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A review of reservoir damage during hydraulic fracturing of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs

petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 384-409页

作者： Kun Zhang Xiong-Fei Liu Dao-Bing Wang Bo Zheng Tun-Hao Chen Qing Wang Hao Bai Er-Dong Yao Fu-Jian Zhou National key {1. of petroleum resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyBeijing102617China Tuha Downhole Operation Company CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company LimitedShanshan838200XinjiangChina

Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs have gradually become the primary focus of hydrocarbon exploration as a result of a series of significant discoveries in deep hydrocarbon exploration *** reservoirs present unique challenges due to their deep burial depth(4500-8882 m),low matrix permeability,complex crustal stress conditions,high temperature and pressure(HTHP,1.0-200℃,1.5-1.5 MPa),coupled with high salinity of formation ***,the costs associated with their exploitation and development are exceptionally *** deep and ultra-deep reservoirs,hydraulic fracturing is commonly used to achieve high and stable *** hydraulic fracturing,a substantial volume of fluid is injected into the ***,statistical analysis reveals that the flowback rate is typically less than 30%,leaving the majority of the fluid trapped within the ***,hydraulic fracturing in deep reservoirs not only enhances the reservoir permeability by creating artificial fractures but also damages reservoirs due to the fracturing fluids *** challenging“three-high”environment of a deep reservoir,characterized by high temperature,high pressure,and high salinity,exacerbates conventional forms of damage,including water sensitivity,retention of fracturing fluids,rock creep,and proppant *** addition,specific damage mechanisms come into play,such as fracturing fluid decomposition at elevated temperatures and proppant diagenetic reactions at HTHP ***,the foremost concern in deep oil and gas development lies in effectively assessing the damage inflicted on these reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing,comprehending the underlying mechanisms,and selecting appropriate ***'s noteworthy that the majority of existing studies on reservoir damage primarily focus on conventional reservoirs,with limited attention given to deep reservoirs and a lack of systematic *** light of this,our approach entails initially summarizin

关键词： Artificial fracture Deep and ultra-deep reservoir Fracture conductivity Fracturing fluid Hydraulic fracturing Reservoir damage

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Intelligent geochemical interpretation of mass chromatograms:Based on convolution neural network

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petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 752-764页

作者： Kai-Ming Su Jun-Gang Lu Jian Yu Zi-Xing Lu Shi-Jia Chen Hubei key {1. of petroleum Geochemistry and Environment Wuhan430100HubeiChina College of resources and Environment Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina Changqing Oilfield Company PetroChinaXi'an710021ShaanxiChina

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)is an extremely important analytical technique that is widely used in organic *** is the only approach to capture biomarker features of organic matter and provides the key evidence for oil-source correlation and thermal maturity ***,the conventional way of processing and interpreting the mass chromatogram is both timeconsuming and labor-intensive,which increases the {1. cost and restrains extensive applications of this *** overcome this limitation,a correlation model is developed based on the convolution neural network(CNN)to link the mass chromatogram and biomarker features of samples from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,*** this way,the mass chromatogram can be automatically *** {1. first performs dimensionality reduction for 1. biomarker parameters via the factor analysis and then quantifies the biomarker features using two indexes(*** and PMI)that represent the organic matter thermal maturity and parent material type,***,training,interpretation,and validation are performed multiple times using different CNN models to optimize the model structure and hyper-parameter setting,with the mass chromatogram used as the input and the obtained MI and PMI values for supervision(label).The optimized model presents high accuracy in automatically interpreting the mass chromatogram,with R2values typically above 0.85 and0.80 for the thermal maturity and parent material interpretation results,*** significance of this {1. is twofold:(i)developing an efficient technique for geochemical {1.;(ii)more importantly,demonstrating the potential of artificial intelligence in organic geochemistry and providing vital references for future related studies.

关键词： Organic geochemistry Biomarker Mass chromatographic analysis Automated interpretation Convolution neural network Machine learning

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Relationship between Natural Fracture and Structural Style and its Implication for Tight Gas Enrichment:A Case Study of Deep Ahe Formation in the Dibei–Tuzi Area,Kuqa Depression

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第4期98卷 1086-1110页

作者： XIA Lu XI Kelai YANG Xianzhang HAN Zhanghua XU Zhenping ZHOU Lu YU Guoding WANG Daoshen WANG Weiyu School of petroleum Engineering Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical TechnologyDongyingShandong 257061China National key {1. of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)QingdaoShandong 266580China research Institute of {1. Exploration and Development PetroChina Tarim Oilfield CompanyKorlaXinjiang 841000China

The deep Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation(J_(1.))in the Dibei–Tuzi area of the Kuqa Depression has not been extensively explored because of the complex distribution of fractures.A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the natural fracture distribution and structural *** J_(1.)fractures in this area were mainly high-angle shear fractures.A backward thrust structure(BTS)is favorable for gas migration and accumulation,probably because natural fractures are more developed in the middle and upper parts of a thick competent *** opposing thrust structure(OTS)was strongly compressed,and the natural fractures in the middle and lower parts of the thick competent layer around the fault were more *** vertical fracture distribution in the thick competent layers of an imbricate-thrust structure(ITS)differs from that of BTS and *** intensity of the fractures in the ITS anticline is similar to that in the *** density in monoclinic strata in a ITS is controlled by ***,the structural style controls the configuration of faults and anticlines,and the stress on the competent layers,which significantly affects deep gas reservoir *** enrichment of deep tight sandstone gas is likely controlled by two closely spaced faults and a fault-related anticline.

关键词： fracture distribution structural style deep tight sandstone electrical image logging Kuqa Depression Tarim Basin

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Long-lived lunar volcanism sustained by precession-driven core-mantle friction

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 114-123页

作者： Shuoran Yu Xiao Xiao Shengxia Gong Nicola Tosi Jun Huang Doris Breuer Long Xiao Dongdong Ni State key {1. of Lunar and Planetary Sciences Macau University of Science and Technology Planetary Science Institute State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences CAS key {1. of Planetary Sciences Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Institute of Planetary research German Aerospace Centre(DLR)

Core-mantle friction induced by the precession of the Moon's spin axis is a strong heat source in the deep lunar mantle during the early phase of a satellite's evolution, but its influence on the long-term thermal evolution still remains poorly explored. Using a one-dimensional thermal evolution model, we show that core-mantle friction can sustain global-scale partial melting in the upper lunar mantle until ～3.1.Ga, thus accounting for the intense volcanic activity on the Moon before ～3.0 Ga. Besides, core-mantle friction tends to suppress the secular cooling of the lunar core and is unlikely to be an energy source for the long-lived lunar core dynamo. Our model also favours the transition of the Cassini state before the end of the lunar magma ocean phase(～4.2 Ga), which implies a decreasing lunar obliquity over time after the solidification of the lunar magma ocean. Such a trend of lunar obliquity evolution may allow volcanically released water to be buried in the lunar regolith of the polar regions. As a consequence, local water ice could be more abundant than previously thought when considering only its accumulation caused by solar wind and comet spreading.

关键词： Moon precession orbit volcanism

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Silica-modified Pt/TiO_(2) catalysts with tunable suppression of strong metal-support interaction for cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第6期70卷 189-198页

作者： Zhengjian Hou Yuanyuan Zhu Hua Chi Li Zhao Huijie Wei Yanyan Xi Lishuang Ma Xiang Feng Xufeng Lin College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials research Center China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China State key {1. of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China

Tuning Strong Metal-support Interactions(SMSI)is a key strategy to obtain highly active catalysts,but conventional methods usually enable TiO_(x) encapsulation of noble metal components to minimize the exposure of noble *** study demonstrates a catalyst preparation method to modulate a weak encapsulation of Pt metal nanoparticles(NPs)with the supported TiO_(2),achieving the moderate suppression of SMSI *** introduction of silica inhibits this encapsulation,as reflected in the characterization results such as XPS and HRTEM,while the Ti^(4+) to Ti^(3+) conversion due to SMSI can still be found on the support ***,the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde(CAL)as a probe reaction revealed that once this encapsulation behavior was suppressed,the adsorption capacity of the catalyst for small molecules like H_(2) and CO was enhanced,which thereby improved the catalytic activity and facilitated the hydrogenation of ***,the introduction of SiO_(2) also changed the surface structure of the catalyst,which inhibited the occurrence of the acetal reaction and improved the conversion efficiency of C=O and C=C *** manipulation of SMSI formation and its consequence on the performance in catalytic hydrogenation reactions are discussed.

关键词： Pt catalyst Silica modification Hydrogenation Cinnamaldehyde Strong metal-support interaction

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Structural engineering of hard carbon through spark plasma sintering for enhanced sodium-ion storage

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Rare Metals 2024年第9期43卷 4274-4285页

作者： Hao-Ming Xiao Heng Zheng Ping Yuan Jun-Hui Luo Lin-Lin Shen Jie-Feng Tan Xian-You Luo De Li Yong Chen Guangdong key {1. for Hydrogen Energy Technologies School of Materials Science and Hydrogen EnergyFoshan UniversityFoshan 528000China State key {1. of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Utilization of Si-Zr-Ti ResourcesHainan UniversityHaikou 570228China

Hard carbon(HC)has emerged as one of the superior anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),with its electrochemical performance significantly influenced by the presence of oxygen functional groups and its closed pore ***,current research on the structural adjustment of these oxygen functional groups and the closed pore architecture within HC remains ***,energy-efficient and contamination-free spark plasma sintering technology was employed to tune the structure of coconut-shell HC,resulting in significant adjustments to the content of carboxyl(decreasing from 5.71.at%to 2.1. at%)and hydroxyl groups(decreasing from 7.73 at%to 6.26 at%).Crucially,these modifications reduced the irreversible reaction of oxygen functional groups with Na^(+).Simultaneously,a substantial number of closed pores with an average diameter of 1.22 nm were generated within the HC,offering an ideal environment for efficient Na^(+)*** structural changes resulted in a remarkable improvement in the electrochemical performance of the modified *** reversible specific capacity of the modified HC surged from 73.89 mAh·g^(-1.to an impressive 251.97 m Ah·g^(-1.at a current density of 50 mA·g^(-1..Even at 400 mA·g^(-1.,the reversible specific capacity increased significantly from 1..55 to 85.44 mAh·g^(-1..Hence,this study provides a novel perspective for designing tailored HC materials with the potential to develop high-performance SIBs.

关键词： Hard carbon Spark plasma sintering Sodiumion batteries Closed pores Oxygen functional groups

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Probabilistic seismic inversion based on physics-guided deep mixture density network

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petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1611-1631页

作者： Qian-Hao Sun Zhao-Yun Zong Xin Li National key {1. of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina Laoshan laboratory Qingdao266580ShandongChina CNOOC research Institute Ltd. Beijing100028China

Deterministic inversion based on deep learning has been widely utilized in model parameters *** by logging data,seismic data,wavelet and modeling operator,deterministic inversion based on deep learning can establish nonlinear relationships between seismic data and model ***,seismic data lacks low-frequency and contains noise,which increases the non-uniqueness of the *** conventional inversion method based on deep learning can only establish the deterministic relationship between seismic data and parameters,and cannot quantify the uncertainty of *** order to quickly quantify the uncertainty,a physics-guided deep mixture density network(PG-DMDN)is established by combining the mixture density network(MDN)with the deep neural network(DNN).Compared with Bayesian neural network(BNN)and network dropout,PG-DMDN has lower computing cost and shorter training time.A low-frequency model is introduced in the training process of the network to help the network learn the nonlinear relationship between narrowband seismic data and low-frequency *** addition,the block constraints are added to the PG-DMDN framework to improve the horizontal continuity of the inversion *** illustrate the benefits of proposed method,the PG-DMDN is compared with existing semi-supervised inversion *** synthetic data examples of Marmousi II model are utilized to quantify the influence of forward modeling part,low-frequency model,noise and the pseudo-wells number on inversion results,and prove the feasibility and stability of the proposed *** addition,the robustness and generality of the proposed method are verified by the field seismic data.

关键词： Deep learning Probabilistic inversion Physics-guided Deep mixture density network

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Investigation of the Corrosion and Passive Behavior of HP-1.Cr Stainless Steel in Formate Annulus Protection Fluid

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2024年第6期37卷 1087-1103页

作者： Jidong Wang Tengfei Yin Wenlong Qi Xuanpeng Li Yang Zhao Tao Zhang Fuhui Wang Shenyang National laboratory for Materials Science Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China State key {1. of Performance and Structural Safety for petroleum Tubular Goods and Equipment Materials Tubular Goods Research InstituteCNPCXi’an710077China

The corrosion and passive behavior of HP-1.Cr stainless steel(HP-1.Cr SS)in formate annulus protection fluid was ***-1.Cr SS exhibited good passive behavior in clean formate annulus protection fluid,which was attributed to a thinner and more dense passive film mainly composed of Cr_(2)O_(3).In the formation water solution,the passive film was composed of metastable Cr(OH)3,which was explained by the isoelectric point theory,resulting in the deterioration of the passive behavior of HP-1.Cr *** the formation water penetrated the formate annulus protection fluid,a large number of loose FeCO_(3)particles formed in the corrosion scales,thus HP-1.Cr SS suffered severe ***,avoiding formation water penetrating the formate annulus protection fluid is conducive to improving the service life of HP-1.Cr SS oil tubes in extremely aggressive environment.

关键词： HP-1.Cr SS Passive behavior Formate annulus protection fluid Isoelectric point

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A New Integrated Interpolation Method for High Missing Unstable Disease Surveillance Data—1. Urban Agglomerations,China,2009-2020

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China CDC weekly 2024年第27期6卷 670-676,I0005-I0012页

作者： Yuanhao Shi Yilan Liao The State key {1. of resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Science BeijingChina

Introduction:The prevalence of unstable and incomplete monitoring data significantly complicates syndromic *** data interpolation methods currently available demonstrate inadequate effectiveness in overcoming this ***:To improve the accuracy of interpolation,we propose the integration of the SHapley Additive exPlanation model(SHAP)with the structural equation model(SEM),forming a combined SHAP-SEM approach.A case study is then performed to assess the enhanced performance of this novel model compared to traditional ***:The SHAP-SEM model was utilized to develop an interpolation model employing data from the Chinese respiratory syndrome surveillance *** executed three distinct experiments to establish the model datasets,comprising a total of 1.0 *** performance of the model was evaluated using the root mean square error(RMSE),correlation coefficient(r),and *** findings demonstrate that the SHAP-SEM model consistently achieves superior accuracy in data interpolation,which is evident across different seasons and in overall ***:We conclude that the SHAP-SEM model demonstrates an exceptional capacity for accurately interpolating volatile and incomplete *** capability is crucial for developing a comprehensive database that is essential for conducting risk assessments related to syndromes.

关键词： interpolation incomplete exceptional

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Species-specific and generalized allometric biomass models for eight Fagaceae species in the understory of evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China

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Journal of Forestry research 2024年第4期35卷 156-170页

作者： Shengwang Meng Qianyanzhou Ecological research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China

Quantifying the biomass of saplings in the regeneration component is critical for understanding biogeochemical processes of forest ***,accurate allometric equations have yet to be developed in sufficient *** develop species-specific and generalized allometric equations,1.4 saplings of eight Fagaceae tree species in subtropical China’s evergreen broadleaved forests were *** dendrometric variables,root collar diameter(d),height(h),and crown area(ca)were applied in the model by the weighted nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression *** only d as an input variable,the species-specific and generalized allometric equations estimated the aboveground biomass reasonably,with R _(adj)^(2) values generally>*** h and/or ca improved the fitting of some biomass components to a certain *** equations showed a relatively large coefficient of variation but comparable bias to species-specific *** in the absence of species-specific equations at a given location are generalized equations for mixed species *** developed regression equations can be used to accurately calculate the aboveground biomass of understory Fagaceae regeneration trees in China’s subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests.

关键词： Allometry Aboveground biomass Additivity Regeneration Subtropical China

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