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Toward Human-centered XAIin Practice:A survey

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Machine Intelligence Research 2024年第4期21卷 740-770页

作者： Xiangwei Kong Shujie Liu Luhao Zhu Department of data Science and management Engineering School of ManagementZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Human adoption of artificial intelligence(AI)technique is largely hampered because of the increasing complexity and opacity of AI *** AI(XAI)techniques with various methods and tools have been developed to bridge this gap between high-performance black-box AI models and human ***,the current adoption of XAI technique stil lacks"human-centered"guidance for designing proper solutions to meet different stakeholders'needs in XAI *** first summarize a human-centered demand framework to categorize different stakeholders into five key roles with specific demands by reviewing existing research and then extract six commonly used human-centered XAI evaluation measures which are helpful for validating the effect of *** addition,a taxonomy of XAI methods is developed for visual computing with analysis of method *** clearer human demands and XAI methods in mind,we take a medical image diagnosis scenario as an example to present an overview of how extant XAI approaches for visual computing fulfil stakeholders'human-centered demands in *** we check the availability of open-source XAI tools for stakeholders'*** survey provides further guidance for matching diverse human demands with appropriate XAI methods or tools in specific applications with a summary of main challenges and future work toward human-centered XAI in practice.

关键词： Artificial intelligence(AI)application explainable AI(XAI) human-centered design visual computing medical diagnosis.

How to implement the‘one patient,one vote’principle under the framework of estimand

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Statistical Theory and Related Fields 2023年第3期7卷 202-212页

作者： Naitee Ting Department of biostatistics and data Sciences Boehringer Ingelheim PharmaceuticalsIncDanburyCTUSA

The scientific foundation of a modern clinical trial is randomization–each patient is randomized to a treatment group,and statistical comparisons are made between treatment *** the study units are individual patients,this‘one patient,one vote’principle needs to be fol-lowed–***’pointofview,eachpatient is equally important,and they need to be treated equally in data *** is critical that statisti-cal analysis should respect design and study design is based on *** from both statistical and medical points of view,data analysis needs to follow this‘one patient,one vote’*** ICH E9(R1),five strategies are recommended to establish‘estimand’.This paper discusses how to implement these strategies using the‘one patient,one vote’principle.

关键词： Estimand LOCF one patient one vote

STOCHASTIC COMPARISONS IN A PRICE-QUANTITY SETTING FIRM WITH UNCERTAIN DEMAND AND EMERGENCY PROCUREMENT

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2013年第4期22卷 401-420页

作者： Minghui XU Xiaolin XU Yi-hui ZHOU School of Economics and management Wuhan University School of Business Nanjing University Department of biostatistics University of North Carolina

We consider a newsvendor problem with price-dependent demand, in either additive or multiplicative format. The newsvendor has two modes of purchasing： regular ordering at the beginning of the selling season and emergency ordering （if the realized demand exceeds the initial order quantity） at the end of the selling season. By stochastic comparisons, we systematically investigate the effects of demand magnitude and demand randomness on pricing and ordering quantity decisions as well as expected profit of the newsvendor, under both usual stochastic order （first order stochastic dominance） and convex order （less variable）. Our key findings include：（i） in contrary to the case where price is exogenous, a stochastically larger demand shock may even lead to a lower order quantity; （ii） a stochastically larger demand shock leads to a higher price for the additive demand case, but may lead to a lower price for the multiplicative demand case; （iii） a stochastically larger demand shock leads to a higher expected profit for both demand models; （iv） in general, a less variable demand leads to a higher expected profit for both demand models; and furthermore, a less variable demand shock has no effect on price for the additive demand model, but leads to a higher price for the multiplicative demand model. The implications of all these findings for pricing and order quantity are discussed in detail.

关键词： Price-dependent newsvendor stochastic comparison demand uncertainty pricing emergency supply option

Order Timing for Manufacturers with Spot Purchasing Price Uncertainty and Demand Information Updating

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Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2020年第6期29卷 631-654页

作者： Mengchu Wu Lijun Ma Weili Xue School of Economics and management Southeast UniversityNanjing 211189China College of management and Institute of Big data Intelligent Management and DecisionShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China

In this paper we study the competitive order timing decisions of two manufacturers with demand forecasting updating and uncertain raw material *** can order the raw materials early when the market is highly uncertain with a fixed wholesale price(Contract procurement)or late when the market is less uncertain with an uncertain raw material price(Spot trading).Different from most existing literature,we assume the spot price and the market demand is *** find that in the monopoly setting the manufacturer prefers the contract procurement to the spot trading when the unit wholesale price for the contract procurement is not greater than the expected unit spot price of the raw *** the duopoly setting,we characterize the equilibria of a strategic order timing game in which manufacturers choose when to buy the raw *** find that when the demand during the contract procurement stage and the spot price uncertainty is small both manufacturers prefer the contract procurement strategy and when the demand during the contract procurement stage and the spot price uncertainty is large both manufacturers prefer the spot *** the demand during the contract procurement stage and the spot price uncertainty is high and purchase costs do not decline too severely over time,the unique equilibrium of this game is that one manufacturer chooses contract procurement to order early and the other chooses spot trading to order ***,we find that the correlation of spot purchasing price and the market demand signal during the contract procurement stage will weaken the advantages of spot trading *** the spot purchasing price and the market demand signal during the contract procurement stage are not correlated,manufacturers prefer spot trading under the highly volatile spot trading price,fluctuating demand,and high information precision.

关键词： Procurement order timing competition uncertainty game theory

Comprehensive Analysis of Ubiquitously Expressed Genes in Humans from A data-driven Perspective

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2023年第1期21卷 164-176页

作者： Jianlei Gu Jiawei Dai Hui Lu Hongyu Zhao SJTU-Yale Joint Center for biostatistics and data Science Department of Bioinformatics and BiostatisticsSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Center for Biomedical Informatics Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Big Data in Pediatric Precision MedicineShanghai Children’s HospitalShanghai 200040China Department of biostatistics Yale UniversityNew HavenCT 06511USA

Comprehensive characterization of spatial and temporal gene expression patterns in humans is critical for uncovering the regulatory codes of the human genome and understanding the molecular mechanisms of human *** expressed genes(UEGs)refer to the genes expressed across a majority of,if not all,phenotypic and physiological conditions of an *** is known that many human genes are broadly expressed across ***,most previous UEG studies have only focused on providing a list of UEGs without capturing their global expression patterns,thus limiting the potential use of UEG *** this study,we proposed a novel data-driven framework to leverage the extensive collection of40,000 human transcriptomes to derive a list of UEGs and their corresponding global expression patterns,which offers a valuable resource to further characterize human *** results suggest that about half(12,234;49.01%)of the human genes are expressed in at least 80%of human transcriptomes,and the median size of the human transcriptome is 16,342 genes(65.44%).Through gene clustering,we identified a set of UEGs,named LoVarUEGs,which have stable expression across human transcriptomes and can be used as internal reference genes for expression *** further demonstrate the usefulness of this resource,we evaluated the global expression patterns for 16 previously predicted disallowed genes in islet beta cells and found that seven of these genes showed relatively more varied expression patterns,suggesting that the repression of these genes may not be unique to islet beta cells.

关键词： Ubiquitous expression Housekeeping gene Disallowed gene Expression specificity Expression variability

Comparison of Four Methods for Handing Missing data in Longitudinal data Analysis through a Simulation Study

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Open Journal of Statistics 2014年第11期4卷 933-944页

作者： Xiaoping Zhu biostatistics & data management Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Basking Ridge USA

Missing data can frequently occur in a longitudinal data analysis. In the literature, many methods have been proposed to handle such an issue. Complete case (CC), mean substitution (MS), last observation carried forward (LOCF), and multiple imputation (MI) are the four most frequently used methods in practice. In a real-world data analysis, the missing data can be MCAR, MAR, or MNAR depending on the reasons that lead to data missing. In this paper, simulations under various situations (including missing mechanisms, missing rates, and slope sizes) were conducted to evaluate the performance of the four methods considered using bias, RMSE, and 95% coverage probability as evaluation criteria. The results showed that LOCF has the largest bias and the poorest 95% coverage probability in most cases under both MAR and MCAR missing mechanisms. Hence, LOCF should not be used in a longitudinal data analysis. Under MCAR missing mechanism, CC and MI method are performed equally well. Under MAR missing mechanism, MI has the smallest bias, smallest RMSE, and best 95% coverage probability. Therefore, CC or MI method is the appropriate method to be used under MCAR while MI method is a more reliable and a better grounded statistical method to be used under MAR.

关键词： MCAR MAR Complete Case Mean Substitution LOCF Multiple Imputation

Pyramid scheme model for consumption rebate frauds

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Chinese Physics B 2019年第7期28卷 549-556页

作者： Yong Shi Bo Li Wen Long School of Economics and management University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Research Center on Fictitious Economy and data Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Key Laboratory of Big data Mining and Knowledge management Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China

There are various types of pyramid schemes that have inflicted or are inflicting losses on many people in the *** propose a pyramid scheme model which has the principal characters of many pyramid schemes that have appeared in recent years: promising high returns, rewarding the participants for recruiting the next generation of participants, and the organizer takes all of the money away when they find that the money from the new participants is not enough to pay the previous participants interest and *** assume that the pyramid scheme is carried out in the tree network, Erd?s–Réney(ER) random network, Strogatz–Watts(SW) small-world network, or Barabasi–Albert(BA) scale-free *** then give the analytical results of the generations that the pyramid scheme can last in these *** also use our model to analyze a pyramid scheme in the real world and we find that the connections between participants in the pyramid scheme may constitute a SW small-world network.

关键词： pyramid scheme complex networks small-world networks

Graph dynamical networks for forecasting collective behavior of active matter

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Chinese Physics B 2022年第11期31卷 438-444页

作者： Yanjun Liu Rui Wang Cai Zhao Wen Zheng Institute of Public-Safety and Big data College of Data ScienceTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Center of Information management and Development Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Center for Healthy Big data Changzhi Medical CollegeChangzhi 046000China

After decades of theoretical studies,the rich phase states of active matter and cluster kinetic processes are still of research *** to efficiently calculate the dynamical processes under their complex conditions becomes an open ***,machine learning methods have been proposed to predict the degree of coherence of active matter *** this way,the phase transition process of the system is quantified and *** this paper,we use graph network as a powerful model to determine the evolution of active matter with variable individual velocities solely based on the initial position and state of the *** graph network accurately predicts the order parameters of the system in different scale models with different individual velocities,noise and density to effectively evaluate the effect of diverse *** with the classical physical deduction method,we demonstrate that graph network prediction is excellent,which could save significantly computing resources and *** addition to active matter,our method can be applied widely to other large-scale physical systems.

关键词： active matter graph network improvement of Vicsek collective motion

Spatial distribution order parameter prediction of collective system using graph network

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Chinese Physics B 2023年第5期32卷 566-572页

作者：赵慧敏王瑞赵偲郑文 Institute of Public-Safety and Big data College of Data ScienceTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Center of Information management and Development Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Center for Healthy Big data Changzhi Medical CollegeChangzhi 046000China

In the past few decades, the study of collective motion phase transition process has made great progress. It is also important for the description of the spatial distribution of particles. In this work, we propose a new order parameter φ to quantify the degree of order in the spatial distribution of particles. The results show that the spatial distribution order parameter can effectively describe the transition from a disorderly moving phase to a phase with a coherent motion of the particle distribution and the same conclusion could be obtained for systems with different sizes. Furthermore, we develop a powerful molecular dynamic graph network(MDGNet) model to realize the long-term prediction of the self-propelled collective system solely from the initial particle positions and movement angles. Employing this model, we successfully predict the order parameters of the specified time step. And the model can also be applied to analyze other types of complex systems with local interactions.

关键词： order parameter graph network collective system active matter