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Evaluation of gravimetric sampler bias, effect on measured concentration, and proposal for the use of harmonised performance based dust sampler for exposure assessment

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第3期29卷 445-452页

作者： B.Belle anglo american coal UNSW SydneyAustralia

The last three years has brought about alarming news of re-identification of coal worker’s pneumoconiosis(CWP)or‘black lung’in Australia after reporting nearly being absent for over five ***,the CWP statistics in South Africa(SA)are unverifiable,but certainly CWP has not been *** events have re-kindled the need for better understanding of the dust monitoring,performance of sampling devices,and compliance *** the last half century,gravimetric sampling has been the fundamental means for dust exposure monitoring using recognised respirable size-selective *** both South Africa and Australia,the gravimetric sampling technique in coal mines has been followed since 1988 and 1983 respectively using samplers of original Higgins-Dewell(HD)type *** paper provides the evaluation results of currently used South African and Australian gravimetric samplers compared against the original UK SIMPEDS‘true reference’*** results consistently suggested that the South African and Australian cyclones do not conform to the required size selective curve or even the‘true’reference *** results show that the currently used SA and Australian samplers showed a D50 sampling bias as high as 59%and 47%respectively against the size-selective ***,under the controlled laboratory coal dust test conditions measuring the same coal mine dust level in a chamber,the South African,Australian and UK standard SIMPEDS sampler were 7.87,9.79 and 6.71 mg/m3 respectively,which aligned with the sampling *** differences can in part be attributed to the‘un-auditable’inherent design and manufacturing quality,or unverifiable data on sizeselective sampling *** finding has significant implications towards exposure data collected over the last 25 years and their subsequent use in the arrival of the dose-response ***,it is strongly recommended that the harmonised use of‘true reference’SIMPEDS cyclone that meets the IS

关键词： Dust Respirable Sampling

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Risk management in open cut coal mines

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2013年第3期23卷 369-374页

作者： Ismet Canbulat John Hoelle Jason Emery Undergrounds Anglo American Metallurgical Coal Brisbane 4000 Australia Open Cut Geotechnical Engineering Group Anglo American Metallurgical Coal Brisbane 4000 Australia

There are a number of geotechnical systems used at open cut operations of anglo american's Metallurgical coal business unit in Australia. These systems are mainly mine site specific, based on geological information and used as hazard plans. They are qualitative and reliant upon the experienced judgement of site based engineers and the general workforce. They are not suitable for calculating the associated risks of geological structures and mining responses. A uniform risk rating system that can be used to provide an unbiased, standard and quantifiable assessment of the risk from highwall and lowwall failures is therefore developed using the experience gained with such systems in anglo american's South African operations. This system is a semi-quantitative risk rating system and takes into account the relative differences in the importance of hazards as experienced at each mine site as a result of different combinations of geotechnical factors and mining conditions. It is based on critical geotechnical and other parameters that have been identified by site mining engineers, geologists and geotechnical engineers. The primary advantage of this risk rating system is that all open cut mines in the anglo american's Metallurgical coal operations use a near identical system, which enables the user to compare the risk after each blast and with other mines. The system can be adjusted to meet local mine specific requirements. The implementation of this system, a computer program that automatically calculates the risks and recommends predetermined controls, has been made as practical and as easy to use as possible. This program can be used by personnel from other mining disciplines not directly related to geotechnical engineering.

关键词： Geotechnical OpenRisk Semi-quantitative Risk management Open cut Ground control

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Cooling pathways for deep Australian longwall coal mines of the future

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第6期28卷 865-875页

作者： B.Belle M.Biffi anglo american coal QueenslandAustralia Department of Mining Engineering UNSWSydneyNSW 2052Australia anglo american Operations(Pty)Ltd. Johannesburg 2001South Africa

Cooling of coal mines in the Bowen Basin, characterized by steep geothermal gradient, is presently achieved mostly through rental surface bulk air cooling in summer months. This paper argues that future mines will be required to focus their cooling resources more intensively to manage a challenging thermal environment where virgin coal temperatures over 50 °C at a depth of 500 m are expected. Currently, mine cooling systems are employed to maintain the wet bulb temperatures(WBT) to below 27 °C at which point the risks of heat stroke or other heat related issues are manageable. The capacities of these systems are in the range of 6–10 MW refrigeration power. The relationship between high working temperature environment and injury frequency rates is well established. Therefore, provision of appropriate cooling strategies and understanding their optimum performance and suitability are important to Australian coal mines of the future. This paper evaluates the underground temperature profiles of deep, gassy coal mines with propensity for spontaneous combustion and proposes the long term cooling pathways to effectively manage the thermal hazards. Thermodynamic modeling is performed on a longwall face and includes air leakage effects from goaf streams at various locations along the longwall face. The strategy summarizes the application of underground bulk air cooling, chilled water sprays on the shearer and the resulting temperature profiles. Considering the new mining projects planned for the Bowen Basin region, a review of implementable cooling strategies such as mid-gate mobile bulk air coolers(BACs), spot coolers, underground bulk air cooling and the use of chilled water to enhance the positional efficiency of cooling plants,are discussed in this paper. Finally, the comparison of ‘rental' versus ‘ownership' of cooling plants is analysed as part of long-term cooling strategies.

关键词： Cooling Chilled water Underground Positional efficiency Thermal hazard

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How relevant are engineering samples in the management of personal dust exposure?

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第4期28卷 697-703页

作者： B.Belle anglo american coal BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia Department of Mining Engineering UNSWSydneyNSW 2052Australia

A directive, legislated by the South African Department of Minerals and Energy(DME) in 1997, was introduced to reduce the dust exposures of continuous miner(CM) operators to below 5 mg/m3, when measured at the operator's cab position. The focus of this paper is to review the effectiveness of observing this rule for almost two decades and discuss industry perceptions arising from the application of this rule. The results have demonstrated that the engineering sample cannot predict the personal shift dust exposure of a CM operator. Therefore, it is recommended that the engineering sampling, as currently practiced,should be reviewed with the objective to discontinue and replace it by the approved PDM3700 realtime dust monitor.

关键词： Continuous miner (CM) Dust exposure Personal Engineering sample

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Improved TARP development based upon mine specific data

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2018年第3期28卷 477-481页

作者： B. Belle D. Cliff anglo american coal Brisbane Australia Department of Mining Engineering UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia University of Queensland Queensland Australia

The trigger action response plans （TARPs） are inherent to managing the multiple hazards such as： high gas content with multiple coal seams, high spontaneous combustion （sponcom） propensity, heat and ventilation, TARPs aim to provide assurance and guidance when the situation deviates from the original plan or there is a change conditions that could he hazardous, Over the years, learnings from various incidents has continuously required the coal operations to re-visit the TARP trigger values that were based on historic data or based on guidance values from the industry, In most cases, the background to the basis of TARP statistical data, viz,, average, maximum, hourly, daily for the monitoring or sampling location is also unknown, Introduction of real-time monitoring devices to monitor the gases and airflows has provided greater understanding of the hazard scenarios and their controls, This paper analyses the carbon monoxide data from operating longwall mines and compares these with the historic trigger values to understand the changes and determine improvement opportunities while setting trigger levels in the TARPs, As an example of setting trigger values, those used in during the sealing of a panel are explored in terms of setting values based upon the sampling location and the level of risk, It is envisaged that the learning＇s shared herein would further enhance the understanding and management of multiple hazards in Australian coal mines,

关键词： Sponcom Real-time Ventilation Monitoring Goaf TARPs

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A three-dimensional feature extraction-based method for coal cleat characterization using X-ray μCT and its application to a Bowen Basin coal specimen

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第1期16卷 153-166页

作者： Yulai Zhang Matthew Tsang Mark Knackstedt Michael Turner Shane Latham Euan Macaulay Rhys Pitchers ARC Training Centre for M3D Innovation Research School of PhysicsAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia Department of Materials Physics Research School of PhysicsAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia anglo american steelmaking coal BrisbaneQLD4000Australia SCT Operations Pty Ltd. WollongongNSW2500Australia

Cleats are the dominant micro-fracture network controlling the macro-mechanical behavior of *** understanding of the spatial characteristics of cleat networks is therefore important to the coal mining *** fracture networks(DFNs)are increasingly used in engineering analyses to spatially model fractures at various *** reliability of coal DFNs largely depends on the confidence in the input cleat *** of these parameters can be made from image-based three-dimensional(3D)characterization of coal cleats using X-ray micro-computed tomography(m CT).One key step in this process,after cleat extraction,is the separation of individual cleats,without which the cleats are a connected network and statistics for different cleat sets cannot be *** this paper,a feature extraction-based image processing method is introduced to identify and separate distinct cleat groups from 3D X-ray m CT ***(filters)representing explicit cleat features of coal are built and cleat separation is successfully achieved by convolutional operations on 3D coal *** new method is applied to a coal specimen with 80 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length acquired from an anglo american steelmaking coal mine in the Bowen Basin,Queensland,*** is demonstrated that the new method produces reliable cleat separation capable of defining individual cleats and preserving 3D topology after ***-parallel fractures are also identified and separated,which has his-torically been challenging to delineate and rarely reported.A variety of cleat/fracture statistics is measured which not only can quantitatively characterize the cleat/fracture system but also can be used for DFN ***,variability and heterogeneity with respect to the core axis are *** heterogeneity is observed and suggests that the representative elementary volume(REV)of the cleat groups for engineering purposes may be a complex problem requ

关键词： Cleat separation Cleat statistics Feature extraction Discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling

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Development and implementation of spin to stall resin at anglo americans Australian underground coal operations

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2016年第1期26卷 161-168页

作者： Emery J. Canbulat I. Craig P. Naylor J. Sykes A. Grasstree Mine Anglo American Coal Middlemount 4746 Australia School of Mining Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney 2075 Australia Jennmar Australia Smeaton Grange 2567 Australia Rocbolt Resins Sydney 2075 Australia

Longwall mining is by far the most common method of underground coal extraction in Australia. The industry trends and expectations are placing increasing emphasis on the reliability and productivity of these operations. The longwalls are becoming wider and longer while retreat rates are continuously increasing due to significant improvements achieved in longwall equipment reliability and *** increased longwall productivity is placing significant emphasis on the reliability of longwall panel development. Although there have been significant improvements in the reliability of continuous miners and hydraulic drill rigs,the traditional resin encapsulated bolt installation is still the principal method used in all major coal-producing countries around the world. anglo american realised an opportunity existed to introduce an alternative roof bolt installation technique called ‘‘spin to stall" in *** to stall was first introduced in anglo american coal in South Africa where it has been successfully used for over a decade,though implementation of South African spin to stall resin in Australia has proven to be near impossible due to a significant difference in geotechnical conditions,mining method,and,subsequently,roof bolting equipment. Therefore,a new spin to stall development project was initiated between anglo american coal and Jennmar Australia(SPIN2STALLò). This paper summarises the journey of this project,the results,and the successful implementation of spin to stall achieved at Grasstree Mine.

关键词： Roof boltingRoof bolt installationSpin to stallGeotechnical engineeringStrata control

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Gas release characteristics during carbonization of iron coke hot briquette and influence of heating rate

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2023年第11期30卷 2163-2172页

作者： Zi-yu Wang Dong Han Zheng-gen Liu Man-sheng Chu Yong-jie Zhang Li-feng Zhang Ji-wei Bao Ming-yu Wang School of Metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819LiaoningChina Engineering Research Center of Frontier Technologies for Low-Carbon steelmaking(Ministry of Education) Shenyang110819LiaoningChina Liaoning Province Engineering Research Center for Technologies of Low-Carbon steelmaking Shenyang110819LiaoningChina

The release characteristics of CH_(4),H_(2),CO and CO_(2) from iron coke hot briquette(ICHB)during carbonization were *** results show that compared with briquette without iron ore,Fe_(3)O_(4) can inhibit the release rate of H2 and promote the production of CO and CO_(2).In addition,when the heating rate increases from 3 to 7℃/min,the release rates of CH4 and H2 increase,while the release rates of CO and CO_(2) first increase and then *** carbonization process of ICHB was segmented,and corresponding kinetic analysis was carried *** results show that the activation energy of StageⅡand StageⅣis higher in the carbonization process of ICHB,and the active pyrolysis of coal and the reduction of iron ore occur in these two *** addition,the effect of heating rate on the kinetic parameters of ICHB carbonization process was *** was found that when the heating rate increased,the reaction activation energy of StageⅣdecreased first and then increased,which was consistent with the release law of CO and CO_(2).The analysis showed that the increase in heating rate leads to more reactions at higher temperatures,resulting in an increase in the release rate of some *** addition,thermal hysteresis can also cause some processes to fail to fully react at the end of *** is also found that the apparent activation energy and preexponential factor have kinetic compensation effect during the car-bonization of ICHB.

关键词： Iron coke hot briquette Carbonization Gas release characteristic Heating rate Kinetics

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煤制碳素和石墨制品

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煤炭转化 1984年第3期 72-82页

作者： R·N Beech 苏元文英国anglo Gread Lakes公司

本文描述的是一种用原焦煤[英国国家煤炭局(NCB)301型]直接转化为高值结构碳素产品的工艺。本工艺的起源可以追溯到二十世纪四十年代,英国煤炭利用研究协会(BCURA)和鲍威尔·达夫伦公司(Powell Duffryn Companies)的研究。对于原煤基加... 详细信息

本文描述的是一种用原焦煤[英国国家煤炭局(NCB)301型]直接转化为高值结构碳素产品的工艺。本工艺的起源可以追溯到二十世纪四十年代,英国煤炭利用研究协会(BCURA)和鲍威尔·达夫伦公司(Powell Duffryn Companies)的研究。对于原煤基加工品,当煤处于可塑状态时存在一个临界升温速度。超过这个临界值,热解气体就不能以足够快的速度逸出,并且制品内部会产生断裂。如果加入氧化剂缓和热解反应或掺入不活泼物质(例如焦炭、石墨等)进行物理稀释,则可使临界升温速度提高。研究试验涉及的主要是煤、焦炭混合物和煤、石墨混合物。个别煤层煤的性质可随采煤工作面的移动而变化。研究表明,采用物理稀释方法制造的煤基加工品,其质量变化可以用调节煤和稀释剂比例的方法来调正到实用的程度。此外,我们还认为,为了获得制品的均匀性,细磨是主要因素。使用未经处理的煤直接制造加工品势必助长干拢煤基碳中各向异性的发展,并将导致石墨化期间晶体生长减少。因此,这种产品不适宜于高吨位石墨的应用。然而,这种直接制造方法比较简单,所得的碳素产品和石墨产品具有强度和硬度较高的特点,这是由于热解时各向异性的发展受到限制的直接结果,而且缺口效应减少形成细密的结构。

关键词：煤基碳素石墨制品

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