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Anthostomella is polyphyletic comprising several genera in Xylariaceae

Fungal Diversity 2015年第4期73卷 203-238页

作者： Dinushani A.Daranagama Erio Camporesi Qing Tian Xingzhong Liu Sunita Chamyuang marc Stadler Kevin D.Hyde State Key Laboratory of mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo 31st West Beichen RoadChaoyang District Beijing 100101People’s Republic of China Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research and School of ScienceMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand College of Science Botany and Microbiology DepartmentKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 1145Saudi Arabia Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH Department of Microbial DrugsInhoffenstrasse 738124 BraunschweigGermany a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese "antonio cicognani" Via Roma 18ForlìItaly A.m.b.Circolo micologico "Giovanni Carini" C.P.314 BresciaItaly Societàper gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144 BagnacavalloRAItaly

Anthostomella has long been regarded as a large,but polyphyletic genus in the family Xylariaceae,but species in this group generally lack phylogenetic *** this study,14 anthostomella-like taxa collected from Italy,were studied using both morphology and molecular *** ascospore isolates were obtained and the asexual morphs of five taxa *** phylogenetic relationships of the xylariaceous taxa were inferred using combined ITS,RPb2,βtubulin and LSU gene *** introduce new sequence data for 24 with included the 14 new anthostomella-like *** subfamilies Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae within Xylariaceae were recognized as the two major clades with high bootstrap *** the two clades 21 subclades were resolved and the anthostomella-like taxa clustered in five of these subclades indicating that the genus is *** sensu stricto comprised ***,***,***,*** and *** *** and *** collections morphologically closely resemble the type specimens and therefore we designate reference *** new species Anthostomella helicofissa,*** and *** are also *** distinct lineages of anthostomella-like taxa correspondent to four new genera,Anthocanalis,brunneiperidium,Lunatiannulus and Pyriformiascoma,which are also introduced,while one clustered in Astrocystis and is introduced as a new *** to the new anthostomella-like genera and species examined in this study are provided.

关键词： Asexual morph multigene phylogeny Taxonomy Xylariaceous taxa Xylariales

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Taxonomic circumscription of Diaporthales based on multigene phylogeny and morphology

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Fungal Diversity 2018年第6期93卷 241-443页

作者： Indunil C.Senanayake Rajesh Jeewon Putarak Chomnunti Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Chada Norphanphoun Anuruddha Karunarathna Dhandevi Pem Rekhani H.Perera Erio Camporesi Eric H.C.mcKenzie Kevin D.Hyde Samantha C.Karunarathna Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChina Centre of Excellence for Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand Department of Health Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MauritiusReduit 80837Mauritius Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese Antonio CicognaniVia Roma 18Forlı`Italy A.m.b.Circolo micologico Giovanni Carini314 BresciaItaly Societa`per gliStudiNaturalisticidella Romagna 144 BagnacavalloRAItaly manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand

Demarcation of family,genus and species boundaries in the Diaporthales has been tentative due to uninformative illus-trations and descriptions,overlapping morphological characteristics,misplacement or poor condition of type specimens and shortage of molecular data from ex-type *** this study,we obtained the type specimens or other authentic specimens of diaporthalean taxa from worldwide *** examined,described and illustrated *** study is based on morphological characters from type or authentic specimens,details from protologue and original illustrations and molecular data obtained from *** analyses of nrITS,nrLSU,RPb2 and TEF1-a sequence data were used to construct the molecular ***,we provided separate phylogenetic trees for families when necessary to show the generic distribution within these families based on suitable gene *** on morphology and phylogeny,we treat 17 genera previously assigned to Diaporthales genera incertae sedis within several *** some genera we have designated new generic types as they are lacking type species or type species have affiliations with other *** exclude Anisomycopsis from Diaporthales and place it in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae ***,which was previously placed in Tirisporellales is placed in Diaporthales based on phylogeny and morphology.A new combi-nation,Dendrostoma leiphaemia propose for Amphiporthe leiphaemia(Fr.)*** on the morphological characters and molecular data we accept 27 families and 138 genera within Diaporthales,24 genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis and one genus in Xylariomycetidae genera incertae *** provide notes for genera in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis,and excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny.

关键词： Authentic specimens Dendrostoma leiphaemia Incertae sedis Classification Taxonomy Families Accepted genera

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Diatrypella macrospora,a new host and geographical record from Forlì-Cesena,Italy

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Studies in Fungi 2021年第1期6卷 273-287页

作者： Carpouron JE Wijesinghe SN Shang QJ Perera RH Camporesi E Hyde KD Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai57100Thailand a.m.b.gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani”Viale Roma 1847121ForliItaly A.m.b Circolo Micologico“Giovanni Carini”C.P.10125121BresciaItaly Societáper gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.14348012BagnacavalloRAItaly CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225People’s Republic of China

During a microfungi survey in the Province of Forlì-Cesena,Italy,a diatrypaceous taxon was collected on a dead branch of Quercus cerris(Fagaceae,Fagales).Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS andβ-tubulin sequence data identified the taxon as Diatrypella *** represents a new host and geographical record for *** new collection is similar to the holotype,but differs in having shorter perithecial necks and smaller ascospores with marked *** this account,a detailed description,colour photographs and phylogenetic analyses are provided to represent the new record of ***.

关键词： Diatrypaceae Italy ITS morphology phylogeny

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Revision of Phaeosphaeriaceae

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第5期68卷 159-238页

作者： Rungtiwa Phookamsak Jian-Kui Liu Eric H.C.mcKenzie Dimuthu S.manamgoda Hiran Ariyawansa Kasun m.Thambugala Dong-Qin Dai Erio Camporesi Ekachai Chukeatirote Nalin N.Wijayawardene Ali H.bahkali Peter E.mortimer Jian-Chu Xu Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese“antonio cicognani” Via Roma 18ForlìItaly A.m.b.Circolo micologico“Giovanni Carini” C.P.314BresciaItaly Societàper gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144BagnacavalloRAItaly College of Science Botany and Microbiology DepartmentKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 1145Saudi Arabia

Phaeosphaeriaceae is a large and important family in the order Pleosporales which includes economically important plant *** may also be endophytes or saprobes on plant hosts,especially on monocotyledons(e.g.,Cannaceae,Cyperaceae,Juncaceae,Poaceae);some species have also been reported on *** family previously accommodated 35 sexual and asexual genera and comprised more than 300 species with a range of morphological *** morphological characters of taxa in this family are often ambiguous and can be confused with other taxa in Leptosphaeriaceae and *** specimens of the type genera of Phaeosphaeriaceae were loaned from herbaria worldwide and were re-examined and *** collections were obtained from Italy and Thailand,characterized,examined,isolated into pure culture and used to obtain molecular *** asexual state was induced where possible on sterile bamboo pieces placed on water *** phylogenetic analyses of ITS,LSU,SSU,RPb2 and TEF1 sequence datasets were carried out using maximum likelihood,maximum parsimony and bayesian *** analyses shows that 21 genera(Amarenomyces,Ampelomyces,Chaetosphaeronema,Dematiopleospora,Entodesmium,Loratospora,Neosetophoma,Neostagonospora,Nodulosphaeria,Ophiobolus,Ophiosphaerella,Paraphoma,Parastagonospora,Phaeosphaeria,Phaeosphaeriopsis,Sclerostagonospora,Setomelanomma,Setophoma,Vrystaatia,Wojnowicia and Xenoseptoria)belong in Phaeosphaeriaceae,while seven genera(Amarenographium,bricookea,Dothideopsella,Eudarluca,Phaeostagonospora,Scolecosporiella and Tiarospora)are included based on morphological *** is reinstated and Nodulosphaeria is confirmed in *** is distinguished from Sphaerellopsis based on its morphological characters and is typical of *** gene phylogenetic analys is indicates that Sphaerellopsis belongs to *** species form a clade within Phaeosphaeriacea

关键词： Asexualstate Didymosphaeriaceae montagnulaceae Phaeosphaeria Phylogeny Pleosporales Taxonomy

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Dothideales

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第5期68卷 105-158页

作者： Kasun m.Thambugala Hiran A.Ariyawansa Yan-mei Li Saranyaphat boonmee Sinang Hongsanan Qing Tian Chonticha Singtripop D.Jayarama bhat Erio Camporesi Ruvishika Jayawardena Zuo-Yi Liu Jian-Chu Xu Ekachai Chukeatirote Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChina Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Chiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyangGuizhou 550006People’s Republic of China International Fungal Research and Development Centre Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Cultivation&Utilization State Forestry AdministrationThe Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming 650224People’s Republic of China Department of botany Goa UniversityGoa 403206India a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese“antonio cicognani” Via Roma 18ForlìItaly A.m.b.Circolo micologico“Giovanni Carini” C.P.314BresciaItaly Societàper gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144BagnacavalloRAItaly

The type specimens or representative specimens of the potentially dothidealean genera bagnisiella,botryochora,Coccostromella,Columnosphaeria,Delphinel la,Dictyodothis,Discosphaerina,Dothidea,Dothiora,Endodothiora,Jaffuela,mycoporis,Omphalospora,Pachysacca,Plowrightia,Saccothecium,Stylodothis,Sydowia and Yoshinagaia were examined while,fresh specimens of Aureobasidium pullulans,Dothidea insculpta,Plowrightia ribesia and Saccothecium sepincola were made from Italy and *** introduction and the history of these genera,their family placement,morphology,and molecular phylogeny are *** plus Genbank data are used to provide a systematic treatment of *** analysis of LSU,SSU and ITS gene regions was carried out and in the resulting phylogenetic tree the taxa cluster in two clades with high bootstrap *** A comprises Dothideaceae,the family type of *** family Dothioraceae is not recognized as a distinct family and is synonymized under *** is introduced to accommodate Cylindroseptoria pistaciae as it forms a well-supported distinct clade in *** b comprises Aureobasidium,Kabatiella,Pseudoseptoria,Saccothecium and Selenophoma species and Columnosphaeria fagi,for which we propose a new family,*** recently introduced Sydowia eucalypti also clustered within Clade b and therefore based on morphology and molecular phylogeny a new genus Pseudosydowia is introduced for Sydowia *** laricicola is separated in a distinct clade,and therefore it is placed in Dothideales,genera,incertae *** genera bagnisiella,botryochora,Coccostromella,Jaffuela,Lucidascocarpa,mycoporis,Omphalospora,Pachysacca and Yoshinagaia are excluded from Dothideales and their placements are discussed.

关键词： Ascomycota Aureobasidiaceae Dothideaceae Dothideomycetes Dothioraceae molecular phylogeny morphology taxonomy

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Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Pleosporaceae

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第2期71卷 85-139页

作者： Hiran A.Ariyawansa Kasun m.Thambugala Dimuthu S.manamgoda Ruvishika Jayawardena Erio Camporesi Saranyaphat boonmee Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe R.Phookamsak Singang Hongsanan Chonticha Singtripop Ekachai Chukeatirote Ji-Chuan Kang E.b.Gareth Jones Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201People’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East Asia and CentralHeilongtanKunming 650201People’s Republic of China The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education ministry of China Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025Guizhou ProvinceChina School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese"antonio cicognani" Via Roma 18ForlìItaly Department of botany and microbiology King Saudi UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia

The family Pleosporaceae includes numerous saprobic,opportunistic human,and plant pathogenic *** classification of genera and species Pleosporaceae has been a major challenge due to the lack of a clear understanding of the importance of the morphological characters used to distinguish taxa as well as the lack of reference *** treatments concluded that Pleospora and some other genera in Pleosporaceae are likely *** order to establish the evolutionary relationships and to resolve the polyphyletic nature of Pleospora and allied genera,we sequenced the 18S nrDNA,28S nrDNA,ITS,GAPDH,RPb2 and TEF1-alpha gene regions of Pleosporaceae species and phylogenetically analysed this *** phylogenies strongly support the monophyletic nature of Pleosporaceae among the other families in Pleosporales,and the acceptance of the genera Alternaria,bipolaris,Clathrospora,Comoclathris,Curvularia,Dactuliophora,Decorospora,Diademosa,Exserohilum,Extrawettsteinina,Gibbago,Neocamarosporium,Paradendryphiella,Platysporoides,Pleospora,Porocercospora,Pseudoyuconia and ***,Dendryphion,Edenia and macrospora are excluded from the family based on morphology coupled with molecular *** novel species,Alternaria murispora in this paper and Comoclathris sedi are *** sexual morph of Alternaria alternata is re-described and illustrated using modern concepts from fresh *** paraphyletic nature of Pleospora is resolved based on the available morpho-molecular data,but further sampling with fresh collections,reference or ex-type strains and molecular data are needed to obtain a natural classification of genera and the family.

关键词： backbone tree Dothideomycetes Pleosporales Plant pathogens Saprobes

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Towards a natural classification of Ophiobolus and ophiobolus-like taxa;introducing three novel genera Ophiobolopsis, Paraophiobolus and Pseudoophiobolus in Phaeosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales)

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第6期87卷 299-339页

作者： Rungtiwa Phookamsak Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Sinang Hongsanan Chayanard Phukhamsakda Shi-Ke Huang Danushka S.Tennakoon Chada Norphanphoun Erio Camporesi Timur S.bulgakov Itthayakorn Promputtha Peter E.mortimer Jian-Chu Xu Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant biodiversity and biogeography of East Asia(KLPb) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agro Forestry Centre East and Central Asia132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanChina Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand a.m.b.gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani”Via Roma 18Forlı`Italy A.m.b.Circolo micologico“Giovanni Carini” C.P.314BresciaItaly Societa`per gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144BagnacavalloRAItaly Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops Yana Fabritsiusa Street2/28Krasnodar RegionSochiRussia 354002

Ophiobolus is a large genus of Phaeosphaeriaceae comprising more than 350 possible species,most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in Europe and North *** species are polyphyletic and the type of Ophiobolus is not represented in ***,an increased taxon sampling of ophiobolus-like taxa and epitypification of the type species,*** is *** phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU,SSU,TEF1-a and ITS sequence data position *** in a sister clade with *** and several Entodesmium species in Phaeosphaeriaceae with high ***,Entodesmium is synonymized under *** with it type species,*** also clusters within the Ophiobolus clade and is synonymized under *** rossicus *** introduced and a reference specimen is designated for *** ophiobolus-like taxa(Ophiobolus sensu lato)can be distinguished as three main groups,which are introduced as new *** is introduced to accommodate the new species,Ophiobolopsis *** new genus Paraophiobolus is introduced to accommodate *** *** *** *** genus is characterized by hyaline to pale yellowish ascospores,some green-yellowish at maturity,with a swollen cell,terminal appendages and ascospores not separating into part *** *** introduced to accommodate six new species and two new combinations,***,***,***,***,***,***,*** and *** is characterized by subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish ascospores,with a swollen cell,lack of terminal appendages and ascospores that do not separate into part spores and is related to *** updated tree for Phaeosphaeriaceae based on multigene analysis is also provided.

关键词： 7 new combinations 11 new taxa Dothideomycetes Epitypification

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A molecular phylogenetic reappraisal of the Didymosphaeriaceae(=montagnulaceae)

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第5期68卷 69-104页

作者： Hiran A.Ariyawansa Kazuaki Tanaka Kasun m.Thambugala Rungtiwa Phookamsak Qing Tian Erio Camporesi Sinang Hongsanan Jutamart monkai Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Ausanan mapook Ekachai Chukeatirote Ji-Chuan Kang Jian-Chu Xu Eric H.C.mcKenzie E.b.Gareth Jones Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201People’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East Asia and CentralHeilongtanKunming 650201People’s Republic of China The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education ministry of China Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025Guizhou ProvinceChina School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science Hirosaki University3 Bunkyo-choHirosakiAomori 036-8561Japan a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese“antonio cicognani” Via Roma 18ForlìItaly manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag92170 AucklandNew Zealand Department of botany and microbiology King Saudi UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia

The ascomycetous families,Didymosphaeriaceae and montagnulaceae,have been treated in Pleosporales,Dothideomycetes,and both include saprobes,endophytes and pathogens associated with a wide variety of substrates *** was characterized by 1-septate ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses,mainly anastomosing above the asci,while species in montagnulaceae had 1 to multi-septate ascospores and generally cellular *** recent treatments,bimuria,Didymocrea,Kalmusia,Karstenula,montagnula,Paraphaeosphaeria,Paraconiothyrium and Letendraea were placed in montagnulaceae,while only Didymosphaeria has been placed in *** morphological and molecular data from recent collections have become available and thus the understanding of the families can be *** on analyses of concatenated internal transcribed spacer(ITS)with LSU,SSU andβ-tubulin gene sequences,the taxonomy of the genera classified in these families are *** phylogenetic analyses conclude that,the recently introduced Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii with Paraconiothyrium brasi liense species complex,Alloconiothyrium,bimuria,Deniquelata,Didymocrea,Kalmusia,Karstenula,Letendraea,montagnula,Neokalmusia,Paraconiothyrium,Paraphaeosphaeria,Phaeodothis and Tremateia,forms a robust clade named here *** therefore synonymize montagnulaceae under Didymosphaeriaceae which is the oldest name and has priority and provide a update account of the *** is represented by Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii.A new genus,Neokalmusia,is introduced in the family to accommodate the bambusi colous taxa Kalmusia brevispora and *** introduction is based on molecular data coupled with *** new species,Paraconiothyrium magnoliae and the sexual morph of Paraconiothyrium fuckelii,is also *** and barria are assigned to the family based on morphological similarity with ***(previously referre

关键词： Didymosphaeriaceae montagnulaceae New species Phylogeny rDNA β-tubulin

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Lopadostoma fagi (Lopadostomataceae) on Fagus sylvatica from Italy

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Studies in Fungi 2016年第1期1卷 80-89页

作者： Daranagama DA Camporesi E Liu XZ Chamyuang S Stadler m Jingzu S Hyde KD State Key Laboratory of mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo 31st West Beichen RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing100101People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai57100Thailand Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH Dept.Microbial DrugsInhoffenstrasse 738124BraunschweigGermany a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese“antonio cicognani” Via Roma 18ForlìItaly A.m.b.Circolo micologico“Giovanni Carini” C.P.314BresciaItaly Societàper gli Studi Naturalistici della Romagna C.P.144Bagnacavallo(RA)Italy

A new record of Lopadostoma fagi is described in Italy from Fagus sylvatica based on morphological and molecular *** has effused-pulvinate stromata immersed in the host tissue,with a narrow,black,carbonized *** ectostromatic disc is visible as a clypeus and surrounded by the reddish brown bark *** the combined phylogenetic analysis of ITS,LSU and RPb2 sequence data,the strain derived from the specimen clustered with other *** strains with high bootstrap support.A morphological description with detailed photographs for *** is provided in this study.

关键词： Ascomycetes phylogeny Sordariomycetes taxonomy Xylariales

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Epitypification and neotypification:guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第6期69卷 57-91页

作者： Hiran A.Ariyawansa David L.Hawksworth Kevin D.Hyde E.b.Gareth Jones Sajeewa S.N.maharachchikumbura Dimuthu S.manamgoda Kasun m.Thambugala Dhanushka Udayanga Erio Camporesi Anupama Daranagama Ruvishika Jayawardena Jian-Kui Liu Eric H.C.mcKenzie Rungtiwa Phookamsak Indunil C.Senanayake Roger G.Shivas Qing Tian Jian-Chu Xu Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChina Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research School of ScienceMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Departamento de biología Vegetal II Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de MadridPlaza Ramón y CajalMadrid 28040Spain Department of Life Sciences The Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondon SW75BDUK mycology Section Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmond Surrey TW93DSUK Department of botany and microbiology King Saudi UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia a.m.b.gruppo micologico forlivese“antonio cicognani” Via Roma18ForlìItaly manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 AucklandNew Zealand Plant Pathology Herbarium Agri-Science Queensland40 Boggo RoadDutton ParkQld 4102Australia

review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly *** classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification *** classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic *** some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of *** manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is *** where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are *** examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,***,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and *** this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not *** we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus *** responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious f

关键词： Epitype Generic types molecular data Nomenclature Systematics Taxonomy Typification

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