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Surface tension of liquid metal： role, mechanism and application

Frontiers in Energy 2017年第4期11卷 535-567页

作者： Xi ZHAO Shuo XU Jing LIU beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal （RTLM） mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measure- ment methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fimdamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven self- actuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.

关键词： surface tension liquid metal soft machine,printed electronics electrowetting self-actuation

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Liquid Metal Fibers

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2022年第5期4卷 987-1004页

作者： Hongzhang Wang Ruofan Li Yingjie Cao Sen Chen Bo Yuan Xiyu Zhu Jiashu Cheng Minghui Duan Jing Liu Department of Biomedical engineering School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

Liquid metal(LM)is a type of metal or alloy that has a low melting point near room temperature and exhibits the properties of both liquids and *** unconventional materials have been gaining increasing attention within the scientific and industrial ***,fiber-shaped LM and its composites have especially attracted diverse interest owing to their unique merits,such as excellent conductivity,intrinsic stretchability,facile phase transition,and the ability to be woven or knitted into smart *** review is dedicated to summarizing different aspects of LM-based fibers,such as their material components,fabrication and design strategies,and remarkable applications by way of their representative *** fabrication approaches,such as 3D printing of pure LM wire,coating the LM shell on the surface of the fiber,injecting a LM core into hollow fibers,and spinning of LM and polymer hybrids have been comparatively ***,emerging applications that primarily utilize LM fibers have been ***,future directions and opportunities in the field are *** categorization of LM fibers is expected to facilitate further investigation and practice in the coming society.

关键词： Liquid metal Stretchable and conductive fibers Smart fabrics Wearable electronics Health monitoring

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Nanocellulose-based reusable liquid metal printed electronics fabricated by evaporation-induced transfer printing

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第2期61卷 132-137页

作者： Yiru Mao Yixiang Wu Pengju Zhang Yang Yu Zhizhu He Qian Wang beijing key laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100183China Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryBeijing 100190China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Beijing 100190China beijing DREAM INK Technologies Co. Ltd..Beijing 100084China

Reusable electronics have received widespread attention and are urgently needed. Here, nanocellulosebased liquid metal(NC-LM) printed circuit has been fabricated by the evaporation-induced transfer printing technology. In this way, the liquid metal pattern is embedded into the nanocellulose membrane, which is beneficial for the stability of the circuit during use. Besides, the NC-LM circuit is ultrathin with just tens of microns. In particular, the finished product is environmentally friendly because it can be completely dissolved by water, and both the liquid metal ink and the nanocellulose membrane can be easily recollected and reused, thereby reducing waste and pollution to the environment. Several examples of flexible circuits have been designed to evaluate their performance. The mechanism of evaporation-induced transfer printing technology involves the deposition, aggregation, and coverage tightly of the nanosized cellulose fibrils as the water evaporated. This study provides an economical and environmentally friendly way for the fabrication of renewable flexible electronics.

关键词： Reuse Liquid metal Transfer printing Nanocellulose Flexible electronics

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Water film coated composite liquid metal marble and its fluidic impact dynamics phenomenon

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Frontiers in Energy 2016年第1期10卷 29-36页

作者： Yujie DING Jing LIU key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedicalengineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry ChineseAcademy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedicalengineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry ChineseAcademy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China

A composite liquid metal marble made of metal droplet coated with water film was proposed and its impact dynamics phenomenon was disclosed. After encapsulating the liquid metal into water droplets, the fabricated liquid marble successfully avoided being oxygenized by the metal fluid and thus significantly improved its many physical capabilities such as surface tension modification and shape control. The striking behaviors of the composite liquid metal marbles on a substrate at room temperature were experimentally inves- tigated in a high speed imaging way. It was disclosed that such marbles could disintegrate, merge, and even rebound when impacting the substrate, unlike the existing dynamic fluidic behaviors of liquid marble or metal droplet. The mechanisms lying behind these features were preliminarily interpreted. This fundamental finding raised profound multiphase fluid mechanics for understanding the complex liquid composite which was also critical for a variety of practical applications such as liquid metal jet cooling, inkjet printed electronics, 3D printing or metal particle fabrication etc.

关键词： liquid metal marble metallic droplet composite fluid impact dynamics multiphase fluid mechanics

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Colorful liquid metal printed electronics

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2018年第1期61卷 110-116页

作者： LIANG ShuTing LIU Jing Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University beijing key laboratory of cryobiomedical engineering and key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences

Liquid metal based printed electronics was a newly emerging frontier in recent years. However, restricted by the single silver-white appearance of the liquid metal （LM）, the colors of currently available printed electronics were rather limited. Here, a new conceptual LM based colorful printed electronics was proposed where electrical wires and circuits with numerous colors can be made via a straightforward, efficient and accurate printing procedure. Firstly, the LM was printed on the substrate to construct a conductive wire. Then it was frozen to a solid. Subsequently, colorful pigments were coated on the originally printed liquid metal conductive wires, which finally were packaged with PDMS. Such multicolored conductive wire exhibits excellent conductivity, and good temperature resistance （do not fade at high temperature）. Further, the adhesion mechanism of the mineral pigments on the liquid metal layer was disclosed. And the pigment layer was discovered to well protect the LM from the outside environments, and enhance the durability of the LM conductive wire at the same time. These multicolored liquid metal wires take an aesthetic appearance, excellent printability, flexibility, large conductivity and stable performance, which would significantly enhance the sense of beanty and experience when compared to the conventional printed electronics.

关键词： liquid metal printed electronics multicolor functional device

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Spray printing and encapsulated liquid metal as a highly reflective metallic paint for packing products

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2019年第9期62卷 1577-1584页

作者： LIANG Shu-Ting WANG Hong-Zhang LIU Jing Department of Biomedical engineering School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of Materials and Chemical engineering Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

In this strategy, liquid metal(LM) with a shiny metallic luster and an excellent optical property, was introduced as a novel metallic paint and coating to packing products and achieved decorative effects. We report a straightforward method via spray printing to fabricate a consecutive ultra-thin LM film on various product substrates. Then, the flexible LM film was coated with a transparent varnish layer, which was rather convenient for the LM paint to be storing, using and transporting. The thicknesses(25 μm) and the shapes of LM paint were well controlled. The flop index(FI=105), and reflectance(R=88.8%) data of the LM metallic paint were characterized. The results indicated that the LM metallic paint could provide a sparkling appearance and an abounding glossy. The deoxidized LM has a pronounced positive influence on the surface roughness, appearance, reflectance,and metallic texture. The LM metallic paint was highly desirable for potential applications in automotive enamel, motorcycle,toy and high-quality industrial coatings in the near future.

关键词： liquid metal packing metallic sparkle paint fine atomization

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Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic devices

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Frontiers in Energy 2013年第4期7卷 479-486页

作者： Manli LUO Jing LIU key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Biomedical engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

There is currently a growing demand for developing efficient techniques for cooling integrated electronic devices with ever increasing heat generation power. To better tackle the high-density heat dissipation difficulty within the limited space, this paper is dedicated to clarify the heat transfer behaviors of the liquid metal flowing in mini-channel exchangers with different geometric configurations. A series of comparative experiments using liquid metal alloy Ga68%In20%Sn12% as coolant were conducted under prescribed mass flow rates in three kinds of heat exchangers with varied geometric sizes. Meanwhile, numerical simulations for the heat exchangers under the same working conditions were also performed which well interpreted the experimental measurements. The simulated heat sources were all cooled down by these three heat dissipation apparatuses and the exchanger with the smallest channel width was found to have the largest mean heat transfer coefficient at all conditions due to its much larger heat transfer area. Further, the present work has also developed a correlation equation for characterizing the Nusselt number depending on Peclet number, which is applicable to the low Peclet number case with constant heat flux in the hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing region in the rectangular channel. This study is expected to provide valuable reference for designing future liquid metal based mini-channel heat exchanger.

关键词： heat exchanger liquid metal mini-channel,heat dissipation heat transfer coefficient

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Compatible hybrid 3D printing of metal and nonmetal inks for direct manufacture of end functional devices

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2014年第11期57卷 2089-2095页

作者： WANG Lei LIU Jing beijing key laboratory of cryobiomedical engineering and key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University

The currently available 3D printing still cannot simultaneously deal with the metal and nonmetal inks together due to their huge difference in the melting points and poor compatible printability between each other. Here through introducing the low melting point alloy Bi35In48.6Sn16Zno.4 and silicone rubber as functional inks, we proposed a compatible hybrid 3D printing method for manufacturing the desired device, the supporting substrate and the allied package structure together. The principle of pneumatic-typed 3D printing of multiple inks was described and typical physical properties of the ink Bi35In48.6Sn16Zno.4 were measured. Several key factors dominating the printing quality such as the temperature of the printing head, the air pressure exerted upon the liquid metal ink in the syringe, the moving velocity and the height of the printing head etc. were clarified. A general way of directly printing out 3D structured electronic devices consisting of both metal and nonmetal materials was demonstrated. Such hybrid objects were patterned and formed up layer by layer with Bi35In48.6Sn16Zno.4 alloy and silicone rub- ber which would become solidified after standing for a period of time under room temperature. To illustrate the compatible printability of these printing inks, a three-layer tricolor LED stereo circuit with controlled lighting capability was further man- ufactured and evaluated. The present study opens an important hybrid 3D printing way for directly manufacturing functional and structural end devices in an easy and low cost way.

关键词： liquid metal ink hybrid 3D printing compatible manufacture electronic device stereo circuit

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A highly conductive and stretchable wearable liquid metal electronic skin for long-term conformable health monitoring

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2018年第7期61卷 1031-1037页

作者： GUO Rui WANG XueLin YU WenZhuo TANG JianBo LIU Jing Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University beijing key lab of Cryo Biomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences

Conventional rigid electronics are usually unconformable with soft skins and tend to fail in accurate physiological monitoring and precise treatment. Electronic skins(e-Skins) made by conductive and stretchable materials offer mechanical compliance for fabricating flexible and conformable wearables. Compared to common organic or inorganic conductive materials, gallium-based liquid metals alone own superior conductivity and compliance. Here, we demonstrate a highly conductive and stretchable electronic skin with liquid metal circuits(LMCs) embedded in silicone rubber film, which are functionalized for physiological signals monitoring. Through the designs of serpentine structure, LMCs maintained good electrical conductivity and functionality under over 100% strain. Also, a wearable electrocardiogram(ECG) recording device was fabricated and tested. The device was able to acquire steady signals during real-time measurement of physical activities. The proposed liquid metal e-Skin can be further extended to conformable bio-integrated healthcare devices and intelligent health monitoring networks.

关键词： EGaln liquid metal circuit flexible electronics wearable e-Skin health monitoring

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Liquid phase 3D printing for quickly manufacturing conductive metal objects with low melting point alloy ink

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2014年第9期57卷 1721-1728页

作者： WANG Lei LIU Jing beijing key laboratory of cryobiomedical engineering and key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University

Conventional 3D metal printings are generally time-consuming as well as lacking of high performance printable *** an alternative way,here we proposed the method of liquid phase 3D printing for quickly making conductive metal *** introducing metal alloys whose melting point is slightly above room temperature as printing inks,several representative structures spanning from one,two and three dimension to more complex patterns were demonstrated to be quickly *** with the air-cooling in a conventional 3D printing,the liquid-phase-manufacturing offers a much higher cooling rate and thus significantly improves the speed in fabricating the target metal *** unique strategy also efficiently prevents the liquid metal inks from air oxidation,which is hard to avoid otherwise in an ordinary 3D *** key physical factors(such as properties of the cooling fluid,air pressure within the syringe barrel and needle diameter,types and properties of the printing ink)and several interesting intermediate fluids interaction phenomena between liquid metal and conventional cooling fluids such as water or ethanol,which evidently affecting the printing quality,were *** addition,a basic route to make future liquid phase 3D printer incorporated with both syringe pump and needle arrays was also *** liquid phase 3D printing,which owns potential values not available in a conventional method,opens an efficient way for quickly making conductive metal objects in the coming time.

关键词： liquid phase 3D printing liquid metal printer rapid prototyping low melting point metal liquid cooling oxidation

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