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Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2023年第4期13卷 210-227页

作者： Elham Shirvani Masoud Shirvani Germany Healthcare Management Department Arden University of Berlin Berlin Germany Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin Germany

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the

关键词： Cognitive Science Embodied Cognition Artificial Intelligence

Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in alveolar macrophages of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第1期12卷 372-385页

作者： Kwangwook Kim Peng Ji Minho Song Tung M.Che David Bravo James E.Pettigrew Yanhong Liu Department of Animal Science University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA. Department of Nutrition University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA. Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology Chungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea Department of Animal Production Nong Lam UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam Pancosma SA GenevaSwitzerland. Current address:Land O’Lakes Inc. Arden HillsMNUSA. Department of Animal Science University of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA.

Background: Our previous study showed that 3 plant extracts enhanced the immune responses and growth efficiency of weaned pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), which is one of the most economically important disease in swine industry. However, each plant extract differently effected on growth efficiency and immune responses. Therefore, the objective of this study was conducted to characterize the effects and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of 3 plant extracts on gene expression of alveolar macrophages in weaned pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV.Results: PRRSV infection altered(P < 0.05) the expression of 1,352 genes in pigs fed the control(CON;755 up, 597 down). Compared with the infected CON, feeding capsicum(CAP), garlic botanical(GAR), or turmeric oleoresin(TUR) altered the expression of 46 genes(24 up, 22 down), 134 genes(59 up, 75 down), or 98 genes(55 up, 43 down) in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, respectively. PRRSV infection up-regulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes related to cell apoptosis, immune system process, and response to stimulus, but downregulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in signaling transduction and innate immune response.Compared with the infected CON, feeding TUR or GAR reduced(P < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen processing and presentation, feeding CAP up-regulated(P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Supplementation of CAP, GAR, or TUR also enhanced(P < 0.05) the expression of several genes related to amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, or RNA degradation, respectively.Conclusions: The results suggest that 3 plant extracts differently regulated the expression of genes in alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs, especially altering genes involved in immunity.

关键词： Alveolar macrophages Gene expression Plant extracts PRRSV Weaned pigs

Electric Vehicles Lithium-Polymer Ion Battery Dynamic Behaviour Charging Identification and Modelling Scheme

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Journal of Dynamics, Monitoring and Diagnostics 2023年第3期2卷 170-176页

作者： Peter Makeen Hani AGhali Saim Memon Fang Duan Electrical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringThe British University in Egypt(BUE)El-Sherouk11837 Egypt London Centre for Energy Engineering Division of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSchool of EngineeringLondon South Bank UniversityLondonSE10AA UK School of Engineering Arden UniversityCoventryCV34FJ UK Jiangsu Sanyou Dior Energy-Saving New Materials Co. Ltd(SANYOU DIOR)ChangzhouJiangsu 213149China Department for Engineering School of Engineering and the Built EnvironmentBirmingham City UniversityBirmingham B47XG UK

Lithium-ion batteries are considered the substantial electrical storage element for electric vehicles(EVs). The battery model is the basis of battery monitoring, efficient charging, and safety management. Non-linearmodelling is the key to representing the battery and its dynamic internal parameters and performance. This paperproposes a smart scheme to model the lithium-polymer ion battery while monitoring its present charging currentand terminal voltage at various ambient conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Firstly, the suggestedframework investigated the impact of temperature and relative humidity on the charging process using the constantcurrent-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. This will be followed by monitoring the battery at thesurrounding operating temperature and relative humidity. Hence, efficient non-linear modelling of the EV batterydynamic behaviour using the Hammerstein-Wiener (H-W) model is implemented. The H-W model is considered ablack box model that can represent the battery without any mathematical equivalent circuit model which reducesthe computation complexity. Finally, the model beholds the boundaries of the charging process, not affecting onthe lifetime of the battery. Several dynamic models are applied and tested experimentally to ensure theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme under various ambient conditions where the temperature is fixed at40°C and the relative humidity (RH) at 35%, 52%, and 70%. The best fit using the H-W model reached 91.83% todescribe the dynamic behaviour of the battery with a maximum percentage of error 0.1 V which is in goodagreement with the literature survey. Besides, the model has been scaled up to represent a real EV and expressedthe significance of the proposed H-W model.

关键词： battery identification electric vehicles EV fast charging Hammerstein-Wiener Lithium-polymer ion battery

Power Tapping Function in Near Infra-Red Region Based on 45°Tilted Fiber Gratings

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Optics and Photonics Journal 2013年第2期3卷 158-162页

作者： Adedotun Adebayo Zhijun Yan Kaiming Zhou Lin Zhang Hongyan Fu David Robinson arden Photonics Ltd. Solihull UK Aston Institute of Photonics Technology School of Engineering and Applied Science Aston University Birmingham UK Department of Electronic Engineering School of Information Science and Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen China

We report an efficient power tapping device working in near infra-red (800 nm) wavelength region based on UV-in- scribed 45° tilted fiber grating (45°-TFG) structure. Five 45°-TFGs were UV-inscribed in hydrogenated PS750 fiber using a custom-designed phase mask with different grating lengths of 3 mm, 5 mm, 9 mm, 12 mm and 15 mm, showing polarization dependent losses (PDLs) of 1 dB, 3 dB, 7 dB, 10 dB and 13 dB, respectively. The power side-tapping efficiency is clearly depending on the grating strength. It has been identified that the power tapping efficiency increases with the grating strength and deceases along the grating length. The side-tapped power profile has also been examined in azimuthal direction, showing a near-Gaussian distribution. These experimental results clearly demonstrated that 45°- TFGs may be used as in-fiber power tapping devices for applications requiring in-line signal monitoring.

关键词： Power Tapping Tilted Fiber Grating Polarization Dependent Loss In-Fiber Polarizer

西藏南部普莫雍错19 cal ka BP以来高分辨率环境记录

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科学通报 2011年第24期56卷 2006-2016页

作者：吕新苗朱立平 NISHIMURA Mitsugu MORITA Yoshimune WATANABE Takahiro NAKAMURA Toshio 汪勇中国科学院青藏高原研究所青藏高原环境变化与地表过程重点实验室北京100085 School of Marine Science and Technology Tokai UniversityShizuoka 424-8610Japan BotanicalG arden Okayama University of ScienceOkayama 700-0005Japan Graduate School of Science Tohoku UniversitySendai 980-8578Japan Centre for Chronological Research Nagoya UniversityNagoya 464-8602Japan 中国科学院研究生院北京100049

利用西藏南部普莫雍错深水湖区获取的3.8m长湖芯,对湖芯中25个样品的植物碎屑进行筛选和有机碳同位素测定,在确定植物来源的前提下进行了14C测定,结合表层样品的过剩210Pb衰变计算的沉积速率对整个湖芯的14C测年及其碳库效应进行了系统... 详细信息

利用西藏南部普莫雍错深水湖区获取的3.8m长湖芯,对湖芯中25个样品的植物碎屑进行筛选和有机碳同位素测定,在确定植物来源的前提下进行了14C测定,结合表层样品的过剩210Pb衰变计算的沉积速率对整个湖芯的14C测年及其碳库效应进行了系统校正,结果显示该湖芯完整地覆盖了19calkaBP以来的时间尺度.通过对湖芯TOC,IC,粒度和孢粉的分析,发现该湖在16.2calkaBP之前为一个水深较浅的湖泊,尽管温度升高导致冰川开始融化,湖区环境仍然具有冷干的特征;16.2～11.8calkaBP,沉积环境剧烈而频繁的波动,14.2和11.8calkaBP左右的2次冷事件可能是老仙女木和新仙女木事件的反映.11.8calkaBP之后,已经形成了现今状态的深水湖泊,冰川融水的补给使得湖泊水温较低,受到湖泊水体影响的沉积物环境代用指标对温暖条件的响应并不明显.通过普莫雍错湖与西藏南部相同时代的不同湖泊沉积物记录的比较,发现末次冰消期开始的气候转暖对青藏高原东南部影响更加显著,反映了西南季风自冰消期以后逐渐加强、向高原内部推移的过程,以冰川融水补给为主的湖泊对冷事件的响应更加明显.全新世以来,西南季风对整个西藏南部区域发挥着控制性影响.

关键词：西藏普莫雍错湖泊沉积环境变化高分辨率冰融水

Multiple analyses indicate the specific association of NR1I3,C6 and TNN with low hip BMD risk

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2017年第6期44卷 327-330页

作者： Ying-Ying Han Lan-Juan Zhao Yong Lin Hao He Qing Tian Wei Zhu Hui Shen Xiang-Ding Chen Hong-Wen Deng Center of System Biomedical Sciences University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics Department of Global Biostatistics and Data ScienceSchool of Public Health and Tropical MedicineTulane University Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics and the Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education College of Life SciencesHunan Normal University

Low hip bone mineral density(BMD)is an important index for osteoporosis and is associated with hip fracture,which leads to more cases of disability and mortality than all other kinds of fractures(Kanis et al.,2007).BMD’s heritability is more than 60%(arden et al.,1996).A number of candidate loci for BMD have been previously identified by Genome Wide Association Studies(GWAS)(Xiong et al.,2009;Karasik et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2013).Nevertheless,many significant signals based on GWAS are

关键词： BMD ERE is in Multiple analyses indicate the specific association of NR1I3,C6 and TNN with low hip BMD risk of GWAS BRCA NR with

Effects of a blend of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial and fermentation products on plasma carbonylmetabolome and fecal bacterial community of beef steers

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第2期11卷 504-513页

作者： James A.Adeyemi Sunday O.Peters Marcos De Donato Andres Pech Cervantes Ibukun M.Ogunade College of Agriculture Communitiesand the EnvironmentKentucky State UniversityFrankfortKY 40601USA Department of Animal Science Berry CollegeMount BerryGA 30149USA Tecnologico de Monterrey Escuela de Ingenieria y CienciasQueretaroMexico Agricultural Research Station Fort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA 31030USA

Background:Previous studies have evaluated the metabolic status of animals fed direct-fed microbial(DFM)using enzyme-based assays which are time-consuming and limited to a few metabolites.In addition,little emphasis has been placed on investigating the effects of DFM on hindgut microbiota.We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a blend of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based DFM and fermentation products on the plasma concentrations of carbonyl-containing metabolites via a metabolomics approach,and fecal bacterial community,via 16S rRNA gene sequencing,of beef steers during a 42-day receiving period.Forty newly weaned steers were randomly assigned to receive a basal diet with no additive(CON;n=20)or a basal diet supplemented with 19 g of Commence™(PROB;n=20)for a 42-day period.Commence™(PMI,arden Hills,MN)is a blend of 6.2×1011 cfu/g of S.cerevisiae,3.5×1010 cfu/g of a mixture of Enterococcus lactis,Bacillus subtilis,Enterococcus faecium,and Lactobacillus casei,and the fermentation products of these aforementioned microorganisms and those of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger.On d 0 and 40,rectal fecal samples were collected randomly from 10 steers from each treatment group.On d 42,blood was collected for plasma preparation.Results:A total number of 812 plasma metabolites were detected.Up to 305 metabolites[fold change(FC)≥1.5,FDR≤0.01]including glucose,hippuric acid,and 5-hydroxykynurenamine were increased by PROB supplementation,whereas 199 metabolites(FC≤0.63,FDR≤0.01)including acetoacetate were reduced.Supplementation of PROB increased(P≤0.05)the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-003,Megasphaera,Dorea,Acetitomaculum,and Blautia.In contrast,the relative abundance of Elusimicrobium,Moheibacter,Stenotrophomonas,Comamonas,and uncultured bacterium belonging to family p-2534-18B5 gut group(phylum Bacteroidetes)were reduced(P≤0.05).Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrated that supplementation of PROB altered both the plasma carbonyl metabolome towards increased glucose concentration su

关键词： Beef steer Carbonyl Fecal bacteria Lactate-utilizing bacteria Plasma metabolomics

Follow-up of a Case of Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Over an 8-year Period

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Eye Science 2014年第3期29卷 165-169页

作者： Shizhou Huang Lezheng Wu Feng Wen Guangwei Luo Futian Jiang State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat-sen University

Purpose: To show the follow-up of a case of vitelliform macular dystrophy with morphological and visual functional tests over an 8-year period.Methods:.Retrospective review of medical records..The morphological examination included color photography,.fluorescein angiography, and ocular coherence tomography(OCT).The visual functional tests included visual acuity, electro-oculogram(EOG) and multifocal electroretinography(mf ERG).The patient was observed for 8 years, from 2003 to 2011.Results:.During the follow-up,.the improvement of sensory retinal detachment and reduction of yellow-white deposit were observed with color photography and fluorescein angiography.OCT revealed a decrease in sensory retinal detachment and subretinal hyper-reflective deposits; both of these morphological changes were correspondent. Visual acuity was maintained throughout the follow-up..The arden ratio of EOG was decreased. The amplitudes of mf ERG were decreased but slightly increased during the follow-up.Conclusion:.The retinal morphological changes and visual function slightly improved in this case of vitelliform maculopathy. The prognosis is good.

关键词：营养不良卵黄视网膜电图期限病例黄斑血管造影视觉功能

A Floating Island Treatment System for the Removal of Phosphorus from Surface Waters

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Engineering 2018年第5期4卷 597-609页

作者： Mark T. Brown Treavor Boyer R.J. Sindelar Sam arden Amar Persaud Sherry Brandt-Williams Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka FL 32177 USA

本研究旨在设计、建造和测试一个中试规模的浮动模块化处理系统,并用以对美国佛罗里达州中部富营养化湖泊中的总磷(TP)进行去除。该处理系统由生物和物理-化学处理模块组成。用多种底物和水生大型植物组合构建了13种不同的中宇宙实验(me... 详细信息

本研究旨在设计、建造和测试一个中试规模的浮动模块化处理系统,并用以对美国佛罗里达州中部富营养化湖泊中的总磷(TP)进行去除。该处理系统由生物和物理-化学处理模块组成。用多种底物和水生大型植物组合构建了13种不同的中宇宙实验(mesocosm),分别测试了总磷(TP)和正磷(PO_4^(3-))的去除率及潜在的区域去除率。此外本研究对7种吸附介质进行了小型杯罐实验和柱实验,并对3种商业树脂进行了吸附能力的测试。完成这些独立的测试过程后,在佛罗里达中部的一个湖泊中,设计了一个浮岛处理系统(FITS)并运行了8个月。中宇宙实验对磷的平均去除率为40%～50%,平均去除量为5.0 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)。其中沉水植物(SAV)系统和藻类洗涤器(AGS)效果最好,分别去除了20 mg·m^(–2)·d^(–1)和50 mg·m^(–2)·d^(–1)的磷,它们对磷的平均去除量分别为5.5 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)和12.0 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)。在吸附介质中,明矾渣(AR)的性能最佳,接触5 min后,PO_4^(3-)浓度降低了75%左右。在所测试的商品树脂中,PhosX树脂的去除效果最好,在30 min后去除了约40%的磷,60 min后去除了约60%的磷。在基线运行条件下展开实验,FITS对PO_4^(3-)的平均去除率为53%;使用PO_4^(3-)去除率的第50百分位和第90百分位以及FITS的环境足迹进行评价,结果表明系统的去除率分别为56%和86%;区域磷去除率在8.9～16.5 g·m^(–2)·a^(–1)之间。

关键词：浮岛处理系统湖泊水资源发展现状