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Resolving place names in Amdo and Kham:A gazetteer for the Hengduan Mountains region of Southwest China

植物分类学报 2006年第6期44卷 721-732页

作者： Susan L. KELLEY arnold arboretum and harvard university herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138-2020 U.S.A.

Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location

关键词： Tibet (Xizang) Amdo Kham Hengduan Mountains gazetteer biodiversity Geographic Information Systems (GIS) herbarium conservation georeferencing.

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Phylogeny of Catalpa （Bignoniaceae） inferred from sequences of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear ribosomal DNA

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植物分类学报 2008年第3期46卷 341-348页

作者： Jianhua LI arnold arboretum Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 USA Adjunct Faculty of College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China

Phylogenetics of Chilopsis and Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) was elucidated based on sequences of chloro-plast ndhF and the nrDNA ITS region. In Bignoniaceae, Chilopsis and Catalpa are most closely related as sister genera. Our data supported section Macrocatalpa of the West Indies and section Catalpa of eastern Asian and North American continents. Within section Catalpa, Catalpa ovata of eastern Asia form a clade with North American species, C. speciosa and C. bignonioides, while the other eastern Asian species comprise a clade where C. duclouxii is sister to the clade of C. bungei and C. fargesii. The Caribbean species of Catalpa diverged early from the continental species. More studies are needed to test whether the phylogenetic pattern is common in eastern Asian-North American disjunct genera with species in the West Indies.

关键词：系统演化 NDA 脱氧核糖核酸核糖体叶绿体

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The tropical-subtropical evergreen forest transition in East Asia:An exploration

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Plant Diversity 2020年第4期42卷 255-280页

作者： Peter Ashton Hua Zhu arnold arboretum Harvard UniversityRoyal Botanic GardensKewUK Center for Integrative Biology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesYunnanPR China

The transition from tropical to subtropical(warm temperate)evergreen forests is more clearly apparent in East Asia,fromNepal to the western Pacific coast,than elsewhere in the *** review the nature of this transition and hypothesize the physical,ultimately climatic,factors thatmay maintain it,with a special focus on how the increasing instability and warming of climates will affect these forests.A primary climatic mediator of the transition is proposed,thereby offering a testable hypothesis for the climateeforest transition *** is known of this transition is summarized in context of the primary climatic mediators of elevational zonation of forest formations in equatorial Asia to the tree line,in the Himalaya at the India-Indo-Burma northern tropical margin,and as both elevational and latitudinal zonation in southern *** secondary edaphic and other physical changes are described for the Himalaya,and hypothesized for southern *** forest ecotones are seen to be primarily defined by tree floristic change,on which account changes in structure and physiognomy are *** montane tropical-subtropical transition in the Himalaya is narrowand observed to correlate with an as yet ill-defined frost line.A distinct tropical-subtropical transition forest is recognized in the southwest *** is a total change in canopy species at the Himalayan ecotone,but subcanopy tropical species persist along an elevational decline of c.400 *** latitudinal transition in South China is analogous,but here the tropical subcanopy component extends north over ten degrees latitude,albeit in *** tropical-subtropical transition is uniquely clear in East Asia because here alone a tropical wet summer-dry winter monsoon extends to 35north latitude,encompassing the subtropical evergreen forest,whereas subtropical evergreen forests elsewhere exist under drier temperate summer climate regimes.

关键词： Tropical Subtropical Forest transition Ecotone East Asia

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Tropical deciduous forest in Yunnan,southwestern China:Implications for geological and climatic histories from a little-known forest formation

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Plant Diversity 2021年第6期43卷 444-451页

作者： Hua Zhu Peter Ashton Bojian Gu Shisun Zhou Yunhong Tan Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaYunnan 666303PR China arnold arboretum Harvard University and Royal Botanic GardensKewUK

In the southern mountain ranges of Yunnan province,China,deep valleys of several large rivers create rain shadows with hot dry summers,and are locally designated tropical;towards the north,notably in the Lancang(Upper Mekong)valley,these regions may experience frost during *** woody forest canopy of these valleys is predominantly deciduous,with evergreen elements in the north,where the canopy is open and the forest ***,we here present tall forest with a closed deciduous canopy and semi-evergreen subcanopy observed in hot dry valleys of these rivers and their tributaries in the tropical *** structure and physiognomy of these forests resemble the tall(moist)deciduous forest formation widespread in South Asia and ***,these forests are largely composed of tropical elements at both the generic(80%)and the species level(>70%),indicating that these forests are indeed *** originally hypothesized that these isolated forests represent refugia of a pre-Holocene extension of tall(moist)deciduous forest formation of South Asia and *** sample plot we established to test this hypothesis confirmed that these forests share the structure and physiognomy of the tall(moist)deciduous forest formation;however,the plots also showed that these forests lack the characteristic and dominant species of the formation's Indo-Burmese *** tree flora,in particular,indicates that both deciduous and evergreen elements are instead mostly derived from the adjacent tropical semi-evergreen forests of tropical southern China;yet they also include an important endemic element,which implies that these forests have survived as refuges possibly since the *** exceptional representation of evergreen elements in these forests indicates that they have rarely been subject to hot fires or domestic cattle browsing,adding to the unique nature of the forests and further justifying their strict conservation.

关键词： Floristic composition Physiognomy Biogeography Independent species assembly Tall deciduous forest Southwestern China

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Selection in monoculture vs. mixture alters plant metabolic fingerprints

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2015年第5期8卷 549-557页

作者： Debra Zuppinger-Dingley Dan F.B.Flynn Helmut Brandl Bernhard Schmid Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZurichSwitzerland The arnold arboretum of harvard university 1300 Centre StreetBostonMA 02131USA

Aims In grassland biodiversity experiments,positive biodiversity effects on primary productivity increase over *** research has shown that differential selection in monoculture and mixed-species communities leads to the rapid emergence of monoculture and mix-ture types,adapted to their own biotic *** used eight plant species selected for 8 years in such a biodiversity experiment to test if monoculture and mixture types differed in metabolic pro-files using infrared *** Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIr)was used to assess metabolic fingerprints of leaf samples of 10 individuals of each species from either monocultures or *** FTIr spectra were analyzed using multivariate procedures to assess(i)whether indi-viduals within species could be correctly assigned to monoculture or mixture history based on the spectra alone and(ii)which parts of the spectra drive the group assignment,*** metabolic groups were subject to differential selection in monocultures *** Findings Plant individuals within each of the eight species could be classified as either from monoculture or mixture selection history based on their FTIr *** metabolic groups were differentially selected in the different species;some of them may be related to defense of patho-gens accumulating more strongly in monocultures than in *** rapid selection of the monoculture and mixture types within the eight study species could have been due to a sorting-out process based on large initial genetic or epigenetic variation within the species.

关键词： biodiversity plant evolution selection FTIr spectroscopy metabolic fingerprint

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Sequences of low-copy nuclear gene support the monophyly of Ostrya and paraphyly of Carpinus （Betulaceae）

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植物分类学报 2008年第3期46卷 333-340页

作者： Jianhua LI The arnold arboretum of harvard university 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 USA Adjunct Faculty of College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China

Coryloideae consists of four genera: Corylus, Ostryopsis, Carpinus, and Ostrya. While both molecular and non-molecular data support the close relationship of Carpinus and Ostrya, the monophyly of the two genera has remained controversial. In this study, sequences of the nuclear nitrate reductase (Nia) were used to test the naturalness of the two genera. Ostrya species form a robust clade, supporting the monophyly of the genus. The clade, however, is located between Carpinus cordata and the remaining species of Carpinus, indicating that Carpinus is paraphyletic, and Ostrya has evolved from within Carpinus. Within Carpinus, section Distegocarpus is polyphyletic, whereas section Carpinus is a clade where subsections Polyneurae and Carpinus are more closely related to each other than either is to subsection Monbeigianae.

关键词：低拷贝核基因桦木科鹅耳枥属序列

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Sonicating bees demonstrate flexible pollen extraction without instrumental learning

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 425-436页

作者： Callin M. Switzer Avery L. Russell Daniel R. Papaj Stacey A. Combes Robin Hopkins Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA arnold arboretum Harvard University Boston MA USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA Department of Neurobiology Physiology and Behavior University of California at Davis Davis CA USA Department of Biology and eScience Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA

Pollen collection is necessary for bee survival and important for flowering plant reproduction, yet if and how pollen extraction motor routines are modified with experience is largely unknown. Here, we used an automated reward and monitoring system to evaluate modification in a common pollen-extraction routine, floral sonication. Through a series of laboratory experiments with the bumblebee, Bombus impatiens, we examined whether variation in sonication frequency and acceleration is due to instrumental learning based on rewards, a fixed behavioral response to rewards, and/or a mechanical constraint. We first investigated whether bees could learn to adjust their sonication frequency in response to pollen rewards given only for specified frequency ranges and found no evidenee of instrumental learning. However, we found that absenee versus receipt of a pollen reward did lead to a predictable behavioral resp on se, which depe nded on bee size. Fin ally, we found some evide nee of mechanical con straints, in that flower mass affected sonication acceleration (but not frequency) through an interaction with bee size. In generalz larger bees showed more flexibility in sonication frequency and acceleration, potentially reflecting a size-based constraint on the range over which smaller bees can modify frequency and accelerati on. Overall our results show that although bees did not display instrumental learning of sonication frequency, their sonication motor routine is nevertheless flexible.

关键词： Bombus impatiens buzz pollination foraging innate behavior learned behavior Solanum

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哈佛大学阿诺德树木园的公共教育及其启示

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教育探索 2012年第11期 152-153页

作者：金飚扬州大学园艺与植物保护学院扬州225009 The arnold arboretum Harvard University Boston

美国哈佛大学阿诺德树木园(arnold arboretum)在社会公共教育方面特色突出,主要表现为发达的网络信息化、公众的广泛参与、丰富的教育培训项目和多样化的服务内容。我国公众教育也应充分利用互联网的强大优势,采用非盈利运行体制与合作... 详细信息

美国哈佛大学阿诺德树木园(arnold arboretum)在社会公共教育方面特色突出,主要表现为发达的网络信息化、公众的广泛参与、丰富的教育培训项目和多样化的服务内容。我国公众教育也应充分利用互联网的强大优势,采用非盈利运行体制与合作模式、注重资料收藏保存展示并积极实现资源共享。

关键词：阿诺德树木园公共教育特色启示

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Effect of wood density and water permeability on wood decomposition rates of 32 bornean rainforest trees

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第4期7卷 356-363页

作者： Sanae Mori Akira Itoh Satoshi Nanami Sylvester Tan Lucy Chong Takuo Yamakura Laboratory of Plant Ecology Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City UniversitySugimoto 3-3-138Sumiyoshi-kuOsaka 558-8585Japan Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Arnold ArboretumHarvard University22 Divinity AvenueCambridgeMA 02138USA Applied Forest Science and Industry Development Sarawak Forestry CorporationJalan TapangKota SentosaKuching 93250SarawakMalaysia

Aims a better understanding of wood litter decomposition is essential for predicting responses of forest ecosystems to global climate *** studies suggest that chemical properties of wood litters,rather than physical ones such as wood density,are more important for inter-specific differences in wood decomposition ***,empirical data are still limited,especially for tropical *** addition,decom-position rate of wood litter often varies with time,which makes inter-specific comparison *** studied the wood decomposition of 32 rainforest trees to elucidate(i)the degree of interspecific variation in wood decomposition rate of a given size and configuration and(ii)if initial wood density and water permeability are consistent predictors of the overall decomposition rate and its pattern over *** a common garden decomposition experiment was conducted in a tropical rainforest in malaysian borneo for 32 native tree *** wood sticks were set on the forest floor and the weight loss was monitored monthly for 2.7 *** Findings We found large variation in the wood decomposition rate(a 49-fold range),suggesting that we need to consider this variation when cal-culating community-level carbon dynamics of tropical rain *** physical traits of wood,*** density and water permeability,were related to wood decomposition rate and its pattern over *** half-time related positively and negatively to initial wood density and water permeability,*** time-dependentrate model fitted better for 18 species(56%of the study species)that had higher water permeabilities than the others,suggesting that micelle porosity in wood relates to temporal changes in decomposition rate.

关键词： Sarawak carbon dynamics fine wood litter wood density tropical rain forest

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中国热带-亚热带常绿阔叶林群落交错区

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科学通报 2021年第28期66卷 3732-3743页

作者：朱华 Peter Ashton 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园保护生物学中心勐腊666303 arnold arboretum Harvard University and Royal Botanic GardensKewLondon TW93AEUK

在中国南部热带北缘,热带森林向亚热带常绿阔叶林转变过渡,它们之间存在群落交错区.本文主要通过对中国热带北缘地区的4个永久样地植被的群落结构、生态外貌和植物区系组成分析,论证了热带-亚热带常绿阔叶林群落交错区的存在和其识别特... 详细信息

在中国南部热带北缘,热带森林向亚热带常绿阔叶林转变过渡,它们之间存在群落交错区.本文主要通过对中国热带北缘地区的4个永久样地植被的群落结构、生态外貌和植物区系组成分析,论证了热带-亚热带常绿阔叶林群落交错区的存在和其识别特征.由于中国南部西高东低的地势,西南部群落交错区主要体现在沿海拔的转变过渡,东南部则是沿纬度的转变过渡.西南部热带北缘存在两个明显的群落交错区.在海拔800~1200 m,热带低地季节性雨林与热带低山常绿阔叶林交错过渡,森林群落的外貌、结构和林冠层树种明显改变:由具有3个乔木亚层和散生巨树、典型混交热带树种组成林冠层的热带低地季节性雨林转变为具有2个乔木亚层、缺乏散生巨树、林冠趋于平整、主要由热带山地分布的壳斗科和茶科植物为林冠层优势树种的热带低山常绿阔叶林.在海拔1800~2100(2200)m,热带低山常绿阔叶林向亚热带常绿阔叶林交错过渡,林冠层树种发生了替换,群落的植物区系性质也发生了改变,由热带性质的植物区系变成亚热带-暖温带性质的植物区系.在中国东南部低地,约22°30′N及两侧附近,存在一个明显的常绿森林群落交错区:热带北缘低地季节性雨林向(南)亚热带低地常绿阔叶林交错过渡,群落的外貌、结构和林冠层树种明显改变.我们认为,热带-亚热带常绿阔叶林群落交错区与霜冻情况有关,霜冻对热带低地季节性雨林的林冠树种是致命的.我们建议,西南部的热带低山常绿阔叶林与亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落交错区和东南部的低地热带季节性雨林与亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落交错区为热带森林分布的北界.超越热带北界,林冠树种在西南部替换为亚热带-温带分布的中国-喜马拉雅和中国特有种,在东南部替换为主要是亚热带分布的中国特有种.中国东南部的亚热带气候地区存在热带植物区系成分,本文也对其原因进行了探讨,并提出了尚需进一步研究的问题.

关键词：热带北缘群落交错区热带-亚热带森林过渡中国南部

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