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Friend or foe? Using eye-tracking technology to investigate the visual discrimination ability of giant pandas

Current zoology 2024年第4期70卷 430-439页

作者： Xinrui Huang Guo Li Guiquan Zhang Zixiang Li Lin Zhao Mengdie Zhu Qinghua Xiang Xuefeng Liu Mei Tian Hemin Zhang Christina D.Buesching Dingzhen Liu Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringDepartment of EcologyCollege of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National park China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant PandaSichuan 623004China School of Computer and Information Technology Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing 100044China Beijing Key Laboratoryof CaptiveWildlife Technology Beijing ZooBeijing100044China Department of Biology Irving K.Barber Faculty of ScienceThe University of British ColumbiaOkanagan CampusKelownaBCCanada

The role that visual discriminative ability plays among giant pandas in social communication and individual discrimination has received less attention than olfactory and auditory ***,we used an eye-tracker technology to investigate pupil fixation patterns for 8 captive male giant pandas Ailuropoda *** paired images(N=26)of conspecifics against:1)sympatric predators(gray wolves and tigers),and non-threatening sympatric species(golden pheasant,golden snub-nosed monkey,takin,and red panda),2)conspecifics with atypical fur colora-tion(albino and brown),and 3)zookeepers/non-zookeepers wearing either work uniform or plain *** each session,we tracked the pan-da's pupil movements and measured pupil first fixation point(FFP),fixation latency,total fixation count(TFC),and duration(TFD)of attention to each ***,pandas exhibited similar attention(FFPs and TFCs)to images of predators and non-threatening sympatric *** of golden pheasant,snub-nosed monkey,and tiger received less attention(TFD)than images of conspecifics,whereas images of takin and red panda received more attention,suggesting a greater alertness to habitat or food competitors than to potential ***'TFCs were greater for images of black-white conspecifics than for albino or brown phenotypes,implying that familiar color elicited more *** reacted differently to images of men versus *** images of women only,pandas gave more attention(TFC)to familiar combinations(uniformed zookeepers and plain-clothed non-zookeepers),consistent with the familiarity *** pandas can use visual perception to discriminate intra-specifically and inter-specifically,including details of human appearance,has applications for panda conservation and captive husbandry.

关键词： eye movement tracker giant panda images total fixation duration total pupil fixation count visual discrimination.

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Validation of a radioimmunoassay-based fecal corticosteroid assay for Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii and behavioural correlates of stress

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Current zoology 2014年第5期60卷 591-601页

作者： James F. HARE Calen R RYAN Chris ENRIGHT Laura E. GARDINER Lindsay J SKYNER Charlene N. BERKVENS W. Gary ANDERSON Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2N2 assiniboine park zoo Winnipeg MB Canada R3R 2N7 Present Address: School of Applied Science Bay of Plenty Polytechnic Tauranga 3112 New Zealand

We validated a radioimmunoassay-based method quantifying fecal glucocorticoid metabolites （FGMs） from captive male and female Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii. Blood samples were drawn to explore the correlation between plasma cortisol and FGM concentrations. We also injected groups of squirrels with normal saline （CTL; control）, adre- nocorticotropic hormone （ACTH; stimulating adrenal activity）, or dexamethasone （DEX; suppressing adrenal activity）. Potential correlations between stress and behaviour were explored through quantification of fecal pellet production and the intervention necessary to elicit defecation, as well as the behaviour of subjects in the context of handling. Changes in plasma cortisol concen- tration between capture （baseline）, and following handling （stress-induced） were also quantified for free-living squirrels. While glucocorticoid concentrations recovered from feces during our captive-animal study were not well correlated with plasma eortisol concentrations, and uncorrelated with defecation or behaviour, FGM concentrations did reflect the activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis. FGM concentrations increased significantly during initial captivity, but declined to baseline level as individuals acclimated to the novel environment. Injection of subjects with ACTH increased FGMs above baseline, confirming activation of the HPA axis. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased significantly with induced stress, indicating that capture and handling activated the glucocorticoid stress response even among previously handled, free-living subjects. Our findings validate a non-invasive tool that will afford new insight into the physiological processes underlying social, reproductive and antipredator behaviour of Richardson＇s ground squirrels [Current zoology 60 （5）： 591-601, 2014 ].

关键词： Stress Corticosteroids Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites Radioimmunoassay Richardson's ground squirrels

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Can science save the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)? Unifying science and policy in an adaptive management paradigm

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Integrative zoology 2011年第3期6卷 290-296页

作者： Ronald R.SWAISGOOD Fuwen WEI William J.MCSHEA David E.WILDT Andrew J.KOUBA Zejun ZHANG San Diego zoo Institute for Conservation Research EscondidoCaliforniaUSA Institute of zoology Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina Conservation&Research Center Smithsonian’s National Zoological ParkFront RoyalVirginiaUSA Memphis zoo MemphisTennesseeUSA Institute of Rare Animals and Plants China West Normal UniversityNanchongSichuanChina

The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca David,1869)is an iconic species for global conservation,yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is ***,we review recent developments in giant panda conservation science and propose a strategic plan for moving panda conservation *** of scientific,funding,political,and logistical hurdles,few endangered species management programs have embraced adaptive management,wherein management decisions are shaped iteratively by targeted scientific *** threats,such as habitat destruction,anthropogenic disturbance and fragmented nonviable populations,need to be addressed simultaneously by researchers,managers and policy-makers working in concert to understand and overcome these obstacles to species *** the backing of the Chinese Govern-ment and the conservation community,the giant panda can become a high-profile test species for this much touted,but rarely implemented,approach to conservation management.

关键词： adaptive management conservation policy endangered species giant panda strategic conservation plan

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Diet of the Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in lime- stone habitats of Nonggang, China

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Current zoology 2011年第1期57卷 18-25页

作者： Qihai ZHOU Hua WEI Zhonghao HUANG Chengming HUANG Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environment Protection (Gangxi Normal University) Ministry of Education Guilin 541004 China The zoo of Seven Star park Guilin 541004 China Institute of zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

To enhance our understanding of dietary adaptations in macaques we studied the diet of the Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in limestone seasonal rain forests at Nonggang Nature Reserve, China from September 2005 to August 2006. Our results show that although macaques fed on many plant species, 85.2% of the diet came from only 12 species, of which a bamboo species, Indocalamus calcicolus contributed to 62% of the diet. Young leaves were staple food items （74.1% of the diet） for Assamese macaques at Nonggang, and constituted the bulk of monthly diets almost year-round, ranging from 44.9% （July） to 92.9% （May）. Young parts of Indocalamus calcicolus unexpanded leaves contributed to a large proportion of the young leaf diet in most months. Fruit accounted for only 17.4% of the diet, with a peak of consumption in July. We suggest that this highly fo- livorous diet may be related to the long lean season of fruit availability in limestone habitats as well as the utilization of cliffs of low fruit availability

关键词： Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis Diet Limestone habitat

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Center for Plant Conservation's Best Practice Guidelines for the reintroduction of rare plants

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Plant Diversity 2017年第6期39卷 390-395页

作者： Joyce Maschinski Matthew A.Albrecht Center for Plant Conservation San Diego Zoo Global Center for Conservation & Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden

Recent estimates indicate that one-fifth of botanical species worldwide are considered at risk of becoming extinct in the wild. One available strategy for conserving many rare plant species is reintroduction, which holds much promise especially when carefully planned by following guidelines and when monitored long-term. We review the Center for Plant Conservation Best Reintroduction Practice Guidelines and highlight important components for planning plant reintroductions. Before attempting reintroductions practitioners should justify them, should consider alternative conservation strategies, understand threats, and ensure that these threats are absent from any recipient site. Planning a reintroduction requires considering legal and logistic parameters as well as target species and recipient site *** selecting the genetic composition of founders, founder population size, and recipient site will influence establishment and population growth. Whenever possible practitioners should conduct reintroductions as experiments and publish results. To document whether populations are sustainable will require long-term monitoring for decades, therefore planning an appropriate monitoring technique for the taxon must consider current and future needs. Botanical gardens can play a leading role in developing the science and practice of plant reintroduction.

关键词： Reintroduction Monitoring Genetics Optimal site selection Founders Managed relocation

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Moose at their bioclimatic edge alter their behavior based on weather, landscape, and predators

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Current zoology 2018年第4期64卷 419-432页

作者： Mark A. DITMER Ron A. MOEN Steve K. WINDELS James D. FORESTER Thomas E, NESS Tara R. HARRIS Conservation Department Minnesota Zoo 13000 Zoo Boulevard Apple Valley MN 55124 USA Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota 2003 Upper Buford Circle Ste 135 St Paul MN 55108 USA Natural Resources Research Institute and Department of Biology University of Minnesota Duluth 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Duluth MN 55811 USA Voyageurs National park 360 Hwy 11 E International Falls MN 56649 USA

Populations inhabiting the bioclimatic edges of a species＇ geographic range face an increasing amount of stress from alterations to their environment associated with climate change. Moose Alces alces are large-bodied ungulates that are sensitive to heat stress and have exhibited population declines and range contractions along their southern geographic extent. Using a hidden Markov model to analyze movement and accelerometer data, we assigned behaviors （rest, forage, or travel） to all locations of global positioning system-collared moose （n = 13, moose-years = 19） living near the southern edge of the species＇ range in and around Voyageurs National park, MN, USA. We assessed how moose behavior changed relative to weather, landscape, and the presence of predators. Moose sig- nificantly reduced travel and increased resting behaviors at ambient temperatures as low as 15~C and 24~C during the spring and summer, respectively. In general, moose behavior changed season- ally in association with distance to lakes and ponds. Moose used wetlands for travel throughout the year, rested in conifer forests, and foraged in shrublands. The influence of wolves Canis lupus varied among individual moose and season, but the largest influence was a reduction in travel during spring when near a wolf home range core, primarily by pregnant females. Our analysis goes beyond habitat selection to capture how moose alter their activities based on their environment. Our findings, along with climate change forecasts, suggest that moose in this area will be required to further alter their activity patterns and space use in order to find sufficient forage and avoid heat stress.

关键词： Alces alces climate change heat stress moose temperature wolves

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Taste responsiveness to two steviol glycosides in three species of nonhuman primates

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Current zoology 2018年第1期64卷 63-68页

作者： Sandra NICKLASSON Desiree SJOSTROM Mats AMUNDIN Daniel ROTH Laura Teresa HERNANDEZ SALAZAR iatthias LASKA IFM Biology Linkoping University Linkoping SE-581 83 Kolmarden Wildlife park Kolmarden SE-681 92 Boras zoo Boras SE-501 13 Sweden Instituto de Neuro-Etologia Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa Veracruz C.P. 91000 Mexico

Primates have been found to differ widely in their taste perception and studies suggest that a coevolution between plant species bearing a certain taste substance and primate species feeding on these plants may contribute to such between-species differences. Considering that only platyrrhine primates, but not catarrhine or prosimian primates, share an evolutionary history with the neotrop- ical plant Stevia rebaudiana, we assessed whether members of these three primate taxa differ in their ability to perceive and/or in their sensitivity to its two quantitatively predominant sweet- tasting substances. We found that not only neotropical black-handed spider monkeys, but also paleotropical black-and-white ruffed lemurs and Western chimpanzees are clearly able to perceive stevioside and rebaudioside A. Using a two-bottle preference test of short duration, we found that Ateles geoffroyi preferred concentrations as low as 0.05 mM stevioside and 0.01 mM rebaudioside A over tap water. Taste preference thresholds of Pan troglodytes were similar to those of the spider monkeys, with 0.05 mM for stevioside and 0.03 mM for rebaudioside A, whereas Varecia variegata was slightly less sensitive with a threshold value of 0.1 mM for both substances. Thus, all three primate species are, similar to human subjects, clearly more sensitive to both steviol glycosides compared to sucrose. Only the spider monkeys displayed concentration-response curves with both stevioside and rebaudioside A which can best be described as an inverted U-shaped function sug- gesting that Ateles geoffroyi, similar to human subjects, may perceive a bitter side taste at higher concentrations of these substances. Taken together, the results of the present study do not support the notion that a co-evolution between plant and primate species may account for between-species differences in taste perception of steviol glycosides.

关键词： taste preference thresholds stevioside rebaudioside A Western chimpanzees spider monkeys black-and-white ruffed lemurs

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Interbirth intervals are associated with age of the mother, but not with infant mortality in Indian rhinoceroses

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Current zoology 2017年第3期63卷 229-235页

作者： Jan PLUHACEK Beatrice L. STECK Satya P. SINHA Friederike VON HOUWALD Department of Ethology Institute of Animal Science Pritelstvi 815 104 00 Praha - Uhineves Czech Republic Ostrava zoo Michalkovicka 197 710000strava Czech Republic Basel zoo Binningerstrasse 40 4054 BaselSwitzerland Wildlife Institute of India H.No.IV. Chandrabani Dehra Dun Uttarakhand India

Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammals in the world. Despite a recent increase in numbers in most wild populations, poaching or political instability may exterminate large populations very quickly. Therefore, captive or ex situ rhinoceros populations can play an important role in their conservation. Previous studies identified infant mortality and interbirth intervals among the main parameters affecting the viability and survival of rhinoceros populations. In our study, we tested the recently suggested prediction that in captive Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, longer interbirth intervals may result in higher infant mortality. We also examined the factors that are the main pre- dictors of infant mortality and interbith intervals using the studbook data on Indian rhinoceros born in zoos worldwide as well as data from Dudhwa National park, India, where rhinoceroses were success- fully reintroduced. We found no association between interbirth intervals and infant mortality. In both populations, the main predictor of infant mortality was mother＇s parity, with higher mortality in calves born to primiparous mothers. In addition, we found that the interbirth intervals were shorter in zoos than in Dudhwa and that they increased with increase in age of the mother, which was the only factor affecting interbirth interval in both populations. Our results show that the same factors affect both parameters in both populations and thus illustrate that the reproduction and infant survival of Indian rhinoceros in zoos reflect the natural pattern. Furthermore, we suggest that in captivity, the interbirth intervals could be slightly prolonged to approach the situation in the wild.

关键词： calf mortality interbirth interval parity Rhinoceros unicornis zoo.

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Using the movement patterns of reintroduced animals to improve reintroduction success

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Current zoology 2014年第4期60卷 515-526页

作者： Oded BERGER-TAL David SALTZ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles & Applied Animal Ecology Division Institute for Conservation Research San Diego Zoo Global CA USA Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Israel

Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released into unfamiliar novel environ ments and must explore their surroundings to gain knowledge in order to survive. According to theory, knowledge gain should be followed by subsequent changes to the animal＇s movement behavior, making movement behavior an excellent indicator of reintroduction progress. We aim to conceptually describe a logical process that will enable the inclusion of behavior （in particular, movement behavior） in management decision-making post-reintroductions, and to do so, we provide four basic components that a manager should look for in the behaviors of released animals. The suggested components are release-site fidelity, recurring locations, proximity to other individuals, and individual variation in movement behavior. These components are by no means the only possible ones available to a manager, but they provide an efficient tool to understanding animals＇ decision-making based on ecological theory; namely, the exploration-exploitation trade-off that released animals go through, and which underlies their behavior. We demonstrate our conceptual approach using data from two ungulate species reintroduced in Israel： the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica and the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx [Current zoology 60 （4）： 515-526, 2014] .

关键词： Adaptive management Arabian oryx Conservation behavior Exploration-exploitation trade-off Persian fallow deer Reintroductions

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PRELIMINARY COMPARISONS OF MALE/MALE INTERACTIONS WITHIN BACHELOR AND BREEDING GROUPS OF WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS （GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA）

PRELIMINARY COMPARISONS OF MALE/MALE INTERACTIONS WITHIN BAC...

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The Xixth Congress The International Primatological Society

作者： KirstenPullen School of Psychology University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QG UK and Science Department Paignton Environmental Zoo Park Totnes Road Paignton Devon TQ4 7EU

＜正＞ Although some data is available for bachelor groups of mountain gorillas （Gorilla gorilla beringei） in the wild （Yamagiwa, 1987;Watts, 1995;Robbins, 1996）, there is still some dispute as to the existence of bachelor groups in the western lowland gorilla. However, the limited number of breeding situations for males has lead to the establishment of bachelor groups in captivity as a response to growing concern

关键词： aggression bachelor groups gorilla male/male interactions.

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