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Optimising Gas Quenching Technology through Modelling of Heat Transfer

材料热处理学报 2004年第5B期25卷 758-763页

作者： FiorentChaffotte LindaLefevre DidierDomergue AymericGoidsteinas XavierDoussot QingfeiZhang airliquide Claude-DelormeResearchCenterJouy-en-JosasFrance ECMService FontaineFrance airliquideShanghaiCo. LtdShanghaiPRChina

Gas Quenching represents an environmentally friendly alternative to more commonly-used oil quenching. Yet, the performances of this technology remain limited in terms of cooling rates reached compared to oil quenching. Distortion and process homogeneity also have to be controlled carefully. The efficiency of the gas quenching process fully depends on the heat transfer between the gas and the quenched parts. The goal of this study is the optimisation of the gas quenching process efficiency through a better understanding of the heat transfer phenomena involved. The study has been performed with modelling means and validated by an experimental approach. The configuration of the gas flow has a major influence on the heat transfer phenomena between the gas and the parts. The fluid dynamics modelling approach performed in this study allows to optimise the heat transfer phenomena. New gas quenching processes allowing enhanced gas quenching performance through higher cooling rates can be thereby identified. The new solutions have been validated in experimental and industrial conditions. Results obtained allow to expect significant improvement of high pressure gas quenching technology.

关键词：气体流淬火传热冷却速率热处理

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Economic Assessment and Review of Waterless Fracturing Technologies in Shale Resource Development: A Case Study

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第5期28卷 933-948页

作者： Iman Oraki Kohshou Reza Barati Meaghan Cassey Yorro Tim Leshchyshyn Adebola T. Adejumo Usman Ahmed Imre Kugler Murray Reynolds James McAndrew University of Wyoming Department of Petroleum Engineering Laramie WY 82071 USA Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA Forum Energy Technologies Houston TX 77024 USA FracKnowledge//Fracturing Horizontal Well Completions Inc. Calgary AB 72G 0X8 Canada Halliburton Houston TX 77032 USA Unconventional Oil and Gas technology and Development and WellDog Laramie WY 82070 USA IHS Markit Houston TX 77077 USA Ferus Calgary AB T2P 3C5 Canada airliquide Greater Philadelphia Area Philadelphia 19019 USA

Our database tracking of USA water usage per well indicates that traditionally shale operators have been using, on average 3 to 6 million gallons of water; even up to 8 million for the en- tire life cycle of the well based on its suitability for re-fracturing to stimulate their long and lateral ho- rizontal welis. According to our data, sourcing, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of this large volume of water could account for up to 10% of overall drilling and completion costs. With in- creasingly stringent regulations governing the use of fresh water and growing challenges associated with storage and use of produced and flowback water in hydraulic fracturing, finding alternative sources of fracturing fluid is already a hot debate among both the scientific community and industry experts. On the other hand, waterless fracturing technology providers claim their technology can solve the concerns of water availability for shale development. This study reviews high-level technical issues and opportunities in this challenging and growing market and evaluates key economic drivers behind water management practices such as waterless fracturing technologies, based on a given shale gas play in the United States and experience gained in Canada. Water costs are analyzed under a variety of scenarios with and without the use of （fresh） water. The results are complemented by surveys from several oil and gas operators. Our economic analysis shows that fresh water usage offers the greatest economic return. In regions where water sourcing is a challenge, however, the short-term economic advantage of using non-fresh water-based fracturing outweighs the capital costs required by waterless fracturing methods. Until waterless methods are cost competitive, recycled water usage with low treatment offers a similar net present value （NPV） to that of sourcing freshwater via truck, for in- stance.

关键词： shale gas gas exploration fracturing techology fracturing fluid waterless fracturing.

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