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Method for rating energy performance of public buildings

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Frontiers in Energy 2014年第3期8卷 379-385页

作者： Jincheng XING Youli LI Jihong LING Huiyang YU Liwen WANG School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China Tianjin Vanke Real Estate co. ltd. Tianjin 300141 China Urban Tianjin university research institute of architectural design & Planning Tianjin 300072 China

This paper discussed a comparative study of several state-of-art methods for determining building energy consumption benchmark. A new approach, which combined the idea of ＂building benchmark＂ and ＂operational benchmark＂ in its rating system, was proposed. A case study was conducted which applied the proposed approach to benchmarking an existing office building in Tianjin. Besides, the calculation of benchmarks of the reference building model and real building model using the rating method in eQUEST was also considered. Furthermore, the simulation results of the reference building model were taken as the baseline to divide real office buildings into different energy performance grades.

关键词： energy consumption benchmark energy efficiency benchmark energy performance level

Numerical simulation of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock in the deep-buried chamber

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Deep Underground Science and Engineering 2022年第2期1卷 174-182页

作者： Yukai Wang Xiaoli Liu Yanlin Xiong State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina Survey design&research institute China Railway Tunnel Group Co.Ltd.GuangzhouChina

Zonal disintegration is the phenomenon of cyclical rupture zone and nonrupture zone in the surrounding rock of a deep-buried chamber,which is different from that of a shallow *** on the finite difference software FLAC3D,the numerical simulation of surrounding rock with different mechanical parameters was conducted by using the SU model(Bilinear Strain-Softening Ubiquitous-Joint).The influences of buried depth,cohesion,and internal friction angle of surrounding rock on zonal disintegration were analyzed to reveal the influence *** results show that:(1)after the chamber excavation,multiple rupture zones gradually extend from the chamber surface or adjacent periphery to the deep surrounding *** the extension process,a single rupture zone may be forked into two or even multiple rupture zones,which cross each other and form the zonal disintegration zone.(2)Zonal disintegration is affected by bothσ(in situ stress)and U_(cs)(uniaxial compression strength).Smaller U_(cs)and largerσwill lead to zonal disintegration.(3)The zoning fracture is not obvious in the case ofσ≤U_(cs).In the reverse case,zoning fracture appears remarkably in the surrounding rock around the *** results reveal the influence law of zonal disintegration and provide theoretical support for the design of deep-buried chambers.

关键词： deep-buried chamber numerical simulation SU model uniaxial compression strength zonal disintegration

Pseudo-dynamic tests on masonry residential buildings seismically retrofitted by precast steel reinforced concrete walls

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2017年第3期16卷 587-597页

作者： Li Wenfeng Wang Tao Chen Xi Zhong Xiang Pan Peng Beijing institute of architectural design Beijing 100045 China Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Institute of Engineering MechanicsChina Earthquake Administration Sanhe 065201 China Department of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

A retrofitting technology using precast steel reinforced concrete（PSRC） panels is developed to improve the seismic performance of old masonry buildings. The PSRC panels are built up as an external PSRC wall system surrounding the existing masonry building. The PSRC walls are well connected to the existing masonry building, which provides enough confinement to effectively improve the ductility, strength, and stiffenss of old masonry structures. The PSRC panels are prefabricated in a factory, significantly reducing the situ work and associated construction time. To demonstrate the feasibility and mechanical effectivenss of the proposed retrofitting system, a full-scale five-story specimen was constructed. The retrofitting process was completed within five weeks with very limited indoor operation. The specimen was then tested in the lateral direction, which could potentially suffer sigifnicant damage in a large earthquake. The technical feasibility, construction workability, and seismic performance were thoroughly demonstrated by a full-scale specimen construction and pseudo-dynamic tests.

关键词： masonry buildings precast SRC panel seismic retrofit pseudo-dynamic test seismic performance

A micro-array bio detection system based on a GMR sensor with 50-ppm sensitivity

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2017年第8期60卷 217-225页

作者： Cheng ZHU Lei ZHANG Jinwen GENG Xizeng SHI He QIAN institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University

Bio detection is widely utilized in hospitals and laboratories. However, conventional bio detection methods suffer from long detection time, complex operation, and low sensitivity, and these issues prevent their use in point of care testing(POCT) applications. Microelectronic bio detection methods are proposed to overcome these issues. Bio detection based on a micro-electronic technique allows easy integration of a system, leading to a fast detection speed and simple operation. In this work, a fully microelectronic bio detection system including a sensor design, a read-out strategy, and data processing is proposed based on a GMR biosensor. A GMR sensor chip is designed and different passivation layer thicknesses are tested to improve sensitivity. A 40 nm thickness passivation is realized to produce the largest response without oxidization and breakdown. In order to integrate the read-out circuit and simplify operations, a 4-channel read-out biochip is designed and fabricated, and this exhibits a super-low output noise corresponding to-116.84 d Bm/Hz at the operation frequency. This means that the noise only approximately corresponds to the signal level of five magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of 200 nm. A reference sensor is also utilized to cancel the unwanted signal and reduce common-mode noise and error to improve sensitivity. Measurements indicate that 90% suppression is achieved. The measurements also reveal that a sensitivity of 50 ppm is achieved with the proposed GMR bio detection system.

关键词： giant magnetoresistance(GMR) biosensor magnetic nanoparticle(MNP) small signal extraction sensitivity

Study on attached ventilation based on inclined walls

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Building Simulation 2021年第3期14卷 667-679页

作者： Yicun Hou Angui Li Jing Yang Yu Tian Dingmeng Wu School of Building Services Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’an 710055China China Northeast architectural design&research institute co. LtdShenyangChina School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi'an 710055China

In practical engineering,inclined building walls are often presented due to their functional and aesthetic needs.A reasonable air distribution design is essential for creating a satisfactory indoor environment in such *** the present study,inclined walls with a variable inclination angle β were used as the research object to explore a novel air supply *** experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the induced airflow,such as the airflow pattern,the airflow characteristics(maximum jet velocity decay and jet spreading rate)and the ventilation effect(vertical air temperature difference,draft rate,air diffusion performance index).The results show that the"air lake"phenomena occurred over the floor,which resembles the displacement ventilation to some *** proposed air supply mode has a good ventilation effect and could be applied to building spaces with inclined *** current study can be used as a reference for ventilation design in buildings with inclined walls.

关键词： attached ventilation inclined wall numerical simulation visualization experiments

The rescue, conservation, and restoration of heritase sites in the ethnic minority areas ravased by the Wenchuan earthquake

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Frontiers of architectural research 2012年第1期1卷 77-85页

作者： Tongbin Chen institute of architectural History Chine Architecture Design Research GroupBeijing 100120China

Stockaded villages of the Qiang nationality that are made up of watchtowers and watch-houses are an important part of its cultural heritage. The earliest documentary records of its blockhouse-styled construction can be found in Biography of the Ethnic Minority Groups in Southwest China of History of Eastern Hart. In 2006, watchtowers and stockaded villages of the Qiang nationality was placed in the preparatory declaration list of world cultural heritage .in China and became a minority architectural heritage that is of potential value for world cultural heritage. The Wenchuan earthquake, which happened on May 12th, 2008, caused severe damage to settlements of the Qiangs in the upper reaches of Min River, including the ＂Tangping Qiang village,＂ which plays a prominent role in Qiang stockaded villages. In conserving this important architectural heritage, we observe the idea ＂everything for heritage value＂. We discuss and draw up a series of salvage conservation countermeasures and research for antiseimatic key technology during post-earthquake reconstruction period of Tibetan and Qiang settlement engineering projects, including six engineering principles on priority of structure rescue, heritage vatue, former address maintenance, traditional way of use, protection against and mitigation of earthquake disasters, and spot cleaning and separating. We draw up three rules in engineering strategy, namely：（1） we should follow ultimate orientation of heritage value protection in rescue, maintenance, and protection engineering; （2） degrees of priority of engineering measures should be differentiated according to the situation of the disaster and residential situations of stockaded villages and; （3） we should keeplocal smiths and conventional art as the base, and modern technology as a supplement in rescue, maintenance, and protection engineering.

关键词： Stockaded village ofthe Qiang nationality Heritage value Earthquake hazardrescue Protectionengineerin~

Regional differences of urbanization in China and its driving factors

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第6期61卷 778-791页

作者： LIN Wen Qi WU Meng He ZHANG Yue ZENG Rong Jun ZHENG Xiao Jin SHAO Lei ZHAO Lu Yun LI Shao Xing TANG Yan Key Laboratory of Urban-Rural Eco Planning and Green Building (tsinghua university) Ministry of Education Beijing 100084 China Beijing tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning & design institute co. Ltd. Beijing 100085 China School of Architecture Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Shandong university Jinan 250100 China

After more than 30 years of rapid urbanization, the overall urbanization rate of China reached 56.1% in ***, despite China's rapid increase in its overall rate of urbanization, clear regional differences can be observed. Furthermore, inadequate research has been devoted to in-depth exploration of the regional differences in China's urbanization from a national perspective, as well as the internal factors that drive these differences. Using prefecture-level administrative units in China as the main research subject, this study illustrates the regional differences in urbanization by categorizing the divisions into four types based on their urbanization ratio and speed(high level: low speed; high level: high speed; low level: high speed; and low level: low speed). Next, we selected seven economic and geographic indicators and applied an ordered logit model to explore the driving factors of the regional differences in urbanization. A multiple linear regression model was then adopted to analyze the different impacts of these driving factors on regions with different urbanization types. The results showed that the regional differences in urbanization were significantly correlated to per capita GDP, industry location quotients, urban-rural income ratio,and time distance to major centers. In addition, with each type of urbanization, these factors were found to have a different driving effect. Specifically, the driving effect of per capita GDP and industry location quotients presented a marginally decreasing trend, while main road density appeared to have a more significant impact on cities with lower urbanization rates.

关键词： Urbanization Regional differences Driving factor Ordered logit Multiple linear regression

Driver’s Critical Gap Calibration at Urban Roundabouts: A Case Study in China

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tsinghua Science and Technology 2008年第2期13卷 237-242页

作者：程杰杨新苗邓卫黄欣 Shanghai City comprehensive Transportation Planning institute institute of Transportation Engineering Tsinghua University Transportation Southeast university Wuxi Traffic Planning & design research institute

Roundabouts have been used successfully in cities throughout the world and are wildly used in China, The critical gap is a required parameter for calculating the capacity of roundabouts and deciding the needs for stop signs, While many studies on gap acceptance characteristics at roundabouts have been carried out in America and Europe, few have been done in China, This study was conducted to calibrate the critical gap in a roundabout in China, The differences between critical gaps on different days （workdays and weekends） and during different times （rush hour and non rush hour） were checked. The study was performed at a three-lane roundabout formed by a two-way and four-lane local road and a six-lane divided artery. The data was collected at this site by a video camera. The evaluations included the cumulative probability distributions of the acceptable and rejected gaps which resulted in critical gaps for all cases. The results show that the critical gap during the rush hour is shorter than after the rush hour, but the difference is not large and the cumulative probability distributions can be fit by the logit functional form with parameters estimated using linear regression.

关键词： roundabout critical gap calibration

GPU-accelerated vector-form particle-element method for 3D elastoplastic contact of structures

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Journal of Zhejiang university-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2023年第12期24卷 1120-1130页

作者： Wei WANG Yanfeng ZHENG Jingzhe TANG Chao YANG Yaozhi LUO college of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Center for Balance Architecture Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310028China architectural design and research institute ofZhejiang university co LtdHangzhou 30028China Key Laboratory of Space Structures of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310058China

A graphics processing unit(GPU)-accelerated vector-form particle-element method,i.e.,the finite particle method(FPM),is proposed for 3D elastoplastic contact of structures involving strong nonlinearities and computationally expensive contact calculations.A hexahedral FPM element with reduced integration and anti-hourglass is developed to model structural elastoplastic *** 3D space containing contact surfaces is decomposed into cubic cells and the contact search is performed between adjacent cells to improve search efficiency.A connected list data structure is used for storing contact particles to facilitate the parallel contact search *** contact constraints are enforced by explicitly applying normal and tangential contact forces to the contact *** proposed method is fully accelerated by GPU-based parallel *** verification,the performance of the proposed method is compared with the serial finite element code Abaqus/Explicit by testing two large-scale contact *** maximum speedup of the proposed method over Abaqus/Explicit is approximately 80 for the overall computation and 340 for contact ***,the proposed method is shown to be effective and efficient.

关键词： Graphics processing unit(GPU) Parallel acceleration Elastoplastic contact contact search Finite particle method(FPM)