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Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines,challenges and perspectives

National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 264-284页

作者： Hanchi Xu Jincheng Lu Yikuang Xi Xuelin Wang Jing Liu Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Tsinghua University Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical engineering School of Engineering MedicineBeihang University beijing key lab of Cryo-Biomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences

Until now, significant healthcare challenges and growing urgent clinical requirements remain incompletely addressed by presently available biomedical materials. This is due to their inadequate mechanical compatibility, suboptimal physical and chemical properties, susceptibility to immune rejection, and concerns about long-term biological safety. As an alternative, liquid metal(LM) opens up a promising class of biomaterials with unique advantages like biocompatibility, flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity,and ease of functionalization. However, despite the unique advantages and successful explorations of LM in biomedical fields, widespread clinical translations and applications of LM-based medical products remain limited. This article summarizes the current status and future prospects of LM biomaterials, interprets their applications in healthcare, medical imaging, bone repair, nerve interface, and tumor therapy, etc.Opportunities to translate LM materials into medicine and obstacles encountered in practices are discussed.Following that, we outline a blueprint for LM clinics, emphasizing their potential in making new-generation artificial organs. Last, the core challenges of LM biomaterials in clinical translation, including bio-safety,material stability, and ethical concerns are also discussed. Overall, the current progress, translational medicine bottlenecks, and perspectives of LM biomaterials signify their immense potential to drive future medical breakthroughs and thus open up novel avenues for upcoming clinical practices.

关键词： liquid metal biomaterials translational medicine clinical device healthcare therapeutics

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Liquid Metal Fibers

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2022年第5期4卷 987-1004页

作者： Hongzhang Wang Ruofan Li Yingjie Cao Sen Chen Bo Yuan Xiyu Zhu Jiashu Cheng Minghui Duan Jing Liu Department of Biomedical engineering School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

Liquid metal(LM)is a type of metal or alloy that has a low melting point near room temperature and exhibits the properties of both liquids and metals.Such unconventional materials have been gaining increasing attention within the scientific and industrial communities.Recently,fiber-shaped LM and its composites have especially attracted diverse interest owing to their unique merits,such as excellent conductivity,intrinsic stretchability,facile phase transition,and the ability to be woven or knitted into smart fabrics.This review is dedicated to summarizing different aspects of LM-based fibers,such as their material components,fabrication and design strategies,and remarkable applications by way of their representative properties.Typical fabrication approaches,such as 3D printing of pure LM wire,coating the LM shell on the surface of the fiber,injecting a LM core into hollow fibers,and spinning of LM and polymer hybrids have been comparatively illustrated.Moreover,emerging applications that primarily utilize LM fibers have been demonstrated.Finally,future directions and opportunities in the field are discussed.This categorization of LM fibers is expected to facilitate further investigation and practice in the coming society.

关键词： Liquid metal Stretchable and conductive fibers Smart fabrics Wearable electronics Health monitoring

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Flexible liquid metal electromagnetic shielding materials

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2023年第10期66卷 2757-2774页

作者： BAI YunLong ZHANG Jie ZHANG MingKuan RAO Wei key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of engineering Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100039China School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Tianjin key laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control School of Mechanical EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300384China National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical engineering Education Tianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300384China

The demand for flexible shielding has been rapidly growing in recent years.Shielding materials using solid metals,carbon materials,or MXenes as shielding units usually have difficulty in combining high shielding and flexibility(stretching and bending characteristics),and thus they gradually fail to meet the shielding needs of flexible electronics.Therefore,shielding materials with both flexibility and high conductivity are urgent to fill this gap.Gallium-based room temperature liquid metal(LM)is an emerging functional material with a low melting point,low viscosity,low modulus,and easy modification.However,due to wettability and compatibility issues,it is difficult to apply bulk LMs directly in the field of electromagnetic shielding(EMS).The article reviews the fabrication methods,performance,and applications of LMs EMS materials from three perspectives:Macroscopic LMs,micro/nano-LMs,and LM-based composites.The gallium-based liquid EMS materials demonstrate the characteristics of high shielding performance with stretchability and a wide shielding band.In this review,different types of gallium-based LM materials are described from macroscopic to microscopic,from liquid to semi-solid,from high density to low density,from room temperature to ultra-low temperature,and from monolayer structure to multilayer structure.The prospect of LM materials as amorphous high-performance EMS materials is demonstrated in various applications,such as mobile communication,astronomical observation,radar,and medical detection,showing tremendous potential in the EMS field.

关键词： liquid metal electromagnetic shielding flexibility

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Surface tension of liquid metal： role, mechanism and application

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第4期11卷 535-567页

作者： Xi ZHAO Shuo XU Jing LIU beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal （RTLM） mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measure- ment methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fimdamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven self- actuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.

关键词： surface tension liquid metal soft machine,printed electronics electrowetting self-actuation

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Flow and thermal modeling of liquid metal in expanded microchannel heat sink

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Frontiers in Energy 2023年第6期17卷 796-810页

作者： Mingkuan ZHANG Xudong ZHANG Luna GUO Xuan LI Wei RAO Tianjin key laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control School of Mechanical EngineeringTianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300384China National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical engineering Education Tianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300384China key laboratory for Thermal Science and Power engineering of the Ministry of Education Department of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Mechanical engineering Tianjin University of CommerceTianjin 300134China Institute of Refrigeration and cryogenics Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China beijing key laboratory of cryobiomedical engineering and key laboratory of cryogenics Beijing 100190China

Liquid metal-based microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) suffer from the low heat capacity of coolant, resulting in an excessive temperature rise of coolant and heat sink when dealing with high-power heat dissipation. In this paper, it was found that expanded space at the top of fins could distribute the heat inside microchannels, reducing the temperature rise of coolant and heat sink. The orthogonal experiments revealed that expanding the top space of channels yielded similar temperature reductions to changing the channel width. The flow and thermal modeling of expanded microchannel heat sink (E-MCHS) were analyzed by both using the 3-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation and the 1-dimensional (1D) thermal resistance model. The fin efficiency of E-MCHS was derived to improve the accuracy of the 1D thermal resistance model. The heat conduction of liquid metal in Z direction and the heat convection between the top surface of fins and the liquid metal could reduce the total thermal resistance (Rt). The above process was effective for microchannels with low channel aspect ratio, low mean velocity (Um) or long heat sink length. The maximum thermal resistance reduction in the example of this paper reached 36.0%. The expanded space endowed the heat sink with lower pressure, which might further reduce the pumping power (P). This rule was feasible both when fins were truncated (h_(2) 0).

关键词： liquid metal cooling heat sink expanded microchannel flow and thermal modeling

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Liquid metal corrosion sculpture to fabricate quickly complex patterns on aluminum

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2017年第1期60卷 65-70页

作者： LU JinRong YI LiTing WANG Lei TAN SiCong GUI Han LIU Jing beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

A liquid metal enabled corrosion sculpture technique for quickly fabricating complex patterns on aluminum substrate is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.According to the conceptual investigation,it is clarified that the width and the depth of a printed track are dominated by sculpture time and working temperature.The printed size can reach small values of 3 8 μm through controlling the sculpture time for 60 s.As the sculpture time was increased from 5 to 25 min at 20℃,the depth of the fabricated pattern was improved from 13.3 to 25.6 μm.The sculptured depth of the pattern would increase from 13.3 to 106.9 μm when the sculpture time was fixed at 5 min and the temperature was raised from 20 to 60℃.To investigate the sculpture behavior in detail,the phases and microstructure of sculpture surface were quantitatively measured via a group of microscope imaging system with fundamental mechanisms interpreted.The present liquid metal sculpture method on aluminum substrate adds a new valuable soft tool for current metal engraving technology family.

关键词：液态金属腐蚀复杂图案铝基体雕塑制作雕刻技术工作温度快速制造

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Water film coated composite liquid metal marble and its fluidic impact dynamics phenomenon

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Frontiers in Energy 2016年第1期10卷 29-36页

作者： Yujie DING Jing LIU key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedicalengineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry ChineseAcademy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedicalengineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry ChineseAcademy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China

A composite liquid metal marble made of metal droplet coated with water film was proposed and its impact dynamics phenomenon was disclosed. After encapsulating the liquid metal into water droplets, the fabricated liquid marble successfully avoided being oxygenized by the metal fluid and thus significantly improved its many physical capabilities such as surface tension modification and shape control. The striking behaviors of the composite liquid metal marbles on a substrate at room temperature were experimentally inves- tigated in a high speed imaging way. It was disclosed that such marbles could disintegrate, merge, and even rebound when impacting the substrate, unlike the existing dynamic fluidic behaviors of liquid marble or metal droplet. The mechanisms lying behind these features were preliminarily interpreted. This fundamental finding raised profound multiphase fluid mechanics for understanding the complex liquid composite which was also critical for a variety of practical applications such as liquid metal jet cooling, inkjet printed electronics, 3D printing or metal particle fabrication etc.

关键词： liquid metal marble metallic droplet composite fluid impact dynamics multiphase fluid mechanics

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Nanocellulose-based reusable liquid metal printed electronics fabricated by evaporation-induced transfer printing

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第2期61卷 132-137页

作者： Yiru Mao Yixiang Wu Pengju Zhang Yang Yu Zhizhu He Qian Wang beijing key laboratory of Optimized Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment Department of Vehicle EngineeringCollege of EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100183China Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryBeijing 100190China beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering and key lab of cryogenics Beijing 100190China beijing DREAM INK Technologies Co. Ltd..Beijing 100084China

Reusable electronics have received widespread attention and are urgently needed. Here, nanocellulosebased liquid metal(NC-LM) printed circuit has been fabricated by the evaporation-induced transfer printing technology. In this way, the liquid metal pattern is embedded into the nanocellulose membrane, which is beneficial for the stability of the circuit during use. Besides, the NC-LM circuit is ultrathin with just tens of microns. In particular, the finished product is environmentally friendly because it can be completely dissolved by water, and both the liquid metal ink and the nanocellulose membrane can be easily recollected and reused, thereby reducing waste and pollution to the environment. Several examples of flexible circuits have been designed to evaluate their performance. The mechanism of evaporation-induced transfer printing technology involves the deposition, aggregation, and coverage tightly of the nanosized cellulose fibrils as the water evaporated. This study provides an economical and environmentally friendly way for the fabrication of renewable flexible electronics.

关键词： Reuse Liquid metal Transfer printing Nanocellulose Flexible electronics

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Experimental investigation of liquid metal alloy based mini-channel heat exchanger for high power electronic devices

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Frontiers in Energy 2013年第4期7卷 479-486页

作者： Manli LUO Jing LIU key lab of cryogenics and beijing key lab of cryobiomedical engineering Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Department of Biomedical engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

There is currently a growing demand for developing efficient techniques for cooling integrated electronic devices with ever increasing heat generation power. To better tackle the high-density heat dissipation difficulty within the limited space, this paper is dedicated to clarify the heat transfer behaviors of the liquid metal flowing in mini-channel exchangers with different geometric configurations. A series of comparative experiments using liquid metal alloy Ga68%In20%Sn12% as coolant were conducted under prescribed mass flow rates in three kinds of heat exchangers with varied geometric sizes. Meanwhile, numerical simulations for the heat exchangers under the same working conditions were also performed which well interpreted the experimental measurements. The simulated heat sources were all cooled down by these three heat dissipation apparatuses and the exchanger with the smallest channel width was found to have the largest mean heat transfer coefficient at all conditions due to its much larger heat transfer area. Further, the present work has also developed a correlation equation for characterizing the Nusselt number depending on Peclet number, which is applicable to the low Peclet number case with constant heat flux in the hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing region in the rectangular channel. This study is expected to provide valuable reference for designing future liquid metal based mini-channel heat exchanger.

关键词： heat exchanger liquid metal mini-channel,heat dissipation heat transfer coefficient

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Colorful liquid metal printed electronics

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2018年第1期61卷 110-116页

作者： LIANG ShuTing LIU Jing Department of Biomedical engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University beijing key laboratory of cryobiomedical engineering and key laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences

Liquid metal based printed electronics was a newly emerging frontier in recent years. However, restricted by the single silver-white appearance of the liquid metal(LM), the colors of currently available printed electronics were rather limited. Here,a new conceptual LM based colorful printed electronics was proposed where electrical wires and circuits with numerous colors can be made via a straightforward, efficient and accurate printing procedure. Firstly, the LM was printed on the substrate to construct a conductive wire. Then it was frozen to a solid. Subsequently, colorful pigments were coated on the originally printed liquid metal conductive wires, which finally were packaged with PDMS. Such multicolored conductive wire exhibits excellent conductivity, and good temperature resistance(do not fade at high temperature). Further, the adhesion mechanism of the mineral pigments on the liquid metal layer was disclosed. And the pigment layer was discovered to well protect the LM from the outside environments, and enhance the durability of the LM conductive wire at the same time. These multicolored liquid metal wires take an aesthetic appearance, excellent printability, flexibility, large conductivity and stable performance, which would significantly enhance the sense of beauty and experience when compared to the conventional printed electronics.

关键词： liquid metal printed electronics multicolor functional device

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