbing polymer gel synthesized using compound monomers with rigid and flexible chains was applied to control the oil-based drilling fluid loss while *** microstructure,oil-absorbing performance,and plugging performance the gel was investigated.A large number of dense pores on the surface of the gel were observed,which allowed the oil molecules to enter the internal space of the *** initial oil absorption capacity of the gel was fast,and it increased with the increase in the temperature and decrease in the particle size,reaching 20.93 g/g at140℃.At a high temperature of 140℃,the bearing pressure capacity of the gel formula containing particles of different particle sizes reached 7.6 MPa for a fracture of a width of 3 mm,showing that the oil-absorbing gel have excellent plugging performance at high *** mechanism of the gel was investigated through visualized fracture plugging *** show that the dynamic migratio n,particle-swelling,particle-bridging,particle-aggregation,deformation-filling,and compaction-plugging contribute to the whole lost circulation control process,reflecting that the plugging performance can be effectively enhanced by improving the aggregation and filling degrees of the gel with different particle sizes.

关键词： Lost circulation Oil-absorbing gel Oil absorption capacity Plugging mechanism Fractured formation

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Double network self-healing hydrogel based on hydrophobic association and ionic bond for formation plugging

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petroleum Science 2022年第5期19卷 2150-2164页

作者： Ying-Rui Bai Qi-Tao Zhang Jin-Sheng Sun Guan-Cheng Jiang Kai-He Lv School of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina CNPC Engineering technology R&D company Limited Beijing102206China College of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

Self-healing hydrogels have attracted tremendous attention in the field of oil and gas drilling and production engineering because of their excellent self-healing performance after physical *** this study,a series of double network self-healing(DN_(SA))hydrogels based on hydrophobic association and ionic bond were prepared for plugging pores and fractures in formations in oil and gas drilling and production *** mechanical,rheological,and self-healing properties of the DN_(SA)hydrogels were *** revealed that the DN_(SA)hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical properties with a tensile stress of 0.67 MPa and toughness of 7069 kJ/cm^(3) owing to the synergistic effect of the double *** addition,the DN_(SA)hydrogels exhibited excellent compression resistance,notch insensitivity,and self-healing *** DN_(SA)-2 hydrogel was granulated and made into gel particles with different particle sizes and used as a plugging *** self-healing mechanism of DN_(SA)-2 hydrogel particles in fractures was explored,and it’s plugging effect on fractures of different widths and porous media of different permeabilities were *** results revealed that the plugging capacity of the DN_(SA)-2 hydrogel particles for a fracture with width of 5 mm and a porous medium with a permeability of 30μm^(2) was 3.45 and 4.21 MPa,respectively,which is significantly higher than those of commonly used plugging agents in the *** DN_(SA)hydrogels with excellent mechanical and self-healing properties prepared in this study will provide a new approach for applying hydrogels in oil and gas drilling and production engineering.

关键词： Self-healing hydrogel Hydrophobic association Ionic bond Mechanical property Rheological property Formation plugging

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In-situ laboratory study on influencing factors of pre-SC-CO_(2) hybrid fracturing effect in shale oil reservoirs

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petroleum Science 2024年第5期21卷 3547-3557页

作者： Yu-Xi Zang Hai-Zhu Wang Bin Wang Yong-Gang Yi Tian-Yu Wang Ming-Liang Shi Gang-Hua Tian Shou-Ceng Tian State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Engineering technology Research Institute of Xinjiang Oilfield company Karamay834000XinjiangChina College of petroleum China University of Petroleum-Beijing at KaramayKaramay834000XinjiangChina

Supercritical CO_(2)(SC-CO_(2)) fracturing, being a waterless fracturing technology, has garnered increasing attention in the shale oil reservoir exploitation industry. Recently, a novel pre-SC-CO_(2) hybrid fracturing method has been proposed, which combines the advantages of SC-CO_(2) fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. However, the specific impacts of different pre-SC-CO_(2) injection conditions on the physical parameters, mechanical properties, and crack propagation behavior of shale reservoirs remain unclear. In this study, we utilize a newly developed “pre-SC-CO_(2) injection → water-based fracturing” integrated experimental device. Through experimentation under in-situ conditions, the impact of pre-SC-CO_(2) injection displacement and volume on the shale mineral composition, mechanical parameters, and fracture propagation behavior are investigated. The findings of the study demonstrate that the pre-injection SC-CO_(2) leads to a reduction in clay and carbonate mineral content, while increasing the quartz content. The correlation between quartz content and SC-CO_(2) injection volume is positive, while a negative correlation is observed with injection displacement. The elastic modulus and compressive strength exhibit a declining trend, while Poisson's ratio shows an increasing trend. The weakening of shale mechanics caused by pre-injection of SC-CO_(2) is positively correlated with the injection displacement and ***, pre-injection of SC-CO_(2) enhances the plastic deformation behavior of shale, and its breakdown pressure is 16.6% lower than that of hydraulic fracturing. The breakdown pressure demonstrates a non-linear downward trend with the gradual increase of pre-SC-CO_(2) injection *** hydraulic fracturing, which typically generates primary fractures along the direction of the maximum principal stress, pre-SC-CO_(2) hybrid fracturing leads to a more complex fracture network. With increasing pre-SC-CO_(2) injection displacement,

关键词： Pre-CO_(2)hybrid fracturing Fracture propagation Fracture pattern Shale oil reservoir

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New model of linkage evolution for the transtensional fault systems in the Nanpu Sag of Bohai Bay Basin:Insight from seismic interpretation and analogue modelling

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petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2287-2310页

作者： Yu-Heng Wang Fu-Sheng Yu Bao-Yin Zhao Ling-Jian Meng College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Jidong Oilfield company PetroChina Limited CompanyTangshan063004HebeiChina

The evolution of faults within the same stress field is frequently influenced by numerous factors,involving the reactivation of pre-existing structures,stress transmission through ductile detachment layers,and the growth,interaction,as well as linkage of new fault *** study analyses a complex multi-phase oblique extension fault system in the Nanpu Sag(NPS)of the Bohai Bay Basin(BBB),***-resolution three-dimensional(3D)seismic data and analogue modelling indicate that the oblique extensional reactivation of pre-existing structures governs the sequential arrangement of fault segments in the caprock,and they dip synthetically to the reactivated fault at *** the NW-SE extension in the Eocene,the predominant movement of the pre-existing fault is ***,during the N-S extension since the Oligocene,inclined at *** the pre-existing fault,forming splay fault segments and ultimately creating large en-echelon arcuate faults linked by relay *** fault throw-distance(T-D)and laser scanning,we reconstructed the fault evolution model of oblique extension reactivation in the presence of a ductile detachment *** study illustrates that the arcuate faults can be categorized into linear master fault segments controlled by pre-existing structures,bending splay faults in the termination zone,and normal fault segments responding to the regional stress *** interaction between faults occurs among normal faults and strike-slip faults,and the kinematic unification of the two fault systems is accomplished in the intersection *** the faults continue to evolve,the new fault segments tend to relinquish the control of pre-existing structures and concentrate more on the development of planar and continuous major *** ductile detachment layer significantly contributes to the uniform distribution of strain,resulting in narrow shear zones and discontinuous normal faults in its absence.

关键词： Analogue modelling Transtensional deformation Fault linkage Fault intersection zone Nanpu Sag of Bohai Bay basin

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Numerical analysis of the hydraulic fracture communication modes in fracture-cavity reservoirs

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petroleum Science 2022年第5期19卷 2227-2239页

作者： Jia-Wei Kao Shi-Ming Wei Wen-Zhi Wang Yan Jin State Key Laboratory petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China Sinopec Research Institute of petroleum Engineering Beijing102206China CNPC Engineering technology R&D company Limited Beijing102206China

The fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe Oilfield in China are mainly exploited by *** need the hydraulic fractures to communicate with caves to create a flow ***,due to the existence of the fracture-cavity systems,the hydraulic fracture propagation morphology is complicated,while the propagation characteristics are not *** analyze the hydraulic fracture propagation in fracture-cavity carbonate formations,based on the discontinuous discrete fracture model,we developed a solid-seepage-freeflow coupled fracturing model for fracture-cavity formations,which can simulate the complex interaction behavior of fractures and *** on the simulation results,we found the interaction rule between hydraulic fractures and fracture-cavity systems:the stress concentration around caves is the main factor that determines the fracture propagation *** due to stress concentration is usually not conducive to communication,while natural fractures distributed around caves could break the rejection *** the hydraulic energy in the hydraulic fracture can make fracture propagate directly and reduce the influence of *** steering fracture formed by temporary plugging is beneficial to the communication of fracture-cavity systems in the non-principal stress *** to the simulation results of different fracture-cavity characteristics,we raised four optimization communication modes for fracture-cavity carbonate formation to provide references for fracturing optimization design and parameter optimization.

关键词： Fracture-cavity carbonate formation Hydraulic fracture propagation Numerical simulation Fracture-cave communication Discontinuous discrete fracture model

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Prediction of multiscale laminae structure and reservoir quality in fine-grained sedimentary rocks:The Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin

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petroleum Science 2022年第6期19卷 2549-2571页

作者： Xiao-Jiao Pang Gui-Wen Wang Li-Chun Kuang Jin Lai Yang Gao Yi-Di Zhao Hong-Bin Li Song Wang Meng Bao Shi-Chen Liu Bing-Chang Liu State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China technology Administration Department Petro China Company LimitedBeijing100007China Research Institute of Exploration and Development Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetro ChinaKaramayXinjiang834000China

Fine-grained sedimentary rocks have become a research focus as important reservoirs and source rocks for tight and shale oil and *** development determines the accumulation and production of tight and shale oil and gas in fine-grained ***,due to the resolution limit of conventional logs,it is challenging to recognize the features of centimeter-scale *** close this gap,complementary studies,including core observation,thin section,X-ray diffraction(XRD),conventional log analysis,and slabs of image logs,were conducted to unravel the centimeter-scale *** laminae recognition models were built using well *** fine-grained rocks can be divided into laminated rocks(lamina thickness of0.1 m)according to the laminae scale from core *** to the mineral superposition assemblages from thin-section observations,the laminated rocks can be further divided into binary,ternary,and multiple *** typical mineral components,slabs,and T2spectrum distributions of various lamina types are *** core can identify the centimeter-millimeter-scale laminae,and the thin section can identify the millimeter-micrometer-scale ***,they can detect mineral types and their superposition *** logs can identify the meter-scale layers,whereas image logs and related slabs can identify the laminae variations at millimeter-centimeter ***,the slab of image logs combined with thin sections can identify laminae assemblage characteristics,including the thickness and vertical *** identification and classification of lamina structure of various scales on a single well can be predicted using conventional logs,image logs,and slabs combined with thin *** layered rocks have better reservoir quality and oil-bearing potential than the massive and laminated *** laminated rocks’binary lamina is bette

关键词： Fine-grained sedimentary rocks Mineral composition Multiscale laminae structure Reservoir quality Image logs Lucaogou formation

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Fracture geometry and breakdown pressure of radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers

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petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 430-444页

作者： Yu-Ning Yong Zhao-Quan Guo Shou-Ceng Tian Lu-Yao Ma Tian-Yu Wang Mao Sheng National Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China beijing petroleum Machinery company Limited CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company LimitedBeijing102206China Smart Energy Co. LtdChina Xiongan GroupXiong’an New Area071000HebeiChina

Radial borehole fracturing that combines radial boreholes with hydraulic fracturing is anticipated to improve the output of tight oil and gas *** paper aims to investigate fracture propagation and pressure characteristics of radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers.A series of laboratory experiments with artificial rock samples(395 mm×395 mm×395 mm)was conducted using a true triaxial fracturing *** crucial factors corresponding to the vertical distance of adjacent radial borehole layers(vertical distance),the azimuth and diameter of the radial borehole are *** results show that radial borehole fracturing in multiple layers generates diverse fracture *** types of fractures are identified based on the connectivity between hydraulic fractures and radial *** vertical distance significantly influences fracture propagation perpendicular to the radial borehole *** increase in the vertical distance impedes fracture connection across multiple radial borehole layers and reduces the fracture propagation distance along the radial borehole *** azimuth also influences fracture propagation along the radial borehole *** the azimuth reduces the guiding ability of radial boreholes,which makes the fracture quickly curve to the maximum horizontal stress *** breakdown pressure correlates with diverse fracture geometries *** the fractures connect multi-layer radial boreholes,increasing the vertical distance decreases the breakdown *** the azimuth and increasing the diameter also decrease the breakdown *** extrusion force exists between the adjacent fractures generated in radial boreholes in multiple rows,which plays a crucial role in enhancing the guiding ability of radial boreholes and results in higher breakdown *** research provides valuable theoretical insights for the field application of radial borehole fracturing technology in tight oil and g

关键词： Multi-layer radial boreholes Hydraulic fracturing Fracture propagation Pressure characteristic

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Laboratory investigation on hydraulic fracture propagation in sandstone-mudstone-shale layers

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petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1664-1673页

作者： Jiang-Chuan He Kuang-Sheng Zhang Han-Bin Liu Mei-Rong Tang Xue-Lin Zheng Guang-Qing Zhang PetroChina Changqing Oilfield company Xi′an710018ShaanxiChina College of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China

During the stimulating unconventional reservoirs, the vertical propagation of hydraulic fractures is crucial for enlarging the stimulated reservoir volume, especially in multi-layers of sandstone, mudstone and shale(sand-mud-shale). To investigate the effects of lithological interface and fracturing fluid viscosity on the fracture propagation vertically in the multi-layers, hydraulic fracturing experiments in laboratory were performed on the outcrop samples of 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm collected from Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin. The results show that hydraulic fractures are multi-branched and zig-zagged when they initiate in shale, simple when they commence in sandstone or mudstone. Hydraulic fractures created with low-viscosity fracturing fluid can only cross sandstone from mudstone, but those induced by high-viscosity fracturing fluid can cross the sand-mud-shale layers. Furthermore, the high-viscosity fracturing fluid reduces the fractures complexity in shale, facilitating vertical fracture propagation. The injection pressure fluctuates slightly as the hydraulic fracture extends from shale to sandstone or mudstone, otherwise it fluctuates significantly. From the laboratory investigation, a hydraulic fracturing scheme for Chang 7 Member was proposed, with its feasibility proved in field tests.

关键词： Sandstone-mudstone-shale Multi-layers Hydraulic fracturing experiments Lithological interface

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A review of reservoir damage during hydraulic fracturing of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs

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petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 384-409页

作者： Kun Zhang Xiong-Fei Liu Dao-Bing Wang Bo Zheng Tun-Hao Chen Qing Wang Hao Bai Er-Dong Yao Fu-Jian Zhou National Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyBeijing102617China Tuha Downhole Operation company CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company LimitedShanshan838200XinjiangChina

Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs have gradually become the primary focus of hydrocarbon exploration as a result of a series of significant discoveries in deep hydrocarbon exploration *** reservoirs present unique challenges due to their deep burial depth(4500-8882 m),low matrix permeability,complex crustal stress conditions,high temperature and pressure(HTHP,150-200℃,105-155 MPa),coupled with high salinity of formation ***,the costs associated with their exploitation and development are exceptionally *** deep and ultra-deep reservoirs,hydraulic fracturing is commonly used to achieve high and stable *** hydraulic fracturing,a substantial volume of fluid is injected into the ***,statistical analysis reveals that the flowback rate is typically less than 30%,leaving the majority of the fluid trapped within the ***,hydraulic fracturing in deep reservoirs not only enhances the reservoir permeability by creating artificial fractures but also damages reservoirs due to the fracturing fluids *** challenging“three-high”environment of a deep reservoir,characterized by high temperature,high pressure,and high salinity,exacerbates conventional forms of damage,including water sensitivity,retention of fracturing fluids,rock creep,and proppant *** addition,specific damage mechanisms come into play,such as fracturing fluid decomposition at elevated temperatures and proppant diagenetic reactions at HTHP ***,the foremost concern in deep oil and gas development lies in effectively assessing the damage inflicted on these reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing,comprehending the underlying mechanisms,and selecting appropriate ***'s noteworthy that the majority of existing studies on reservoir damage primarily focus on conventional reservoirs,with limited attention given to deep reservoirs and a lack of systematic *** light of this,our approach entails initially summarizin

关键词： Artificial fracture Deep and ultra-deep reservoir Fracture conductivity Fracturing fluid Hydraulic fracturing Reservoir damage

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