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Evaluation of soil loss severity and ecological restoration approach for sustainable agriculture in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya region

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第5期21卷 1509-1521页

作者： Arshad ASHRAF Imran AHMAD Climate Energy and Water Research InstituteNational Agricultural Research Centre(NARC)Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Soil erosion has resulted in removal of the topsoils containing fine soil particles and plant nutrients, causing decrease in soil fertility in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya(HKH) region. The existing production of cereal crop grains has been reduced to one third of the potential crop grains production owing to land degradation and poor farming practices. It is necessary to assess risk of soil loss and identify appropriate controlling measures to address issues of low agriculture productivity and water insecurity in the region. In the present study, severity of soil loss was predicted using Revised Universal Loss Equation(RUSLE) and ecological measures were identified for sustainable mountain agriculture in the HKH region of Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Overall 62.6% area was found to have very low risk of soil loss, i.e., 100 t/(ha·yr) in about 6.8% and 7.4% areas respectively. The mean rate of soil loss was about 41.9 t/(ha·yr) in the Hindu Kush, 31.1 t/(ha·yr) in the Himalayas, 18.8 t/(ha·yr) in the Karakoram and overall 29.7 t/(ha·yr) in the three HKH ranges. As such no considerable measures have been adopted by the communities for restoration of the degraded areas except raising fruit/farm trees and supporting limited social forestry for their livelihoods. The slopes cleared for cultivation and susceptible to erosion may be stabilized through sowing/planting of multi-purpose plant species and formation of proper bench terraces. The conservation of forest ecosystem and pastures at higher elevations would help in reducing overland water flow, risk of flash flood hazard and minimizing sediment loads in the downstream. It is essential to adopt site-specific resource conservation techniques and restore possible ecosystem health for sustainable agriculture and economic developm

关键词： Climate change Erodibility Indus basin Land degradation Slope stabilization

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Ameliorative Effects of Paclobutrazol via Physio-Biochemical and Molecular Manifestation in Rice under Water Deficit Stress

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Rice science 2024年第5期31卷 603-616,I0065页

作者： Chirag MAHESHWARI Nitin Kumar GARG Archana SINGH Aruna TYAGI Indian council of agricultural research-Indian agricultural research Institute New Delhi 110012India Sri Karan Narendra agricultural University JobnerRajasthan 303329India

To comprehensively explore the physio-biochemical and molecular changes of paclobutrazol(PBZ) at the ideal dose under water deficit stress(WDS) conditions, we investigated the effects of 100 mg/kg PBZ applied via drenching on various physio-biochemical and molecular parameters in three rice varieties(N22, IR64, and IR64 DTY1.1) under both mild [75%-80% relative water content(RWC)] and severe(60%-65% RWC) WDS conditions. The results showed that PBZ treatment positively influenced the physio-biochemical parameters, significantly increasing dry matter(16.27%-61.91%), RWC(6.48%-16.34%), membrane stability index(4.37%-10.35%), and total chlorophyll content(8.97%-29.09%) in the rice varieties under both mild and severe WDS. Moreover, PBZ treatment reduced drought susceptibility(0.83-0.95) and enhanced drought tolerance efficiency(60.92%-86.78%), indicating its potential as a stress-mitigating agent. Global methylation analysis revealed changes in DNA methylation patterns, indicating the regulatory influence of PBZ on gene expression. The expression analysis of genes involved in the diversification of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate towards the biosynthesis of abscisic acid, gibberellin acid, and chlorophyll showed alterations in their expression levels, suggesting the involvement of PBZ in the isoprenoid pathway. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential mechanisms by which PBZ modulates physiological and molecular responses in rice plants under WDS. The findings highlight the importance of PBZ as a promising agent for enhancing drought tolerance in rice and offer valuable information for future research in crop stress management.

关键词： rice paclobutrazol drought stress abscisic acid gibberellic acid

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Advances in DNA methylation and its role in cytoplasmic male sterility in higher plants

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第1期23卷 1-19页

作者： Atiqur Rahman Hasan Sofiur Rahman Shakil Uddin Naima Sultana Shirin Akhter Ujjal Kumar Nath Shamsun Nahar Begum Mazadul Islam Afroz Naznin Nurul Amin Sharif Ahmed Akbar Hossain Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh 2202Bangladesh Plant Breeding Division Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear AgricultureMymensingh 2202Bangladesh Tuber Crop research centre Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI)Joydebpur 1701Bangladesh Horticulture research centre Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI)Joydebpur 1701Bangladesh Biotechnology Division Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI)Joydebpur 1701Bangladesh International Rice research Institute Bangladesh OfficeDhaka 1213Bangladesh Division of Soil Science Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research InstituteDinajpur 5200Bangladesh

The impact of epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation on plant phenotypes has expanded the possibilities for crop *** methylation plays a part in the regulation of both the chromatin structure and gene expression,and the enzyme involved,DNA methyltransferase,executes the methylation process within the plant *** regulating crucial biological pathways,epigenetic changes actively contribute to the creation of the ***,epigenome editing may assist in overcoming some of the drawbacks of genome editing,which can have minor off-target consequences and merely facilitate the loss of a gene’s *** drawbacks include gene knockout,which can have such off-target *** review provides examples of several molecular characteristics of DNA methylation,as well as some plant physiological processes that are impacted by these epigenetic changes in the *** also discuss how DNA alterations might be used to improve crops and meet the demands of sustainable and environmentally-friendly farming.

关键词： DNA methylation epigenetics CMS male sterility chromatin architecture gene expression higher plants

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Priority effects of forbs arriving early:the role of root interaction and asymmetric competition

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Ecological Processes 2024年第1期13卷 53-65页

作者： Xiaohong Yan Xiliang Li Ke Jin Institute of Grassland research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Background The priority effect of plant arrival is a key driver of community assembly and ecosystem succession during the restoration of degraded plant communities. However, the significance of the arrival order of different plant functional groups and their interactions with community assemblies remains unclear. Using a phytotron experiment with three fully crossed factors, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of priority effects and their relationships with the biomass and biodiversity effects in mixed plant communities by manipulating the order of arrival of species, isolation of roots, and removal of specific *** The results showed that the strength and direction of priority effects were influenced by arrival order, root interactions, asymmetric competition among species, and their interactions. The identities of early and late-sown species also determined the magnitude of priority effects. The priority effects were stronger in grass-first(24.76%) and legume-first communities(24.48%) than in forb-first communities. The pot biomass of the different priority treatments was highest in grass-first(5.85 g), followed by legume-first(3.94 g) and forb-first(2.48 g). The order of arrival in the mixture significantly affected the net biodiversity effects(P < 0.001), which were driven by dominance effects. The community had lower overall biomass when forbs were sown first, whereas the species grown later had fewer costs with an increased overall net benefit for the resulting *** Our results emphasize that root interactions and asymmetric competition are vital determinants of order-specific priority effects in community assemblies. In addition, the importance of the priority effect of forbs sown first is related to community assembly, which may be a key determinant in successfully establishing a highly diverse community in the early stages of restoration. Species with weak competition should be considered in the early stage of community ass

关键词： Community assembly Order of arrival Overyielding Plant functional group Root isolation

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Characterization and screening of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)germplasm for leafhopper(Amrasca biguttula biguttula(Ishida))resistance

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Journal of Cotton research 2024年第2期7卷 188-195页

作者： Mawblei Chossterfield Premalatha Nallathambi Manivannan Alagarsamy Senguttuvan Kannan Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore 641003India Department of Cotton Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatore 641003India Indian council of agricultural research‑centre Institute for Cotton research Regional StationCoimbatore 641003India

Background Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is one of the most significant fibre and cash crops and plays an important role in Indian industrial and agricultural ***,over the years quantity and quality have been hampered by the pest *** alone has been shown to cause yield losses of up to 40%.In this study,screening and evaluation were performed to identify and categorize 100 cotton genotypes along with 5 checks as resistant,moderately resistant,sensitive and highly sensitive to *** A total of hundred genotypes were evaluated along with five checks for leafhopper *** on the screening results,a total of 19 genotypes were resistant to leafhoppers,which was on par with the findings of the check KC *** contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and total free amino acids were significantly positively correlated with the mean grade,whereas total phenols content and trichome density were significantly negatively correlated with the susceptibility ***,based on screening and biochemical analysis,the genotypes KC 2,JR-23,Samaru-26-T,D 4,TCH 1728,RS 253,and B-61-1862 exhibited high resistance to *** According to the findings of this study,choosing genotypes with high total phenolics content together with high trichome density and low contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and free amino acids may aid in the development of resistant genotypes.

关键词： Gossypium Amrasca biguttula biguttula Field screening Host plant resistance Biochemical parameters

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Sodium nitroprusside as a signal molecule for up-regulating membrane characteristics,antioxidant defense system to improve flax productivity under water stress

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Oil Crop Science 2024年第3期9卷 160-169页

作者： N.M.Al-Ashkar B.A.Bakry H.M.S.El-Bassiouny M.M.S.Abdallah M.S.Sadak Botany Department Agricultural and Biological Research InstituteNational Research Centre33 El Bohouth Street P.O.12622DokkiGizaEgypt Field Crops research Department Agricultural and Biological Research InstituteNational Research Centre33 El Bohouth Street P.O.12622DokkiGizaEgypt

Water stress is a critical environmental adversity that significantly impacts the growth,development,and yield of flax *** this study,flax seeds were cultivated under different water irrigation requirements(WIR)(100%,75%,and 50%)to investigate the effects of exogenously supplied nitric oxide(NO)donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP)as foliar treatments at concentrations of 0.0 mmol/L,0.5 mmol/L,1.0 mmol/L,and 2.0 mmol/*** stress led to a significant decrease in plant growth,photosynthetic pigments,yield components such as oil and total carbohydrate *** also resulted in an increase in leaf H2O2 production,lipid peroxidation levels and activities of enzymatic antioxidants including polyphenol oxidase,superoxide dismutase,and nitrate reductase ***,foliar application of SNP improved photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system which mitigated the negative impact of water stress on growth and yield productivity by reducing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species *** use of SNP also decreased H_(2)O_(2) accumulation levels,lipid peroxidation levels,and improved membrane *** treatment at concentration of 2 mmol/L showed superior results compared to other concentrations with extremely significant increases observed in yield characteristics such as oil content,total carbohydrate percentages,and unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio.

关键词： Flax Fatty acid Sodium nitroprusside Antioxidant enzymes Yield

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Prevalence and ecological factors affecting the distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in Prunus groves in Spain

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2024年第2期23卷 566-589页

作者： Ilenia Clavero-Camacho Antonio Archidona-Yuste Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Pablo Castillo Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius Institute for Sustainable Agriculture(IAS) Spanish National Research Council(CSIC)Córdoba 14004Spain Andalusian Institute of agricultural and Fisheries research and Training(IFAPA) Centro Alameda del ObispoCórdoba 14004Spain

A wide survey was conducted to study plant-parasitic nematodes(PPNs)associated with Prunus groves in *** research aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of PPNs in Prunus groves,as well as the influence of explanatory variables describing soil,climate and agricultural management in structuring the variation of PPNs community composition.A total of 218 sampling sites were surveyed and 84 PPN species belonging to 32 genera were identified based of an integrative taxonomic *** species considered as potential limiting factors in Prunus production,such as Meloidogyne arenaria,***,***,Pratylenchus penetrans and ***,were identified in this *** soil physico-chemical(C,Mg,N,Na,OM,P,pH and clay,loamy sand and sandy loam texture classes),four climate(Bio04,Bio05,Bio13 and Bio14)and four agricultural management variables(grove-use history less than 10 years,irrigation,apricot seedling rootstock,and Montclar rootstock)were identified as the most influential variables driving spatial patterns of PPNs *** particular,younger plantations showed higher values for species richness and diversity indices than groves cultivated for more than 20 years with Prunus *** study increases the knowledge of the distribution and prevalence of PPNs associated with Prunus rhizosphere,as well as on the influence of explanatory variables driving the spatial structure PPNs communities,which has important implications for the successful design of sustainable management strategies in the future in this agricultural system.

关键词： nematodes Meloidogyne Pratylenchus Paratylenchus rootstock distribution soil grove-use almond peach

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In-depth analysis of Bt cotton adoption:farmers'opinions,genetic landscape,and varied perspectives——a case study from Pakistan

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Journal of Cotton research 2024年第3期7卷 277-288页

作者： SHAHZAD Rahil JAMIL Shakra CHAUDHRY Urooj Fatima RAHMAN Sajid Ur IQBAL Muhammad Zaffar Genetically Modified Organisms Development and Testing Laboratory Agricultural Biotechnology Research InstituteAyub Agricultural Research InstituteFaisalabadPunjab 38000Pakistan centre of Excellence for Olive research and Trainings(CEFORT) BaraniAgricultural Research InstituteChakwalPunjabPakistan

Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over *** decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of ***,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational ***,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were ***,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip *** In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory ***,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% *** the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the ***,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this *** in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several *** major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated ***,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt *** Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may

关键词： Bollworms Cry1Ac Cry2Ab Cotton Farmer's perception Purposive sampling Sucking insects Unapproved varieties Vip3A

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Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2024年第1期13卷 381-391页

作者： Haocheng Lu Binhao Cheng Yibin Lan Changqing Duan Fei He Center for viticulture and Enology College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of viticulture and Enology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100083China

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to *** the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak *** fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel *** concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak *** concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting *** compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could *** fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

关键词： Wine Aroma Oak Barrel Oak species Toasting degrees Geographic origin Aging

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Rice Heat Tolerance Breeding: A Comprehensive Review and Forward Gaze

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Rice science 2024年第4期31卷 375-400,I0022页

作者： Ravindran Lalithambika VISAKH Sreekumar ANAND Sukumaran Nair ARYA Behera SASMITA Uday Chand JHA Rameswar Prasad SAH Radha BEENA Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding College of AgricultureVellayaniKerala Agricultural UniversityThiruvananthapuramKerala 695522India Crop Improvement Division Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Rice Research InstituteCuttackOdisha 7530006India Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Indian Institute of Pulse ResearchKanpur 208024India Department of Plant Physiology College of AgricultureVellayaniKerala Agricultural UniversityThiruvananthapuramKerala 695522India

The yield potential of rice is seriously affected by heat stress due to climate change. Since rice is a staple food globally, it is imperative to develop heat-resistant rice varieties. Thus, a thorough understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and the impact of high temperatures on various critical stages of the crop is needed. Adoption of both conventional and innovative breeding strategies offers a long-term advantage over other methods, such as agronomic practices, to counter heat stress. In this review, we summarize the effects of heat stress, regulatory pathways for heat tolerance, phenotyping strategies, and various breeding methods available for developing heat-tolerant rice. We offer perspectives and knowledge to guide future research endeavors aimed at enhancing the ability of rice to withstand heat stress and ultimately benefit humanity.

关键词： genetic mechanism high-temperature stress molecular breeding genomics selection

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