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automotive Traction Drive Speed Reducer Efficiency Testing

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automotive Innovation 2021年第1期4卷 81-92页

作者： Wei Wang James M.Durack Michael J.Durack Jun Zhang Peng Zhao automotive Research institute(Suzhou) Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Ultimate Transmissions Pty.Ltd StrathfieldAustralia

The move from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles is happening rapidly,which demands a stepwise change in priorities for the vehicle design process with rational consideration of emerging *** paper focuses on the efficiency of a particular form of high fixed-ratio(15:1)traction drive speed *** is suitable for use in conjunction with a high-speed electric motor for automotive applications.A general discussion of the characteristics of other fixed-ratio traction drives is provided followed by an analysis of underlying efficiency *** paper presents details of the speed reducer prototype called a"Silk Drive"and the vehicle for which it was *** from laboratory testing of the prototype are presented,and an efficiency map for the transmission is *** efficiency map and vehicle parameters are used in a simulation to determine the overall transmission efficiency for the world harmonized light vehicles test cycles(WLTC)class 3b drive *** importance of transmission efficiency at low power levels,in specific input speed and torque regions,is demonstrated using a novel method for identifying those speed torque regions that most strongly affect overall *** method applies to all drivetrain components and pinpoints those regions that need to be the focus in the optimal design of such *** paper presents evidence that the efficiency of zero-spin,fixed-ratio traction drives is similar to that of conventional gear drives.

关键词： Electric vehicle Traction drive Zero spin Transmission efficiency EV range

Vehicle height control of electronic air suspension system based on mixed logical dynamical modelling

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2015年第11期58卷 1894-1904页

作者： SUN XiaoQiang CHEN Long WANG ShaoHua XU Xing School of automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu University automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University

Due to the coexistence and coupling of continuous variables and discrete events, the vehicle height adjustment process of electronic air suspension system can be regarded as a typical hybrid system. Therefore, the hybrid system theory was applied to design a novel vehicle height control strategy in this paper. A nonlinear mechanism model of the vehicle height adjustment system was established based on vehicle system dynamics and thermodynamic theory for variable-mass gas charge/discharge system. In order to model both the continuous/discrete dynamics of vehicle height adjustment process and the on-off statuses switching of solenoid valves, the framework of mixed logical dynamical(MLD) modelling was used. On the basis of the vehicle height adjustment control strategy, the MLD model of the adjustment process was built by introducing auxiliary logical variables and auxiliary continuous variables. Then, the co-simulation of the nonlinear mechanism model and the MLD model was conducted based on the compiling of HYSDEL. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can not only adjust the vehicle height effectively, but also achieve the on-off statuses direct control of solenoid valves.

关键词： electronic air suspension system vehicle height adjustment hybrid system mixed logical dynamical experiment

Crystal structure and electrochemical performance of La_(0.75)Ce_(0.25)Ni_(3.46^-)Al_(0.17)Mn_(0.04)Co_(1.33) alloy for high-power-type 29 Ah Ni-MH battery

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Journal of Rare Earths 2015年第6期33卷 633-638页

作者：栗欢欢费扬王亚平陈龙江浩斌 automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University

An AB5 type alloy, La0.75Ce0.25Ni3.46A10.17Mn0.04COl.33, was successfully prepared via partial substitution of Ce for La and A1, Mn, Co for Ni, respectively. The structure, morphology, and chemical composition of the as-obtained alloy powders were care- fully examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Electro- chemical properties of the hydrogen storage alloy were systematically investigated in standard 29 Ah Ni-MH batteries. The 29 Ah Ni-MH battery exhibited a theoretical discharge capacity of 29 Ah at 1 C. The capacity retention was 99% after 2000 cycles. Fur- thermore, excellent low temperature performance of this hydrogen storage alloy was obtained at -25 ~C. And the results showed that it exhibited not only high discharge capacity （21 Ah at -25 ~C and 1 C）, excellent high current densities instantaneous discharge performance （discharge 0.9 Ah in 10 s at 12.5 C rate and the voltage could be maintained around 0.73 V）, but also remarkable high-rate discharge capacity （discharge 17.7 Ah at 50% SOC and 6.25 C, and the voltage could be maintained around 0.95 V）.

关键词： hydrogen storage alloy Ni-metal-hydride battery microstnacture low temperature property electrochemical performance rare earths

A Hybrid Approach to Modeling and Control of Vehicle Height for Electronically Controlled Air Suspension

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2016年第1期29卷 152-162页

作者： SUN Xiaoqiang CAI Yingfeng WANG Shaohua LIU Yanling CHEN Long School of automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu University automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University

The control problems associated with vehicle height adjustment of electronically controlled air suspension （ECAS） still pose theoretical challenges for researchers, which manifest themselves in the publications on this subject over the last years. This paper deals with modeling and control of a vehicle height adjustment system for ECAS, which is an example of a hybrid dynamical system due to the coexistence and coupling of continuous variables and discrete events. A mixed logical dynamical （MLD） modeling approach is chosen for capturing enough details of the vehicle height adjustment process. The hybrid dynamic model is constructed on the basis of some assumptions and piecewise linear approximation for components nonlinearities. Then, the on-off statuses of solenoid valves and the piecewise approximation process are described by propositional logic, and the hybrid system is transformed into the set of linear mixed-integer equalities and inequalities, denoted as MLD model, automatically by HYSDEL. Using this model, a hybrid model predictive controller （HMPC） is tuned based on online mixed-integer quadratic optimization （MIQP）. Two different scenarios are considered in the simulation, whose results verify the height adjustment effectiveness of the proposed approach. Explicit solutions of the controller are computed to control the vehicle height adjustment system in realtime using an offline multi-parametric programming technology （MPT）, thus convert the controller into an equivalent explicit piecewise affine form. Finally, bench experiments for vehicle height lifting, holding and lowering procedures are conducted, which demonstrate that the HMPC can adjust the vehicle height by controlling the on-off statuses of solenoid valves directly. This research proposes a new modeling and control method for vehicle height adjustment of ECAS, which leads to a closed-loop system with favorable dynamical properties.

关键词： electronically controlled air suspension vehicle height control hybrid system mixed logical dynamical,model predictive control

In-vehicle VOCs composition of unconditioned,newly produced cars

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第5期26卷 1052-1061页

作者： Krzysztof Brodzik Joanna Faber Damian Lomankiewicz Anna Golda-Kopek BOSMAL automotive Research and Development institute Ltd

The in-vehicle volatile organic compounds （VOCs） concentrations gains the attention of both car producers and users. In the present study, an attempt was made to determine if analysis of air samples collected from an unconditioned car cabin can be used as a quality control measure. The VOCs composition of in-vehicle air was analyzed by means of active sampling on Carbograph 1TD and Tenax TA sorbents, followed by thermal desorption and simultaneous analysis on flame ionization and mass detector （TD-GC/FID-MS）. Nine newly produced cars of the same brand and model were chosen for this study. Within these, four of the vehicles were equipped with identical interior materials and five others differed in terms of upholstery and the presence of a sunroof; one car was convertible. The sampling event took place outside of the car assembly plant and the cars tested left the assembly line no later than 24 hr before the sampling took place. More than 250 compounds were present in the samples collected; the identification of more than 160 was confirmed by comparative mass spectra analysis and 80 were confirmed by both comparison with single/multiple compounds standards and mass spectra analysis. In general, aliphatic hydrocarbons represented more than 60% of the total VOCs （TVOC） determined. Depending on the vehicle, the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons varied from 12% to 27% of total VOCs. The very short period between car production and sampling of the in-vehicle air permits the assumption that the entire TVOC originates from off-gassing of interior materials. The results of this study expand the knowledge of in-vehicle pollution by presenting information about car cabin air quality immediately after car production.

关键词： volatile organic compounds (VOCs) car interior materials emission

Benzene, toluene and xylenes levels in new and used vehicles of the same model

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第11期25卷 2324-2330页

作者： Joanna Faber Krzysztof Brodzik Anna Go da-Kopek Damian Lomankiewicz BOSMAL automotive Research and Development institute Ltd

The aim of this work was to determine the level of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and m, p-xylene （BTX） in air samples collected from the cabins of new and used vehicles of the same model. Ten new vehicles were examined in order to check interior emission from materials used to equip the passenger compartment. In order to compare and define the impact of exhaust gases, air samples were also collected from two used cars, at different mileages （up to 20,000 kin）. All vehicles tested were of the same type. Samples were collected onto Carbograph 1TD sorbent, thermally desorbed and examined with the use of gas chromatography with flame ionisation and mass spectrometry detectors. All results obtained were referred to Polish and German requirements for indoor air quality （both in public buildings and in workspace environments）. Average benzene, toluene, o-xylene and m, p-xylene concentrations in new cars were determined at the level of 11.8 μg/m^3, 82.7 μg/m^3, 21.2 μg/m^3 and 89.5 μg/m^3, respectively. In the used cars, BTX concentration increased with increasing vehicle mileage. The most significant increase of BTX concentration was observed above 11,000 km mileage.

关键词： benzene, toluene, xylenes interior emission vehicle's interior indoor air quality thermal desorption gas chromatography

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for the Vehicle Height and Leveling Adjustment System of an Electronic Air Suspension

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2018年第2期31卷 238-250页

作者： Xiao-Qiang Sun Ying-Feng Cai Chao-Chun Yuan Shao-Hua Wang Long Chen automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University School of automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu University

The accurate control for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an electronic air suspension(EAS) still is a challenging problem that has not been effectively solved in prior researches. This paper proposes a new adaptive controller to control the vehicle height and to adjust the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body(leveling control) during the vehicle height adjustment procedures by an EAS system. A nonlinear mechanism model of the full?car vehicle height adjustment system is established to reflect the system dynamic behaviors and to derive the system optimal control law. To deal with the nonlinear characters in the vehicle height and leveling adjustment processes, the nonlinear system model is globally linearized through the state feedback method. On this basis, a fuzzy sliding mode controller(FSMC) is designed to improve the control accuracy of the vehicle height adjustment and to reduce the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method more accurately, the full?car EAS system model programmed using AMESim is also given. Then, the co?simulation study of the FSMC performance can be conducted. Finally, actual vehicle tests are performed with a city bus, and the test results illustrate that the vehicle height adjustment performance is effectively guaranteed by the FSMC, and the peak values of the roll and pitch angles of the vehicle body during the vehicle height adjustment procedures are also reduced significantly. This research proposes an effective control methodology for the vehicle height and leveling adjustment system of an EAS, which provides a favorable control performance for the system.

关键词： Electronic air suspension Height adjustment Leveling control Fuzzy sliding mode control Vehicle tests

Improvement of the lateral stability of vehicle suspension incorporating inerter

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2018年第8期61卷 1244-1252页

作者： SHEN YuJie CHEN Long LIU YanLing ZHANG XiaoLiang YANG XiaoFeng School of automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu University automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University

As a newly proposed two terminals mechanical element, inerter has been successfully applied in vehicle suspension system to improve its vertical vibration isolation performance. The novelty of this paper is to explore the advantages of lateral stability of vehicle suspension by the use of inerter element. A full car model considering the steering condition is built, and the standard fishhook steering input is chosen to test the lateral stability of the suspension system. By considering the ride comfort performance and the rollover resistance performance, three basic suspension layouts incorporating inerter element are optimized by means of genetic algorithm. Constraints of the suspension working space and road holding ability are also taken into account during the optimization. Two steering input condition, namely the sine-steer input and the fishhook steer input are performed to evaluate the vehicle suspension performance. Results show that, the ride comfort and the lateral stability of the vehicle suspension system can be synchronously improved by including the inerter element.

关键词： vehicle suspension inerter lateral stability

Vehicle Detection Based on Visual Saliency and Deep Sparse Convolution Hierarchical Model

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2016年第4期29卷 765-772页

作者： CAI Yingfeng WANG Hai CHEN Xiaobo GAO Li CHEN Long automotive Engineering Research institute Jiangsu University School of automotive and Traffic Engineering Jiangsu University

Traditional vehicle detection algorithms use traverse search based vehicle candidate generation and hand crafted based classifier training for vehicle candidate *** types of methods generally have high processing times and low vehicle detection *** address this issue,a visual saliency and deep sparse convolution hierarchical model based vehicle detection algorithm is proposed.A visual saliency calculation is firstly used to generate a small vehicle candidate *** vehicle candidate sub images are then loaded into a sparse deep convolution hierarchical model with an SVM-based classifier to perform the final *** experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is with 94.81% correct rate and 0.78% false detection rate on the existing datasets and the real road pictures captured by our group,which outperforms the existing state-of-the-art *** importantly,high discriminative multi-scale features are generated by deep sparse convolution network which has broad application prospects in target recognition in the field of intelligent vehicle.

关键词： vehicle detection visual saliency deep model convolution neural network