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Salinity Risk and Management in Tunisian Semi arid Area

Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第2期7卷 196-201页

作者： Mohamed Hachicha Sabri Kanzari Mohsen Mansour Omar Jouzdan Awadis Arselan Laboratory of Valorization of non Conventional Water National Institute of Rural Engineering Waters and Forest Ariana 2080Tunisia Regional Research centre of Horticulture and Biological agriculture Chott Merien Sousse 4042 Tunisia arab centre of studying arid lands and dry areas Damascus 2440 Syria

In semi arid and arid countries, the increase in production needs sometimes using brackish/saline water for irrigation. In Kairouan and Mahdia （centre of Tunisia）, most of the irrigated areas are by pumping ground water from wells and in many cases, water has more than 4 g of salt per liter. To improve farmers＇ income through using efficiently brackish/saline and rare water, applied research programme was carried out. The methodology adopted was based on selection of six farmers＇ parcels. Behind water quality and quantity, soil salinity and crop response, the crop cost was studied： initial and final characterization and frequently controlled. Three different water regimes were observed induced three salinity regimes： an exclusively irrigated regime in summer based on using saline water producing continuous accumulation of salts, an irrigated-rained regime in autumn/spring based on alternated saline and fresh water inducing cyclic accumulation and leaching of salts and a rained regime in winter based on fresh water with continuous leaching of salts. At the short term, soil salinity increased under irrigation until equilibrium with the irrigation water quality and decreased by rain which produced an important salts leaching in a very short time. Many tons of salts were added to the initial stock in summer season and most of them are leached to the subsoil under irrigation and by rain in the winter. Salinization affected the deep layer and on the long term, salinization of the aquifer might occur. An important crop yield decrease for the summer crop was obtained but the socio-economic aspect appeared as an important factor conditioning the use of saline water.

关键词： Soil salinity aquifer crops Central Tunisia.

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Influence of rangeland protection and seasonal grazing on aboveground vegetation,forage quality and weight gain of small ruminants–a study in Thar Desert,Pakistan

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第2期20卷 403-414页

作者： ISLAM Muhammad RAZZAQ Abdul HASSAN Sawsan ZUBAIR Muhammad KALROO Muhammad Waseem KHAN Attaullah GUL Shamim AHMAD Sarfraz RISCHKOWSKY Barbara Ann LOUHAICHI Mounir International Center for Agricultural Research in dry areas(ICARDA) South AsiaIslamabad 44050Pakistan Animal Science Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in dry areas(ICARDA) Amman 11185Jordan Department of Forestry and Range Management Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan 66000Pakistan PARC-arid Zone Research Institute Umerkot 69100Pakistan Department of Botany University of BalochistanQuetta 87300Pakistan Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill UniversityQuebec H9X3V9Canada Natural Resource Division Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad 44050Pakistan International Center for Agricultural Research in dry areas(ICARDA) SSAILRI campusAddis Ababa 5689Ethiopia International Center for Agricultural Research in dry areas(ICARDA) Tunis 1004Tunisia

The Thar Desert,Sindh,Pakistan is characterized by low ***,economy is based on agriculture,livestock and mining,nevertheless,livestock graze freely on public and private *** aim of this research was to determine biomass production and to evaluate the effects of continuous and seasonal grazing on protected and unprotected plots.A 45 ha protected rangeland area of Hurrabad in the Umerkot Thar desert was selected and divided into three blocks of 15 ha *** of the same size were also established in unprotected *** data for vegetation biomass,canopy cover,forage nutrients and weight gain of animals in two seasons(spring and summer)was collected from both protected and unprotected *** results showed that biomass significantly increased in summer in both ***,the biomass values in protected sites were significantly ***,the vegetation cover also seemed to increase in summer in both protected(90.7%±0.29%)and unprotected sites(39.2%±0.09%).The foliar concentrations of all nutrients varied significantly with *** average final live-weight gain for does on the protected grazing sites during the 42-day period in spring and the 96 days after the monsoon was almost double that of does grazing on the unprotected site during 2016 and 2017(Plands during certain periods can lead to better production of vegetation and livestock and improve range conditions.

关键词： Rangeland productivity Seasonal grazing Stocking rate Thar Desert Vegetation quality

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Pituranthos chloranthus</i>(Benth.) Hook and <i>Pituranthos tortu-osus</i>(Coss.) Maire Essential Oils from Southern Tunisia

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2015年第7期5卷 273-278页

作者： Hedi Mighri Khawla Sabri Hajer Eljeni Mohamed Neffati Ahmed Akrout Range Ecology Laboratory Arid Lands Institute University of Gabès Medenine Tunisia

Essential oils (EO) from fresh and dry aerial parts of Pituranthos chloranthus (Benth.) Hook and Pituranthos tortuosus (Coss.) Maire were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents of the EO obtained from fresh herb of P. chloranthus were found to be α-pinene, sabinene, cis-ocimene and myrcene. In dry biomass, a significant increase of the content of some compounds such as α-phellandrene, △,3-carene and β-phellandrene characterized the oil. Minor changes in the chemical composition of the P. tortuosus EOs obtained from fresh or dry herbs and the major constituents were found to be sabinene and myrcene with equilibrate amounts of α-pinene, p-cymene, cis-ocimene, limonene, trans-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene and cis-verbenol. The paper disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity and results showed an important inhibitory effect of oils obtained from fresh herb against most tested bacteria.

关键词： Pituranthos Chloranthus Tortuosus Essential Oil South Tunisia

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Fermentation, formulation and evaluation of PGPR Bacillus subtilis isolate as a bioagent for reducing occurrence of peanut soil-borne diseases

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第9期18卷 2080-2092页

作者： Abdel-Gayed M.Ahmad Abo-Zaid G.Attia Matar S.Mohamed Hafez E.Elsayed Onion Garlic and Oil Crops Research DepartmentPlant Pathology Research InstituteAgricultural Research CenterGiza 12619Egypt Bioprocess Development Department Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research InstituteCity of Scientific Research and Technological ApplicationsNew Borg El-Arab CityAlexandria 21934Egypt Chemical Engineering Department Faculty of EngineeringJazan UniversityJazan 45142Saudi Arabia Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department Arid Lands Cultivation Research InstituteCity of Scientific Research and Technological ApplicationsNew Borg El-Arab CityAlexandria 21934Egypt

Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium *** subtilis isolate B4(GenBank accession ***150884)was the highly effective one for inhibiting the fungal mycelial *** fermentation of *** isolate B4 was carried out and the maximum biomass achieved was 4.53 g L-1 at 11 *** subtilis isolate B4 was formulated and evaluated as a biofungicide to reduce peanut soil-borne diseases under greenhouse and field conditions at the side of Rizolex-T(fungicide)as *** by formulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)*** B4 and Rizolex-T in a soil infested with ***,*** and mixture of them were more effective in decreasing percentage of damping-off,root and pod rot disease incidence(%)in greenhouse and open field environment during the two seasons 2015 and *** by PGPR gave highly dry weight and number of healthy pods compared to control of fungi treatment which was nearby to dry weights of healthy pods achieved by treatments by Rizolex-T in a soil infested with ***,*** and mixture of *** PGPR *** B4 gave higher increasing of yield percentage than treatment by Rizolex-T in the two evaluated seasons 2015 and *** can conclude that the produced bioforumlated agent was more efficient as fungicide when compared with the other chemical synthesized fungicides,safe for human and the environment and economy.

关键词： peanut soil-borne diseases Bacillus subtilis biocontrol fermentation formulation

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Morphological and productivity responses of Buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris)and Guinea grass(Panicum maximum)ecotypes to simulated grazing in a semi-arid environment

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Grassland Research 2022年第4期1卷 290-300页

作者： Bosco Kidake Kisambo Oliver V.Wasonga Oscar K.Koech George N.Karuku Department of Land Resources Management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiNairobiKenya arid and Range lands Research Institute—Kiboko Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization(KALRO)NairobiKenya

Background Livestock production is an economically significant activity in grassland-based production systems with herbivory,a critical process in modifying plant structure and regulating biomass dynamics in these *** A grazing simulation experiment was undertaken in a semi-arid environment in Kenya to determine the effects of clipping frequency and intensity on the morphology and productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum grass *** ecotypes were clipped at different frequencies(every 2,4,and 12 weeks)and different intensities(5,10,and 15 cm clipping heights).The morphological responses of the grass ecotypes and biomass yields were *** The grass ecotypes showed significantly(pdry matter(DM)yields were recorded under low frequency(LF)clipping,followed by moderate frequency(MF)clipping and high frequency(HF)*** clipping in *** ecotype Kilifi was 20%and 31%more compared to MF and HF *** significant difference in yields was found by cutting the *** ecotype Magadi at 4-and 12-week intervals,even though clipping at 2-week intervals cumulatively yielded less *** was a biomass yield reduction in *** ecotype Taveta of 23%and 25%for MF and HF clipping,respectively,while for ecotype Isinya,the reduction was 13%and 15%for MF and HF,*** intensity had a significant(parid lan

关键词： dry matter dryland grasslands grazing grazing frequency grazing intensity pastures rehabilitation

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Impact of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and soil quality in Horqin sandy cropland,Inner Mongolia,China

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Journal of arid Land 2016年第4期8卷 569-578页

作者： WANG Shaokun ZHAO Xueyong ZHAO Halin LIAN Jie LUO Yongqing YUN Jianying Naiman Desertification Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

Croplands are often suffering from sand burial in dry regions of northern China. For studying this phenomenon, we carried out a case study of field experiment including four sand burial levels, i.e. shallow （1-3 cm）, moderate （8-12 cm） and deep （15-20 cm） sand burials, and no sand burial （control, CK）, in a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone in Naiman Banner of eastern Inner Mongolia. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of sand burial on maize （Zea rnays L.） productivity and the soil quality along a gradient of burial depths. Results showed that there was a strong negative effect of sand burial on maize productivity and soil quality, which significantly declined （P〈0.05） under moderate and deep sand burial treatments. In comparison with the CK, the maize yield and above-ground biomass reduced by 47.41% and 39.47%, respectively. The soil silt and clay, soil water, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents under deep sand burial decreased by 67.85%, 40.32%, 86.52% and 82.11%, respectively, while microbial biomass carbon, microbial abundance and enzyme activity decreased by 89.78%, 42.28%-79.66% and 69.51%-97.71%, respectively. There was no significant effect on crop productivity and soil quality with shallow sand burial treatment. The correlations analysis showed that there was significant positive correlations of both maize yield and above-ground biomass with soil silt and clay, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, pH, electrical conductivity, soil water content, microbial abundance and biomass and all tested soil enzyme activities. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that soil water and total nitrogen contents, urease, cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase activities were key determining factors for maize productivity. This combination of factors explains reason of the decreased maize productivity with deep sand burial. We found that degradation of cropland as a result of sand burial changed soil physical-chemical properties and soil

关键词： sand burial soil quality enzyme activity maize productivity sandy cropland

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Characteristics of deep drainage and soil water in the mobile sandy lands of Inner Mongolia, northern China

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Journal of arid Land 2015年第2期7卷 238-250页

作者： Xin Ping LIU Yu Hui HE Xue Yong ZHAO Tong Hui ZHANG La Mei ZHANG Yun Hua MA Shu Xia YAO Shao Kun WANG Shui Lian WEI Naiman Desertification Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

Quantification of deep drainage and the response of soil water content to rainfall patterns are critical for an effective management strategy of soil water conservation and groundwater utilization. However, there has been little information on how rainfall characteristics influence soil water dynamics and deep drainage in mobile sandy lands. We used an underground chamber to examine the responses of deep drainage and soil water content in mobile sandy lands to rainfall characteristics in Inner Mongolia during the growing seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012. Results showed that rainfall in this area was dominated by small events （〈5 mm）, which increased soil water con- tent in the surface soil layers （0-40 cm）, but did not increase soil water content in the deeper soil layers （greater than 40 cm）. Soil water content at the 0-100 cm depth increased significantly when the total amount of rain was 〉20 mm. Rainfall amount, intensity and the duration of dry intervals were significantly related to the soil water content in different soil layers. Deep drainage was significantly correlated with rainfall amount and intensity, but not with the duration of dry intervals. The coefficients of deep drainage in the mobile sandy lands ranged from 61.30% to 67.94% during the growing seasons. Our results suggested that rainfall infiltration in the mobile sandy lands had considerable potential to increase soil water storage while recharging the groundwater in this region.

关键词： mobile sandy lands rainfall characteristics deep drainage soil water content

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Perspectives in restoration: storage and pretreatments of seeds for better germination of Sudanian savanna-woodland species

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Journal of Forestry Research 2016年第4期27卷 773-778页

作者： S.D.Dayamba P.Savadogo S.Diawara L.Sawadogo World Agroforestry centre (ICRAF) West and Central Africa Regional Office - Sahel Node World Agroforestry centre & International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRAF-ICRISAT) West and Central Africa Region-Sahel Node De'partement Productions Forestie`res Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles

Insufficient knowledge of the germination ecology of local species is one of the main constraints to restoration of degraded rural lands. We tested seeds from fourteen Sudanian savanna species targeted for restoration for their response to two different pretreatments（conventional and prolonged acid pretreatments） and two different storage conditions（ambient room conditions and refrigerator at 4 C）. For 6 of the studied species, longer soaking in sulphuric acid significantly improved germination rates and also reduced the germination time of some species. Storage condition, in general did not affect germination rates except for two species where cool storage depressed germination. The practical implication is that, for the species tested, when mature seeds are collected for plantation in the upcoming rainy season, there is no need to invest in infrastructure and energy for storing in cold *** study also revealed that in general when seeds are stored in ambient conditions from the time of collection up to seeding time, although germination rate does not increase, germination time is shortened and this could be of great interest in synchronizing germination in real field conditions.

关键词： germination restoration plantation ambient mature stored ecology degraded shortened longer

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Effect of Polyacrylamide integrated with other soil amendments on runoff and soil loss:Case study from northwest Ethiopia

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2022年第3期10卷 487-496页

作者： Birhanu Kebede Atsushi Tsunekawa Nigussie Haregeweyn Mitsuru Tsubo Temesgen Mulualem Amrakh I.Mamedov Derege Tsegaye Meshesha Enyew Adgo Ayele Almaw Fenta Kindiye Ebabu Tsugiyuki Masunaga Bahir Dar Institute of Technology Bahir Dar UniversityP.O.Box 26Bahir DarEthiopia arid Land Research Center Tottori University1390 HamasakaTottori680-0001Japan International Platform for dry Land Research and Education Tottori University1390 HamasakaTottori680-0001Japan College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Bahir Dar UniversityP.O.Box 1289Bahir DarEthiopia Faculty of Life and Environmental Science Shimane UniversityShimane Matsue690-0823Japan

Anionic polyacrylamide(PAM)has the potential to reduce soil erosion through soil ***,a comprehensive study about its effectiveness especially when applied combined with other amendments have rarely been conducted in the tropical highland climatic conditions,such as in *** study assessed the effectiveness of PAM(P=40 kg ha^(-1))alone or integrated with other soil amendments such as gypsum(G=5 t ha^(-1)),lime(L=4 t ha^(-1))and biochar(B=8 t ha^(-1))on runoff and soil loss at Aba Gerima watershed in the Upper Blue Nile basin,northwest of Ethiopia,where there is high erosion-caused soil degradation.A total of 79 daily runoff and sediment data were collected from eight runoff plots(1.3m×4m)with three replications planted with teff(Eragrostis tef)crop for two years(2018&2019)rainy *** changes in soil physicochemical properties and crop growth parameters were *** reduced seasonal runoff by 12–39%and soil loss by 13–53%.The highest reduction in runoff was observed from P+B and PAM treatments while the highest reduction in soil loss was observed from that of P+L and PAM *** PAM with other amendments improved soil structural stability,moisture content,soil pH(P+L)and organic matter(P+B),leading to favorable environment for crop growth(biomass yield)and reduced runoff and soil *** PAM,biochar and lime amendments may need more time after application to be more *** continuing the field experiment and studying physico-chemical mechanisms for extended period will better elucidate their single or combined effectiveness over time.

关键词： dryland Soil amendments Polyacrylamide Soil erosion Soil properties

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Aeolian desertification and its control in Northern China

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2014年第4期2卷 34-41页

作者： Wang Tao Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification Chinese Academy of SciencesCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering InstituteCASLanzhou730000China

Aeolian desertification is a kind of land degradation through wind erosion resulted from the excessive human activities in arid,semiarid and part of sub-humid regions in Northern *** compare the results of remote sensing data in the late 1950s,1975,1987,2000 and 2010,we can summarize that the expansion of aeolian desertified land in Northern China has been accelerated for 5 decades,as its annual expanded rate was 1,560 km^(2) during the late 1950s and 1975,2,100 km^(2) between 1975 and 1988,3,600 km^(2) from 1988 to 2000,and-1,375 km^(2) from 2000 to *** desertified land kept expanding before 2000 and began to get rehabilitated since *** impact of human activity on the aeolian desertification process is much more active than that from natural process which mainly incarnates on land use change(from rangeland to farmland)and increased land use intensity(over-cultivation,over-grassing,and over-fuelwood collection).The natural vegetation cover destroyed by the human activities has accelerated the development of aeolian *** has made great progresses in understanding and combating aeolian desertification through decades of effort and there were many projects carried out for the prevention and control *** National Project of Grain for Green Program is the most important one with 1060 counties of 22 provinces *** objective is to withdraw 3.67 million ha of dry land farming and degraded steppe,and 5.13 million ha of aeolian desertified land suited to reforestation and re-vegetation will be *** are about 8 million ha of lands suffering from aeolian desertification will be brought under control in the next ten years and 26.67 million ha of windbreaks will be *** total investment from the central government is estimated to be 75 billion RMB(11 billion USD).

关键词： Aeolian desertification Development process Combating Northern China

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