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Vegetation mapping of Yunnan Province by integrating remote sensing, field observations, and models

Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第3期68卷 836-849页

作者： Mingjian XIAHOU Mingchun PENG Zehao SHEN Qingzhong WEN Chongyun WANG Yannan LIU Qiuyuan ZHANG Lei PENG Changyuan YU Xiaokun OU Jingyun FANG Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban & Environmental SciencesPeking University School of Ecology and Environment Yunnan University Yunnan Institute of Forest inventory and planning

Vegetation maps are crucial for ecologists and decision-makers, providing essential information on the spatial distribution of various vegetation types to support ecosystem exploration and management. Despite advancements in Earth observation and machine learning enabling large-scale vegetation mapping, creating detailed and accurate maps in biodiversity hotspots remains challenging due to significant environmental heterogeneity and frequent human disturbances. The lack of sufficient ground-based data and complex climate-vegetation interactions further limits mapping accuracy. In this study, we developed an integrated framework for multi-source data fusion to enhance vegetation mapping and validation in Yunnan Province, a global biodiversity hotspot region in Southwest China. The mapping process involved four key steps:(1) vegetation classification using random forest and Landsat imagery,(2) boundary calibration based on a locally calibrated static climatevegetation model,(3) patch correction with independent forest inventory data, and(4) validation using adequate field observations. This approach enabled the mapping of 17 vegetation types and 44 subtypes in Yunnan Province(1:50000), categorized based on the growth-form composition of dominant species of the community. The overall accuracies were 0.747 and0.710 for natural vegetation types and subtypes, and 0.905 and 0.891 for artificial types and subtypes. This high-resolution map enhances our understanding of vegetation distribution and ecological complexity in this region, offering valuable insights for policymakers to support conservation efforts and sustainable management strategies.

关键词： Vegetation mapping Biodiversity hotspot region Multi-source data Data-fusion framework Ecological diversity

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Unveiling urbanization effects on trees outside forests along the urban-rural gradient in megacity Bengaluru

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FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2025年第1期12卷 56-65页

作者： Jiang, Tao Freudenberg, Maximilian Kleinn, Christoph Tewari, V. P. Diwakara, B. N. Noelke, Nils Univ Gottingen Fac Forest Sci & Forest Ecol Forest Inventory & Remote Sensing Dept Gottingen Germany ICFRE Himalayan Forest Res Inst Shimla India IWST Inst Wood Sci & Technol Bengaluru India

Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient, leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities. This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests (TOF). Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning, in conservation strategies, and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context. In this study, we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km2 research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru, a megacity in Southern India. Additionally, we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height (DBH) from the tree crown diameter (CD) derived from the detected bounding boxes. Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient. The findings revealed distinct patterns: the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters (mean: 8.87 m) and DBH (mean: 43.78 cm) but having relatively low tree density (32 trees per hectare). Furthermore, with increasing distance from the city center, tree density increased, while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased, showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru. This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient. This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.

关键词： Individual tree detection Urbanization Tree density Tree crown diameter

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Calorific values and ash contents of different parts of Masson pine trees in southern China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第4期25卷 779-786页

作者： Wei-sheng ZENG Shou-zheng TANG Qian-hui XIAO academy of Forest inventory and planning State Forestry Administration Research Institute of Forest Resources Information Techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Central South Forest inventory and planning Institute State Forestry Administration

Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific value （CV） and ash content （AC） of different parts of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） trees in southern China using hypothesis testing and regression analysis. CV and AC of different tree parts were almost significantly different （P〈0.05）. In descending order, ash-free calorific value （AFCV） ranked as foliage 〉 branch 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 stem wood, and AC ranked as foliage 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 stem wood. CV and AC of stem wood from the top, middle and lower sections of trees differed significantly. CV increased from the top to the lower sections of the tnmk while AC decreased. Mean gross calorific value （GCV） and AFCV of aboveground parts were significantly higher than those of belowground parts （roots）. The mean GCV, AFCV and AC of a whole tree of Masson pine were 21.54 kJ/g, 21.74 kJ/g and 0.90%, re- spectively. CV and AC of different tree parts were, to some extent, cor- related with tree diameter, height and origin.

关键词： ash-free calorific value ash content gross calorific value hypothesis testing regression analysis Pinus massoniana

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Development of monitoring and assessment of forest biomass and carbon storage in China

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Forest Ecosystems 2015年第1期2卷 1-10页

作者： Wei-Sheng Zeng academy of Forest inventory and planning State Forestry Administration

Addressing climate change has become a common issue around the world in the 21st century and equally an important mission in Chinese *** the development of monitoring and assessment of forest biomass and carbon storage in China is important for promoting the evaluation of forest carbon sequestration capacity of *** author conducts a systematic analysis of domestic publications addressing＂monitoring and assessment of forest biomass and carbon storage＂in order to understand the development trends,describes the brief history through three stages,and gives the situation of new *** the end of the 20th century,a large number of papers on biomass and productivity of the major forest types in China had been published,covering the exploration and efforts of more than 20 years,while investigations into assessment of forest carbon storage had barely *** on the data of the 7th and 8th National Forest Inventories,forest biomass and carbon storage of the entire country were assessed using individual tree biomass models and carbon conversion factors of major tree species,both previously published and newly *** the implementation of the 8th National Forest inventory,a program of individual tree biomass modeling for major tree species in China was carried out *** means of thematic research on classification of modeling populations,as well as procedures for collecting samples and methodology for biomass modeling,two technical regulations on sample collection and model construction were published as ministerial standards for *** for approval of individual tree biomass models and carbon accounting parameters of major tree species have been issued for approval as ministerial *** the improvement of biomass models and carbon accounting parameters,thematic assessment of forest biomass and carbon storage will be gradually changed into a general monitoring of forest biomass and carbo

关键词： Biomass models Carbon accounting parameters Biomass conversion factor Root-to-shoot ratio Carbon storage

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Unveiling urbanization effects on trees outside forests along the urban-rural gradient in megacity Bengaluru

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Forest Ecosystems 2025年第01期 56-65页

作者： Tao Jiang Maximilian Freudenberg Christoph Kleinn V.P.Tewari B.N.Diwakara Nils N?lke Forest inventory and Remote Sensing Department Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology University of G?ttingen Himalayan Forest Research Institute ICFRE Institute of Wood Science and Technology IWST

Rapid urbanization has caused significant changes along the urban-rural gradient, leading to a variety of landscapes that are mainly shaped by human activities. This dynamic interplay also influences the distribution and characteristics of trees outside forests(TOF). Understanding the pattern of these trees will support informed decision-making in urban planning, in conservation strategies, and altogether in sustainable land management practices in the urban context. In this study, we employed a deep learning-based object detection model and high resolution satellite imagery to identify 1.3 million trees with bounding boxes within a 250 km2research transect spanning the urban-rural gradient of Bengaluru, a megacity in Southern India. Additionally, we developed an allometric equation to estimate diameter at breast height(DBH) from the tree crown diameter(CD) derived from the detected bounding boxes. Our study focused on analyzing variations in tree density and tree size along this gradient. The findings revealed distinct patterns: the urban domain displayed larger tree crown diameters(mean:8.87 m) and DBH(mean: 43.78 cm) but having relatively low tree density(32 trees per hectare). Furthermore,with increasing distance from the city center, tree density increased, while the mean tree crown diameter and mean tree basal area decreased, showing clear differences of tree density and size between the urban and rural domains in Bengaluru. This study offers an efficient methodology that helps generating instructive insights into the dynamics of TOF along the urban-rural gradient. This may inform urban planning and management strategies for enhancing green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation in rapidly urbanizing cities like Bengaluru.

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Developing individual tree-based models for estimating aboveground biomass of five key coniferous species in China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第5期29卷 1251-1261页

作者： Weisheng Zeng Liyong Fu Ming Xu Xuejun Wang Zhenxiong Chen Shunbin Yao academy of Forest inventory and planning State Forestry Administration Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques Chinese Academy of Forestry Department of Ecology Evolution & Natural ResourcesRutgers University Central South Forest inventory and planning Institute State Forestry Administration East China Forest inventory and planning Institute State Forestry Administration

Estimating individual tree biomass is critical to forest carbon accounting and ecosystem service *** this study,we developed one-（tree diameter only） and two-variable（tree diameter and height） biomass equations,biomass conversion factor（BCF） models,and an integrated simultaneous equation system（ISES） to estimate the aboveground biomass for five conifer species in China,i.e.,Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.） Hook.,Pinus massoniana Lamb.,*** Faranch,*** *** *** Engelm.,based on the field measurement data of aboveground biomass and stem volumes from 1055 destructive sample trees across the *** found that all three methods,including the one-and two-variable equations,could adequately estimate aboveground biomass with a mean prediction error less than 5%,except for Pinus yunnanensis which yielded an error of about 6%.The BCF method was slightly poorer than the biomass equation and the ISES *** average coefficients of determination（R^2） were 0.944,0.938 and 0.943 and the mean prediction errors were 4.26,4.49 and 4.29% for the biomass equation method,the BCF method and the ISES method,*** ISES method was the best approach for estimating aboveground biomass,which not only had high accuracy but also could estimate stocking volumes simultaneously that was compatible with aboveground *** addition,we found that it is possible to develop a species-invariant one-variable allometric model for estimating aboveground biomass of all the five coniferous *** model had an exponent parameter of 7/3 and the intercept parameter a_0 could be estimated indirectly from stem basic density（a_0= 0.294 q）.

关键词： Biomass models Allometric equations Biomass conversion factor Error-in-variable simultaneous equations

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Applied research of landscape ecology in desertification monitoring and assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2000年第3期12卷 349-354页

作者： LI Feng, SUN Si heng (academy of Forest inventory and planning/China National Desertification Monitoring Center, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100714, China) academy of Forest inventory and planning/China National Dese 北京 1 0 0 71 4

A preliminary research on landscape ecology in desertification monitoring and assessment was reported. Also, this paper laid stress on the study of landscape diversity, dominance, evenness and Markov Matrix model and their respective landscape ecological meanings in the desertification monitoring and assessment. Concurrently, it took Shazhuyu Experimental Area, Qinghai Province as a specific case study.

关键词： landscape ecology desertification monitoring and assessment Shazhuyu Experimental Area

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ON YIELD TABLE AND ITS GENERAL RESEARCH CONDITION IN CHINA

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Journal of Northeast Forestry University 1992年第2期3卷 70-77页

作者： WengGuoqing Chang Kun Forest inventory and planning academy Hao Wenkang Zhang Yanli Northeast Forestry University Lcc Longchang Zhejiang Forestry Institutc Forest inventory and planning academy China Northeast Forestry University China Zhejiang Forestry Institute China

The development and rc research condition about yield table in China were in-troduced in this *** methods of constructing yield table were also described and studied in brief.

关键词： Yield table

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Soil phosphorus fractions and their availability over natural succession from clear-cut of a mixed broadleaved and Korean pine forest in northeast China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第1期33卷 253-260页

作者： Peng Yu Xin Zhang Huiyan Gu Jianping Pan Xiangwei Chen Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040People’s Republic of China academy of Forest and Grassland inventory and planning National Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing 100714People’s Republic of China

To assess phosphorus(P)status of forest soil under naturally restored vegetation,P fractions in the 10-cm soil layer were quantified at different successional stages on the clear-cut site of mixed broadleaved and Korean pine *** communities of shrub,softwood broad-leaved forest,softwood and hardwood broad-leaved forest,and hardwood broad-leaved forest represented different successional stages.A soil sample from a primary broad-leaved and Korean pine stand was the control.A sequential P fractionation scheme extracted empirically defined pools of P and path analysis used to partition the direct and indirect contribution of soil P fractions to available *** results show that available P increased significantly with long-term succession,while both sodium bicarbonate-extractable P(NaHCO_(3)-P)and sodium hydroxide-extractable P(NaOHP)fractions were reduced in early successional stages and increased in late *** to the primary forest,concentrations of P fractions in the four stages significantly decreased except for HCl-P,indicating that soil P supplements over the long-term did not return to primary forest *** results of related analysis also showed that NaHCO_(3)-P_(i)levels were significantly related to available *** to the path analysis coefficient,NaHCO_(3)-P_(i)exhibited the highest effect on available P among eight P fractions;the indirect effects of other P fractions via NaHCO_(3)-P_(i)were larger than those with other P ***,this study suggests that soil P bioavailability gradually improved during natural vegetation restoration on clear-cut sites mainly through the increase of NaHCO_(3)-P,where phosphorous is immediately available,and subsequently available phosphorus Na OH-P.

关键词： Vegetation succession Available phosphorus Phosphorus fractions Correlation analysis Path analysis

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Decoupling effect and driving factors of carbon footprint in megacity Wuhan,Central China

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Ecological Processes 2023年第1期12卷 330-343页

作者： Gao Pan Xinhang Li Deng Pan Wensheng Liu College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangsha 410004People’s Republic of China Central South academy of inventory and planning of NFGA Changsha 410014People’s Republic of China

Background China’s 35 largest cities,including Wuhan,are inhabited by approximately 18%of the Chinese popula-tion,and account for 40%energy consumption and greenhouse gas *** is the only sub-provincial city in Central China and,as the eighth largest economy nationwide,has experienced a notable increase in energy ***,major knowledge gaps exist in understanding the nexus of economic development and carbon footprint and their drivers in *** We studied Wuhan for the evolutionary characteristics of its carbon footprint(CF),the decoupling relation-ship between economic development and CF,and the essential drivers of *** on the CF model,we quantified the dynamic trends of CF,carbon carrying capacity,carbon deficit,and carbon deficit pressure index from 2001 to *** also adopted a decoupling model to clarify the coupled dynamics among total CF,its accounts,and eco-nomic *** used the partial least squares method to analyze the influencing factors of Wuhan’s CF and determine the main *** The CF of Wuhan increased from 36.01 million t CO_(2)eq in 2001 to 70.07 million t CO_(2)eq in 2020,a growth rate of 94.61%,which was much faster than that of the carbon carrying *** energy consumption account(84.15%)far exceeded other accounts,and was mostly contributed by raw coal,coke,and crude *** carbon deficit pressure index fluctuated in the range of 8.44-6.74%,indicating that Wuhan was in the relief zone and the mild enhancement zone during *** the same time,Wuhan was in a transition stage between weak and strong CF decoupling and economic *** main driving factor of CF growth was the urban per capita residen-tial building area,while energy consumption per unit of GDP was responsible for the CF *** Our research highlights the interaction of urban ecological and economic systems,and that Wuhan’s CF changes were mainly affected by four factors:city size,economic developm

关键词： Carbon footprint Economic development Decoupling analysis Partial least squares analysis Megacity

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