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Food Security in Developing Countries: Factors and Mitigation

American Journal of Climate Change 2024年第3期13卷 391-405页

作者： Hellen Abbo Owasa Abdoulaye Fofana Fall african center of excellence in agroecology and livelihood systems Uganda Martyrs University Kampala Uganda Department of Plant Biology Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD) Dakar Senegal National Laboratory for Research on Plant Production (LNRPV) Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute (ISRA) Dakar Senegal

Since 1976, eradicating hunger has become one of the priority objectives of the United Nations, which is included in the Charter of Human Rights;the right to get adequate food. The qualification of food security in time and space must analyze not only the three components it covers but also the relationships that these three components maintain. Climate change contributes to food insecurity, but it is not the only factor. To address food insecurity in various forms, greater food security must be combined with improved sustainable agricultural practices with minimal strain on the environment. This review of literature insists on the principles of food security, which in particular allows a better understanding of food insecurity in developing countries and favors a greater contribution of agriculture and food systems in general to nutritional progress.

关键词： Food Security Developing Countries Climate Change

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Influences of drought on the stability of an alpine meadow ecosystem

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2022年第1期8卷 511-522页

作者： Tao Zhang Ximeng Ji Mingjie Xu Guang Zhao Zhoutao Zheng Yuanyuan Tang Ning Chen Juntao Zhu Yongtao He Yangjian Zhang College of Agronomy Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilinChina Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth SciencesBeijingChina College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

Drought plays a prominent role in affecting ecosystem stability and ecosystem *** on eddy covariance and climatic observations during 2012-2020,the Fisher discriminant analysis method was employed to accurately detect drought ***,the ecosystem water sensitivity and its resistance to drought were quantified to evaluate the ecosystem *** results showed that the alpine meadow suffered drought most frequently at the beginning of the growing ***,drought during the peak growing seasons reduced the gross primary productivity(GPP)the most,by 30.5±15.2%.In the middle of the peak growing seasons,the ecosystem water sensitivity was weak,and thus,the resistance to drought was strong,which resulted in high ecosystem *** the beginning and end of the peak growing seasons,the ecosystem stability was relatively *** stability was positively related to the corresponding multiyear average soil water content(SWC_(ave)).However,drought occurring during high SWC_(ave)periods led to larger reductions in GPP,which indicated that the inhibitory effects of drought on ecosystems were more dependent on the occurrence time of droughts than on ecosystem stability.

关键词： Water sensitivity resistance grassland Tibetan Plateau Fisher discriminant analysis

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Fisher discriminant analysis method applied in drought detection:an instance in an alpine meadow ecosystem

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2022年第5期15卷 911-920页

作者： Tao Zhang Ximeng Ji Yuanyuan Tang Mingjie Xu Yangjian Zhang Guang Zhao Ning Chen Juntao Zhu Yongtao He College of Agronomy Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang 110866China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 1oo1olChina center for excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 10o049China Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102China

Fisher discriminant analysis can comprehensively take multiple factors into consideration and effectively conduct separations between two *** it can be used to detect the occurrences of drought,drought can be detected more effectively and *** on 9-year carbon flux and corresponding meteorological data,soil water content(SWC)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD)were selected as the discriminant *** occurrences were detected by applying the Fisher discriminant analysis method in an alpine ecosystem in *** discriminant analysis was successfully applied to detect drought occurrence in an alpine meadow *** soil water deficit and atmospheric water deficit were comprehensively taken into ***,this method could detect the onset and end date of droughts more accurately and *** on the characteristics of drought and non-drought samples,the discriminant equation was constructed as y=*** y>1,the days were distributed above the critical *** addition,when y was greater than one for more than 10 days,it was labeled as one drought *** the interval between two drought processes was less than 2 days,it was considered one drought *** increasing the study period and continued accumulation of observation data,the discriminant equation could be further optimized in the future,resulting in more accurate drought detection.

关键词： soil water VPD GPP alpine meadow Tibetan Plateau

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Fundamental Strategic Shift Required by the Expensive Ecological Policy in Chinese Grasslands

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第6期13卷 955-963页

作者： ZHU Jiapei XU Xingliang LI Tong LIU Yali YANG Yaqian CUI Xiaoyong Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Sino-Danish center for Education and Research Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS center for excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes National Research Station University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China

Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance”(FLB)policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health(MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders’ autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.

关键词： forage-livestock balance grassland degradation grassland restoration herders’livelihood subsidy

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Considerations on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in Dryland Areas

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Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition) 2010年第4期17卷 20-24页

作者： LI Li TSUNEKAWA Atsushi TSUBO Mitsuru KOIKE Atsushi Arid Land Research center Tottori University 1390 Hamasaka Tottori 680-0001 Japan Faculty of Engineering Tottori University

Drylands of the world cover 41%of the Earth＇s land surface and are a direct source of livelihood for 6.5 billion people, especially in developing countries. However, nearly all drylands are at risk of land degradation as a result of human activities. Poverty and desertification in dryland areas are major problems threatening sustainable agriculture and rural development in dryland areas. Several topics that are significant for sustainable agriculture and rural development for food security and environmental rehabilitation in dryland areas were stressed in this paper.

关键词： dryland area sustainable agriculture and rural development integrated land management sustainable livelihood

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A joint call for actions to advance taxonomy in China

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Zoological Systematics 2022年第3期47卷 188-197页

作者： Chaodong Zhu Arong Luo Ming Bai Michael COrr Zhonge Hou Siqin Ge Jun Chen Yibo Hu Xuming Zhou Gexia Qiao Hongzhi Kong Limin Lu Xiaohua Jin Lei Cai Xinli Wei Ruilin Zhao Wei Miao Qingfeng Wang Zhongli Sha Qiang Lin Meng Qu Jianping Jiang Jiatang Li Jing Che Xuelong Jiang Xiaoyong Chen Lianming Gao Zongxin Ren Chunlei Xiang Shixiao Luo Donghui Wu Dong Liu Yanqiong Peng Tao Su Chenyang Cai Tianqi Zhu Wanzhi Cai Xingyue Liu Hu Li Huaijun Xue Zhen Ye Xuexin Chen Pu Tang Shujun Wei Hong Pang Qiang Xie Feng Zhang Feng Zhang Xianjin Peng Aibing Zhang Taiping Gao Changfa Zhou Chen Shao Libin Ma Zhaoming Wei Yunxia Luan Ziwei Yin Wu Dai Cong Wei Xiaolei Huang Jingxian Liu Xiangsheng Chen Tianci Yi Zhisheng Zhang Zhulidezi Aishan Qin Li Hongying Hu CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China State Key Laboratory of Mycology(SKLM) Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Institute of HydrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430074China Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy&Phylogeny Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization&Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution&Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Security of Gaoligong Mountain Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650221China CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510650China CAS Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130102China CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglunMenglaYunnan 66630

Taxonomy plays an important role in understanding the origin, evolution, and ecological functionality of biodiversity. There are large number of unknown species yet to be described by taxonomists, which together with their ecosystem services cannot be effectively protected prior to description. Despite this, taxonomy has been increasingly underrated insufficient funds and permanent positions to retain young talents. Further, the impact factordriven evaluation systems in China exacerbate this downward trend, so alternative evaluation metrics are urgently necessary. When the current generation of outstanding taxonomists retires,there will be too few remaining taxonomists left to train the next generation. In light of these challenges, all co-authors worked together on this paper to analyze the current situation of taxonomy and put out a joint call for immediate actions to advance taxonomy in China.

关键词： Endangered taxonomists morphology-based taxonomy integrative taxonomy capacity building systematics

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