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Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 2006年第1期15卷 1-10页

作者： John P. Collins Joep J. H. M. Font Freide Barry Nay bp exploration america inc. bp exploration Operating Company

Conversion of Fischer-Tropsch wax into high quality synthetic crude or finished transportation fuels such as premium diesel has been studied over the past 15 years within bp. Catalyst screening and selection was carried out in dedicated micro-reactors and pilot plants, whose designs are critical to the performance selection. Variation in catalyst composition and defining the gas to oil feed ratios with the operating temperature are a few of the parameters studied. Product selection and maximizing diesel yield combined with stability （catalyst life） were the ultimate drivers. The selected catalyst was then tested under commercial conditions in a dedicated 300 barrel per day demonstration plant. The products were also tested in engines to assess their combustion characteristics.

关键词： Fischer-Tropsch wax upgrading hydrocracking synthetic crude diesel naphtha engine emission

Relationship between rock macro-and micro-properties and wellbore breakout type

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Underground Space 2021年第1期6卷 62-75页

作者： Hossein Rahmati Alireza Nouri Dave Chan Hans Vaziri University of Alberta AlbertaCanada bp america inc. HoustonUSA

This study numerically investigates the effect of material micro-and macro-parameters on the failure mechanisms and geometry of a wellbore *** analysis of the borehole breakout is essential in addressing wellbore stability,well completion,and sand production *** three-dimensional discrete element method(DEM)was used in the *** numerical tool was used in numerical model simulations of drilling through sandstone in cubic samples at the laboratory scale subjected to pre-existing far-field ***,a series of triaxial testing simulations were performed to relate the micromechanical parameters to the macromechanical material *** results showed that the geometry of the breakout is affected,among the material micro-parameters,by the particle contact modulus,bond normal and shear strengths,particle crushing strength,and particle size ***,it was found that the macro-parameters inc.uding Young’s modulus,friction and dilation angles,and uniaxial compression strength(UCS)also affect the type of breakout.

关键词： Borehole breakout Numerical simulation Material properties

High-frequency and low-amplitude relative sea-level changes in the Turonian Ferron Notom Delta, Henry Mountains region Utah, USA: implications for sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon exploration

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Petroleum Science 2014年第1期11卷 14-27页

作者： Li Weiguo Zhu Yijie bp america inc. 501 Westlake Park Chevron Energy Technology Company

The Turonian Notom Delta is one of the Ferron fluvial-deltaic wedges deposited in the foreland basins of the Cretaceous Seaway of North *** wedge is exposed three dimensionally in the Henry Mountains region Utah,***-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis along a 35 km dip-oriented outcrop belt shows that the wedge consists of six depositional *** and Inoceramid biostratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar age dating of various bentonites show that the wedge was deposited from 91.25 Ma to 90.63 Ma,an interval of merely 0.62 *** each sequence is formed over a similar time span,each sequence,thus,represents about 105 yr,suggesting high-frequency depositional *** of relative sea-level changes,built on shoreline trajectory,is 2-61 m,with an average of only 20 *** inc.sion during high-frequency and low-amplitude relative sealevel fall is mainly around the highstand *** diminishes rapidly up dip and down dip,and the resultant inc.sed valleys are narrow and *** sea-level fluctuations also result in small,stratigraphically complex shoreline sandstones that need special attention during hydrocarbon exploration.

关键词： Ferron Notom Delta time stratigraphy shoreline trajectory age dating Cretaceous Seaway of North america

Iterative coupling reservoir simulation on high performance computers

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Petroleum Science 2009年第1期6卷 43-50页

作者： Lu Bo Wheeler Mary F. bp america inc. Houston TX 77079 US Department of Petroleum ＆ Geosystems Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA

In this paper, the iterative coupling approach is proposed for applications to solving multiphase flow equation systems in reservoir simulation, as it provides a more flexible time-stepping strategy than existing approaches. The iterative method decouples the whole equation systems into pressure and saturation/concentration equations, and then solves them in sequence, implicitly and semi-implicitly. At each time step, a series of iterations are computed, which involve solving linearized equations using specific tolerances that are iteration dependent. Following convergence of subproblems, material balance is checked. Convergence of time steps is based on material balance errors. Key components of the iterative method inc.ude phase scaling for deriving a pressure equation and use of several advanced numerical techniques. The iterative model is implemented for parallel computing platforms and shows high parallel efficiency and scalability.

关键词： Iterative coupling reservoir simulation multiphase flow phase scaling parallel scalability

Heat advection and forced convection in a lattice code–Implementation and geothermal applications

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2022年第1期1卷 75-89页

作者： Christine Detournay Branko Damjanac Maurilio Torres Peter Cundall Laryssa Ligocki Ivan Gil Itasca Consulting Group Inc.MinneapolisMNUSA bp america HoustonUSA

A three-dimensional thermo-hydro-mechanical numerical model has recently been enhanced with thermal capabilities to study the response of geothermal reservoirs to stimulation and *** this paper,we present an effort to consider three relevant thermal mechanisms in an existing lattice code initially designed for hydraulic fracturing:a)thermal advection in the fluid;b)heat transfer by forced convection from the rock to the fluid;and c)accurate thermal conduction in the rock matrix considering the thermal boundary layer effect.A numerical implementation of the new coupled advection-forced convection logic as well as the coupling with the existing conduction logic in the commercial code XSite is *** numerical solution is compared to analytical solutions for simple simulation *** new simulation capability is applied in a large-scale geothermal example to illustrate its performance.

关键词： Heat transfer Geothermal application Numerical simulation Lattice code

Delta asymmetry:Concepts,characteristics,and depositional models

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Petroleum Science 2011年第3期8卷 278-289页

作者： Li Weiguo Janok P. Bhattacharya Wang Yingmin bp america inc. Houston Texas77079 USA Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston Houston Texas 77204-5007 USA College of geosciences China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Delta asymmetry forms in wave-influenced settings where there is strong net longshore drift. Asymmetric deltas typically have two sediment sources and are characterized by morphology and facies asymmetry between the downdrift and the updrift sides. The downdrift, sourced primarily by the feeding river, are commonly influenced by mixed river and wave processes. Deposits on this side are muddy and consist of barrier, bar, lagoon, bay-fill, and bayhead delta facies with variable bioturbation intensity. At or near the river mouth, heterolithic river-dominated successions are more typical. Deposits are overall unburrowed （BI 0-2）, but with high burrowing spikes. Ichnogenera are characterized by horizontal, morphologically simple, and facies-crossing structures. The updrift, in contrast, is sourced by a second sediment source and typically consists of laterally continuous sandy beach and shoreface facies. Bioturbation is overall high （BI 3-6） and ichnogenera are healthy and robust, attributable to the Cruziana and Skolithos lchnofacies. Depending on shoreline trajectory and depositional history, facies characteristics of asymmetric deltas preserved in the ancient record, however, can be different from those predicted by the models. Degree of asymmetry is indicated by the asymmetry index （A）, defined as the ratio between the rate of longshore transport at the river mouth and river water discharge. The indexes in symmetric waveinfluenced deltas is less than 200, whereas those in asymmetric and deflected deltas are larger than 200. Overall the larger the index, the higher the degree of asymmetry. Delta asymmetry concepts and models challenge the traditional definition of deltas and the delta classification scheme, in a hydrocarbon exploration perspective, asymmetric deltas bear very different types of sands and, thus, reservoirs between the updrift and the downdrift. The updrift consists of wellsorted, mature, and laterally continuous homogeneous beach-shoreface reservoirs

关键词： Delta asymmetry asymmetry index longshore drift wave-influenced deltas ichnology

Numerical estimation of choice of the regularization parameter for NMR T2 inversion

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Petroleum Science 2016年第2期13卷 237-246页

作者： You-Long Zou Ran-Hong Xie Alon Arad State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249China Shell International exploration and Production inc. Houston 77079 TX USA

Nuclear Magnetic inversion is the basis of NMR Resonance （NMR） T2 logging interpretation. The regularization parameter selection of the penalty term directly influences the NMR T2 inversion result. We implemented both norm smoothing and curvature smoothing methods for NMR T2 inversion, and compared the inversion results with respect to the optimal regular- ization parameters （（Xopt） which were selected by the dis- crepancy princ.ple （DP）, generalized cross-validation （GCV）, S-curve, L-curve, and the slope of L-curve methods, respectively. The numerical results indicate that the DP method can lead to an oscillating or oversmoothed solution which is caused by an inaccurately estimated noise level. The （Xopt selected by the L-curve method is occa- sionally small or large which causes an undersmoothed or oversmoothed T2 distribution. The inversion results from GCV, S-curve and the slope of L-curve methods show satisfying inversion results. The slope of the L-curve method with less computation is more suitable for NMR T2 inversion. The inverted T2 distribution from norm smoothing is better than that from curvature smoothing when the noise level is high.

关键词： NMR T2 inversion Tikhonov regularizationVariable substitution Levenberg-Marquardt method Regularization parameter selection

Origin,migration,and accumulation of carbon dioxide in the East Changde Gas Field,Songliao Basin,northeastern China

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Petroleum Science 2018年第4期15卷 695-708页

作者： Yu-Ming Liu Yue Dong Zhen-Hua Rui Xue-Song Lu Xin-Mao Zhou Li-Chun Wei College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development CNPC Independent Project Association Inc.

CO2reservoirs are widely distributed within the Yingcheng Formation in the Songliao Basin, but the extreme horizontal heterogeneity of CO2content causes difficulties in the exploration and exploitation of methane. Former studies have fully covered the lithology, structure, and distribution of the reservoirs high in CO2content, but few are reported about migration and accumulation of CO2. Using the East Changde Gas Field as an example, we studied the accumulation mechanisms of CO2 gas. Two original types of accumulation model are proposed in this study. The fault-controlled accumulation model refers to gas accumulation in the reservoir body that is cut by a basement fault(the West Xu Fault), allowing the hydrocarbon gas generated in the lower formation to migrate into the reservoir body through the fault, which results in a relatively lower CO2content. The volcanic conduit-controlled accumulation model refers to a reservoir body that is not cut by the basement fault, which prevents the hydrocarbon gas from being mixed in and leads to higher CO2contents. This conclusion provides useful theories for prediction of CO2distribution in similar basins and reservoirs.

关键词： Carbon dioxide reservoir Mantle-derived CO2 Faults Reservoir formation mechanism East Changde Gas Field Songliao Basin

前陆盆地的三维挠曲数值模拟：以怀俄明西南上白垩统研究为例

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地学前缘 2010年第4期17卷 128-139页

作者：罗红军 Dag Nummedal bp america inc. Colorado Energy Research Institute Colorado School of Mines

前陆盆地的三维挠曲数值模拟是预测盆地三维格架和关键构造要素分布的强有力工具,如在预测前隆分布方面(低隆起幅度、大范围分布的前隆很难从地下资料中识别)。为了解释详细地层对比中发现的前隆迁移,对怀俄明西南晚白垩世前陆盆地做了... 详细信息

前陆盆地的三维挠曲数值模拟是预测盆地三维格架和关键构造要素分布的强有力工具,如在预测前隆分布方面(低隆起幅度、大范围分布的前隆很难从地下资料中识别)。为了解释详细地层对比中发现的前隆迁移,对怀俄明西南晚白垩世前陆盆地做了三维挠曲数值模拟。模拟过程中采用弹性地壳模型,并以详细的年代地层资料作为基本的输入数据。挠曲负载的估计来源于公开发表的怀俄明逆冲带的横剖面资料和风河逆冲带的缩短速率。模拟结果表明,由于逆冲负载的分布,前隆只局限分布在盆地的南部。随负载的迁移,前隆随时间向东南方向迁移。由于怀俄明逆冲带和风河逆冲带的相互作用,弹性地壳形成三维"前缘穹隆"而不是二维"前缘隆起"。三维挠曲模拟是理解怀俄明西南晚白垩世前隆迁移的关键。

关键词：挠曲模拟前陆盆地上白垩统怀俄明

A Computational Investigation of the Thermohydraulics of an EGS Project

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Journal of Thermal Science 2018年第5期27卷 405-412页

作者： BENIM Ali Cemal CICEK Aydin EKER Arif Mert Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering Center of Flow Simulation (CFS) Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences Department of Energy Raw Materials and Survey General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration HD Energy Inc.

A numerical analysis of the thermohydraulics of an enhanced geothermal system project is presented. The rock structures are modelled as porous medium, based on the computationally obtained hydraulic fracturing data of other authors. The influence of the domain size, grid resolution, temporal resolution and the discretization scheme is assessed to obtain a highly accurate numerical solution under the prevailing modelling assumptions. Based on the numerical model, different production scenarios are investigated and discussed. The relative positioning of the injection and production ports is also analyzed. It is shown that there is a considerable potential for optimizing the production rate and the port configuration to obtain the most favorable results for the production temperature, investment costs and operation costs.

关键词： enhanced geothermal system hot dry rock thermohydraulics numerical analysis