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Market Structure and Information in Payment Card Markets

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2011年第3期8卷 364-370页

作者： Biliana Alexandrova-Kabadjova Edward Tsang Andreas Krause General Directorate of Payment Systems and Risk Banco de Mexico C.P. 06059 Mexico Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents University of EssexColchester CO4 3SQ UK School of Management University of BathBath BA2 7AY UK

This paper investigates the structure of the payment card market, with consumers and merchants basing their subscription decisions on different information sets. We find that the market structure depends crucially on the information set on which consumers and merchants base their subscription decisions. In the studied case, we observe that a market with few cards dominating only emerges when decisions are based on very limited information. Under the same conditions using a complete information set, all cards survive in the long run. The use of an agent-based model, focusing on the interactions between merchants and consumers, as a basis for subscription decisions allows us to investigate the dynamics of the market and the effect of the indirect network externalities rather than investigating only equilibrium outcomes.

关键词： Two-sided markets network externalities agent-based modelling competition payment cards.

A Tale of Two Markets for the Redback

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A Tale of Two Markets for the Redback

Assessment of Fertilising Properties of a Solid Digestate in Comparison with Undigested Cattle Slurry Applied to an Acidic Soil

作者： XIA LE DONG JINYUE IMI Research department Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria

Chinese financial turmoil has thrown the RMB exchange rate under the spotlight. In particular, the gap between the RMB exchange rates in its onshore(CNY) and offshore(CNH) markets reached the historical high. Thishas motivated us to introduce this uniquephenomenon of "one currency, two markets" of the RMB, and investigate the relationship between these two exchange *** development of RMB offshore markets took off after China embarked on its ambitious plan to increase the usage of the currency in cross-border trade settlements. A "CNH" market is taking shape as the volume of offshore RMB experienced a period of fast growth and became increasingly active since its *** segmentation between the CNY and CNH markets unavoidably led to a price differential, which cannot be fully eliminated as the currency's capital account inconvertibility limits the arbitrage behaviours across the borders. But for a while, two exchange rates tended to converge as China's on-going financial liberalization campaign has made the capital account increasingly porous. · The gap widened significantly again after the PBoC's RMB exchange rate reform on August 11 2015. The pricing power of the RMB shifted to the offshore market as our Granger Causality test shows that CNH's price-guide impact on CNY becomes stronger after the August 11 RMB reform;while CNY's price-guide effect on the CNH offshore market turns *** authorities have prioritized the goal of stabilizing people's expectation for the RMB exchange rate and stemming capital outflows. They cut off thelinkages between the two markets to impede the transmission of depreciation pressure across the border, which could lead to the stagnation of the offshore *** dramatic change of the CNH market largely mirrors the conflict between the exchange rate reform and RMB internationalization under strong depreciation expectation and escalating global uncertainty. In our opinion, the right sequencing should be the exch

关键词： Granger CNY A Tale of Two Markets for the Redback

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2020年第8期10卷 307-325页

作者： Carmo Horta João Paulo Carneiro Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Banco CERNAS/IPCB Castelo Branco Portugal

The use of digestates or cattle slurries as fertilisers could contribute to the recycling of nutrients and organic matter, thus meeting the goals of the circular economy in agriculture. This work aims at evaluating the fertilising properties of a solid digestate (DG) in comparison with undigested cattle slurry (CS) and mineral fertilisation (MF). The experiment was performed in pots with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) grown in an acidic soil during a 163 days crop cycle. The results showed that throughout the crop cycle neither DG nor CS increased soil organic matter. DG significantly increased (P decreasing in the second and third cuts as a consequence of a decrease in N availability. Nevertheless, the fertilisation with DG or CS could replace the half amount of mineral N fertilisation, without a significant decrease in the ryegrass forage production. In addition, DG enables greater efficiency in the use of P than CS or MF.

关键词： Agronomic Efficiency Biogas Nitrogen Use Efficiency Phosphorus Use Efficiency Sustainable Agriculture

Immobility Responses Affected by Potassium in Old Rats

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2020年第9期11卷 235-250页

作者： Linda Garces-Ramirez Oscar OMorales-Dionisio Gonzalo Flores JoseLuna-Munoz Fidel de la Cruz departamento de Fisiologia“Mauricio Russek Berman” Escuela Nacional de Ciencias BiologicasInstituto Politecnico NacionalCiudad de MexicoMexico Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatria Instituto de FisiologiaBenemerita Universidad Autonoma de PueblaPueblaMexico National dementia BioBank Ciencias BiologicasFacultad de Estudios SuperioresCuautitlanUNAMEstado de MexicoMexico banco Nacional de Cerebros-UNPHU Universidad Nacional Pedro Hernriquez UrenaSanto DomingoRepublica Dominicana

Four immobility responses (IR): elicited by clamping, bandaging, grasping and inversion, and their modification by potassium and spironolactone was studied in old Wistar rats (body weight, 500 g). When undrugged, only clamping and grasping, but not bandaging and inversion induced an IR in rats. Potassium and spironolactone significantly enhanced the duration of IR induced by clamping but not by grasping. They also induced an immobility response by bandaging, but not by inversion. The data suggest that IR induced by clamping and bandaging are somehow related to changes in the potassium serum levels. Consequently, such a relationship may be a suitable model to study some forms of paralysis in human beings which are related to changes in the potassium serum levels.

关键词： Immobility Responses (IR) Potassium Spironolactone Hyperkalemia Familial Periodic Paralysis

Linking Climatic Variability with Spatial Performance in Two Varieties of Quinoa Distributed in a Semi-Arid Zone

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第12期3卷 1682-1687页

作者： Sonia Montecinos Pablo Salinas Rómulo Oses Leticia González-Silvestre Marco A. Molina-Montenegro banco Base de Semillas-Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Centro Regional Intihuasi La Serena Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas áridas (CEAZA) Colina El Pino s/n La Serena Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas áridas (CEAZA) Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile

Different crop varieties can respond in different ways to the climatic variations at local scale. Thus, in order to maximize the yield for a determined crop, the response of different varieties submitted to local climatic conditions should be assessed. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological responses of two varieties of Quinoa (PRP and BO78) submitted to different conditions of thermal amplitude. We performed two experiments in both greenhouse and in 3 sites on experimental-field where were evaluated survival, photochemical efficiency, plant growth and dry biomass in both varieties and compared them with the mean of the thermal conditions recorded during the last 16 years in the Coquimbo Region, Chile. Overall, individuals of BO78 showed higher performance in the sites with lower thermal amplitude than those of PRP. By contrast, in sites with higher thermal amplitude individuals of PRP showed better survival, physiological performance and biomass and therefore higher performance. Our results suggest that while BO78 showed an ecotypic strategy, the PRP showed a plastic strategy to maintain higher performance in sites with moderate and high climatic variability. We consider that under an increase in desertification, semi-arid areas would be available for stress tolerant crops like Quinoa, but the success for the food security in these regions may depend upon the variety used.

关键词： Quinoa Thermal Amplitude Plasticity Ecophysiology Crop Yield

Pricing American Options Using Transition Probabilities: A Dynamical Systems Approach

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Open Journal of Statistics 2015年第6期5卷 525-542页

作者： Rocio Elizondo Pablo Padilla Mogens Bladt Directorate of Economic Studies DGIE Banco de México Mexico City Mexico department of Mathematics and Mechanics IIMAS UNAM Mexico City Mexico department of Probability and Statistics IIMAS UNAM Mexico City Mexico

We give a new way to price American options by using Samuelson’s formula. We first obtain the option price corresponding to a European option at time t, weighing it by the probability that the underlying asset takes the value S at time t. We then use Samuelson’s formula with this factor which is given by the solution of the Fokker-Planck (Kolmogorov) equation for the transition probability density. The main advantage of this approach is that we can systematically introduce the effect of macroeconomic factors. If a macroeconomic framework is given by a dynamical system in the form of a set of ordinary differential equations we only have to solve a partial differential equation for the transition probability density. In this context, we verify, for the sake of consistency, that this formula coincides with the Black-Scholes model and compare several numerical implementations.

关键词： American Options Fokker-Planck Black-Scholes Samuelson Probability density Function

NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS CONTROLLING GULLY EROSION IN THEBASALTIC UPLAND OF SOUTHERN BRAZIL

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2005年第3期20卷 57-69页

作者： Ana C. VIERO,Nilza M. dos Reis CASTRO ,Joel A. GOLdeNFUM ,Alfonso RISSO CPRM-Geological Survey of Brazil Rua banco da Provincia 105 Porto Alegre RS 840-030 Brazil

This paper describes an analysis of natural and anthropogenic factors controlling the evolution of gullies in a rural basin in the basaltic upland in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. In this region of deep ferrallitic soils with more than 60% clay, runoff and erosion are of increasing concern. In the Tabo?o drainage basin (100 km2), gully erosion was studied in a field survey that measured rills and gullies. Eighty-four gullies were identified. They had an average length of 136 m, were 10 m wide, and 3 m deep and had a volume of 15.458 m3. Each gully was characterised in terms of factors that included slope, geological structure, presence of piping, drainage, soil use, and the presence of surface and subsurface flow. On average, the main channels had knickpoints varying from 2 m to 7 m, and their evolution in the vertical plane increased until bed-rock basalt material was reached, after which gullies increase in width and length. Gully development was also monitored from 1991 to 2003. Subsurface flow appears to be the principal agent controlling their development. Results show that both natural (slope, surface curvature, geological structure and rainfall) and anthropogenic (soil use, road construction) factors are important in gully development. The change in cultural practices throughout the drainage basin from conventional to direct seeding has led to increased subsurface flow, which was more important than surface runoff in causing erosion. However, the higher rainfall during El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and the consequently higher subsurface flow were the dominant factors. From 1991 to 2003 a total land loss of 1,013 m3 was observed in one gully, with 236 m3 lost during the 1992 ENSO and 702 m3 during the 1997 ENSO; 95% of the total volume lost occurred during ENSO periods.

关键词： Gully Geological structure Subsurface flow No-tillage ENSO

Effect of the micro-environment on α-synuclein conversion and implication in seeded conversion assays

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2020年第1期9卷 39-54页

作者： Niccolo Candelise Matthias Schmitz Katrin Thüne Maria Cramm Alberto Rabano Saima Zafar Erik Stoops Hugo Vanderstichele Anna Villar-Pique Franc Llorens Inga Zerr department of Neurology University Medicine Goettingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases(DZNE)Robert-Koch-Stra?e 4037075 G?ttingenGermany Biomedical Engineering and Sciences department School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering(SMME)National University of Sciences and Technology(NUST)IslamabadPakistan department of Experimental Diagnostic and Speciality MedicineUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly departamento de Neuropatología y banco de Tejidos(BT-CIEN) Fundación CIENInstituto de Salud Carlos III Centro Alzheimer Fundación Reina SofíacValderrebollo n°528031 MadridSpain ADx NeuroSciences Technologiepark 4GhentBelgium CIBERNED(Network center for biomedical research of neurodegenerative diseases) Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute(IDIBELL) Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain

Background: α-Synuclein is a small soluble protein,whose physiological function in the healthy brain is poorly *** inclusions of α-synuclein,referred to as Lewy bodies(LBs),are pathological hallmarks ofαsynucleinopathies,such as Parkinson’s disease(PD)or dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB).Main body:Understanding of the molecular basis as well as the factors or conditions promoting α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation is an important step towards the comprehension of pathological mechanism ofαsynucleinopathies and for the development of efficient therapeutic *** on the conversion and aggregation mechanism of α-synuclein,novel diagnostic tests,such as protein misfolding seeded conversion assays,*** real-time quaking-induced conversion(RT-QuIC),had been *** diagnostics, α-synuclein RT-QuIC exhibits a specificity between 82 and 100%while the sensitivity varies between 70 and 100%among different *** addition,the α-synuclein RT-QuIC can be used to study the α-synuclein-seeding-characteristics of different α-synucleinopathies and to differentiate between DLB and ***:The variable diagnostic accuracy of current α-synuclein RT-QuIC occurs due to different protocols,cohorts and material etc..An impact of micro-environmental factors on the α-synuclein aggregation and conversion process and the occurrence and detection of differential misfolded α-synuclein types or strains might underpin the clinical heterogeneity of α-synucleinopathies.

关键词： RT-QuIC α-Synucleinopathies Protein misfolding Protein strains

Clinical,radiological and molecular diagnosis correlation in serum samples from patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2014年第7期4卷 581-585页

作者： Guadalupe Garcia-Elorriaga Olga Martinez-Elizondo Guillermo del Rey-Pineda Cesar Gonzalez-Bonilla Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Inmunologia e Infectologia Hospital de InfectologiaCentro Medico Nacional La Raza(CMNR).Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social(IMSS)Mexico City.Mexico(Medical Research Unit in Immunology and Infectious DiseaseHospital for Infectious Disease"La Raza"National Medical Center(CMNR).Mexican Social Security Institute(IMSS)Mexico CityMexico) Hospital de Ortopedia "Dr.Victorio de la Fuente Narvaez" Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social(IMSS)Mexico CityMexico(Orthopedics Hospital " Dr.Victorio de la Fuente Narvaez"Mexican Social Security Institute(IMSS)Mexico CityMexico) banco Central de Sangre CMNRIMSSand Departamento de InfectologiaHospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez.Secretaria de Salud(SSA)Mexico CityMexico(Central Blood BankCMNR.IMSS and Department of Infectious Disease "Federico Comez" Children's Hospital.Health Ministry (SSA)Mexico CityMexico)

Objective:To assess the role of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in serum sauples,in the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis(OTB)in a setting where only clinical and imaging diagnoses determine the ***:A total of 44 consecutive serum specimens were collected from clinically suspected OTB patients,based on clinical and radiological[X-ray or magnetic resonance imagng/computecl tomography]*** were scrcened by in-house nested *** addition,a few specimens were examined by Gram stain,acid-fast bacilli stain,histand routine bacterial culture.A total of 39 specimens were collected from patients suffering from other bone diseases of nontuberculous origin and included as negative ***:of the 44 clinically suspected OTB patients,in-house nested PCR was positive in 40(91%)cases;PCR was negative in 38(97%)negative *** and specificity of our in—house nested PCR was 90.3%and 97.4%,*** PCR report was available within 48 *** was possible to standardize serum PCR technique and in positive cases,a good n was observed in terms of an adequate treatment ***:Nested PCR in serum samples is a rapid,highly sensitive and specific modality for OTB detection,PCR should be performed in addition to clinical evaluation,imaging studies,acidfast bacilli staining,culture and histopathology diagnosis,if possible.

关键词： Osteoarticular tuberculosis Molecular diagnosis Nested polymerase chain reaction Sensitivity Specificity