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Combining thermal scanning probe lithography and dry etching for grayscale nanopattern amplification

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2024年第1期10卷 335-344页

作者： Berke Erbas Ana Conde-Rubio Xia Liu Joffrey Pernollet Zhenyu Wang Arnaud Bertsch Marcos Penedo Georg fantner Mitali Banerjee Andras Kis Giovanni Boero Juergen Brugger Microsystems Laboratory École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Center of MicroNanoTechnology(CMi) EPFLLausanne 1015Switzerland Laboratory of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Laboratory for Bio-and Nano-Instrumentation École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Laboratory of Quantum Physics Topology and CorrelationsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Present address:Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC Campus UABBellaterra 08193Spain Present address:School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and DevicesBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China

Grayscale structured surfaces with nanometer-scale features are used in a growing number of applications in optics and *** scanning probe lithography achieves a lateral resolution below 10 nm and a vertical resolution below 1 nm,but its maximum depth in polymers is ***,we present an innovative combination of nanowriting in thermal resist and plasma dry etching with substrate cooling,which achieves up to 10-fold amplification of polymer nanopatterns into SiO_(2) without proportionally increasing surface *** nanopatterns in SiO_(2) with 400 nm pitch and 150 nm depth are fabricated free of shape distortion after dry *** exemplify the possible applications of the proposed method,grayscale dielectric nanostructures are used for scalable manufacturing through nanoimprint lithography and for strain nanoengineering of 2d *** a method for aspect ratio amplification and smooth grayscale nanopatterning has the potential to find application in the fabrication of photonic and nanoelectronic devices.

关键词： lithography thermal pattern

Improving the operational stability of perovskite solar cells with cesium-doped graphene oxide interlayer

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第9期96卷 483-490页

作者： Masaud Almalki Katerina Anagnostou Konstantinos Rogdakis felix T.Eickemeyer Mostafa Othman Minas M.Stylianakis dimitris Tsikritzis Anwar Q.Alanazi Nikolaos Tzoganakis Lukas Pfeifer Rita Therisod Xiaoliang Mo Christian M.Wolff Aïcha Hessler-Wyser Shaik M.Zakeeruddin Hong Zhang Emmanuel Kymakis Michael Grätzel Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean UniversityHeraklionCrete 71410Greece Institute of Electrical and Microengineering(IEM)Photovoltaics and Thin-film Electronics Laboratory(PV-Lab) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Neuchâtel 2000Switzerland department of Nursing Faculty of Health SciencesHellenic Mediterranean UniversityCrete 71410Greece Centre Interdisciplinaire de Microscopie Electronique École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland future Energy Technology Institute King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology(KACST)P.O.Box 6086Riyadh 11442Saudi Arabia State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and PerceptionInstitute of OptoelectronicsDepartment of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have made great advances in terms of power conversion efficiency(PCE),yet their subpar stability continues to hinder their *** interface between the perovskite layer and the charge-carrier transporting layers plays a crucial role in undermining the stability of *** this work,we propose a strategy to stabilize high-performance PSCs with PCE over 23%by introducing a cesium-doped graphene oxide(GO-Cs)as an interlayer between the perovskite and hole-transporting *** GO-Cs treated PSCs exhibit excellent operational stability with a projected T80(the time where the device PCE reduces to 80%of its initial value)of 2143 h of operation at the maximum powering point under one sun illumination.

关键词： Perovskite solar cells doped graphene oxide Graphene related material Long-term operational stability

Actuating droplets with electrowetting: force and dynamics

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droplet 2024年第2期3卷 113-124页

作者： Robert Hennig Vito Cacucciolo Herbert Shea Soft Transducers Laboratory(LMTS) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)NeuchatelSwitzerland Politecnico di Bari BariItaly

Electrowetting on dielectric(EWOd)allows rapid movement of liquid droplets on a smooth surface,with applications ranging from lab-on-chip devices to *** in-plane force on a droplet is a key indicator of EWOd *** force has been extensively modeled but few direct experimental measurements are *** study the EWOd force on a droplet using two setups that allow,for the first time,the simultaneous measurement of force and contact angle,while imaging the droplet shape at 6000 frames/*** several liquids and surfaces,we observe that the force saturates at a voltage of approximately 150 *** of voltages of up 2 kV,that is,10 times higher than is typical,does not significantly increase forces beyond the saturation ***,we observe that the transient dynamics,localized at the front contact line,do not show saturation with *** the higher voltages,the initial front contact line speed continues to increase,the front contact angle temporarily becomes near zero,creating a thin liquid film,and capillary waves form at the liquid–air *** the localized EWOd forces at the contact line exceed the capillary forces,projectile droplets *** surface tension allows for higher droplet forces,which we demonstrate with mercury.

关键词： capillary forces dynamics

Programming nonlinear propagation for efficient optical learning machines

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Advanced Photonics 2024年第1期6卷 73-83页

作者： Ilker Oguz Jih-Liang Hsieh Niyazi Ulas dinc Ugur Tegin Mustafa Yildirim Carlo Gigli Christophe Moser demetri Psaltis école polytechnique fédérale de lausanne Institute of Electrical and Micro EngineeringEcublensSwitzerland Koc University Department of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringIstanbulTurkey

The ever-increasing demand for training and inferring with larger machine-learning models requires more efficient hardware solutions due to limitations such as power dissipation and *** is a promising contender for providing lower power computation,since light propagation through a nonabsorbing medium is a lossless ***,to carry out useful and efficient computations with light,generating and controlling nonlinearity optically is a necessity that is still *** fibers(MMfs)have been shown that they can provide nonlinear effects with microwatts of average power while maintaining parallelism and low *** propose an optical neural network architecture that performs nonlinear optical computation by controlling the propagation of ultrashort pulses in MMf by wavefront *** a surrogate model,optimal sets of parameters are found to program this optical computer for different tasks with minimal utilization of an electronic *** show a remarkable decrease of 97%in the number of model parameters,which leads to an overall 99%digital operation reduction compared to an equivalently performing digital neural *** further demonstrate that a fully optical implementation can also be performed with competitive accuracies.

关键词： neural networks nonlinear optics fiber optics surrogate optimization neuromorphic computing wavefront shaping

Epidemicity indices and reproduction numbers from infectious disease data in connected human populations

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Infectious disease Modelling 2024年第3期9卷 875-891页

作者： Cristiano Trevisin Lorenzo Mari Marino Gatto Andrea Rinaldo Laboratory of Ecohydrology École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneStation 2Lausanne1015Switzerland dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e BioingegneriaPolitecnico di MilanoVia Ponzio 34/5Milano20133Italy dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale(ICEA)Universitàdi PadovaStation 2Padova35131Italy

We focus on distinctive data-driven measures of the fate of ongoing *** relevance of our pursuit is suggested by recent results proving that the short-term temporal evolution of infection spread is described by an epidemicity index related to the maximum instantaneous growth rate of new infections,echoing concepts and tools developed to study the reactivity of *** epidemicity indices can showcase the dynamics of infections,together with commonly employed effective reproduction numbers,especially when the latter assume values less than *** particular,epidemicity evaluates the short-term reactivity to perturbations of a disease-free ***,we show that sufficient epidemicity thresholds to prevent transient epidemic outbreaks in a spatially connected setting can be estimated by generalizing existing analogues derived when spatial effects are *** specifically account for the discrete nature,in both space and time,of surveillance data of the type typically employed to estimate effective reproduction numbers that formed the bulk of the communication of the state of the COVId-19 pandemic and its *** analyzing the effects of spatial heterogeneity on the considered prognostic indicators,we perform a short-and long-term analysis on the COVId-19 pandemic in Italy,showing that endemic conditions were maintained throughout the duration of our simulation despite stringent control *** method provides a portfolio of prognostic indices that are essential to pinpoint the ongoing pandemic in both a qualitative and quantitative manner,as our results *** base our conclusions on extended investigations of the effects of spatial fragmentation of communities of different sizes owing to connectivity by human mobility and contact scenarios,within real geographic contexts and synthetic setups designed to test our framework.

关键词： COVId-19 Ecological reactivity Epidemicity Reproduction numbersLeslie matrix Metapopulation Mobility

Interfacial engineering through lead binding using crown ethers in perovskite solar cells

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第5期92卷 263-270页

作者： Sun-Ju Kim YeonJu Kim Ramesh Kumar Chitumalla Gayoung Ham Thanh-danh Nguyen Joonkyung Jang Hyojung Cha Jovana Milić Jun-Ho Yum Kevin Sivula Ji-Youn Seo department of Nano fusion Technology Pusan National UniversityBusan 46241Republic of Korea Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)1015 LausanneSwitzerland department of Energy Convergence and Climate Change Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu 41566Republic of Korea department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu 41566Republic of Korea Adolphe Merkle Institute University of FribourgCH-1700 FribourgSwitzerland

In the domain of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the imperative to reconcile impressive photovoltaic performance with lead-related issue and environmental stability has driven innovative *** study pioneers an approach that not only rectifies lead leakage but also places paramount importance on the attainment of rigorous interfacial *** ethers,notably benzo-18-crown-6-ether(B18C6),were strategically integrated at the perovskite-hole transport material *** ethers exhibit a dual role:efficiently sequestering and immobilizing Pb^(2+)ions through host-guest complexation and simultaneously establishing a robust interfacial passivation *** crown ether candidates,guided by density functional theory(dfT)calculations,demonstrated proficiency in binding Pb2+ions and optimizing interfacial *** devices incorporating these materials achieved exceptional power conversion efficiency(PCE),notably 21.7%for B18C6,underscoring their efficacy in lead binding and interfacial *** techniques,including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(Tof-SIMS),ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS),time-resolved photoluminescence(TRPL),and transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS),unequivocally affirmed Pb^(2+)ion capture and suppression of non-radiative ***,these PSCs maintained efficiency even after enduring 300 h of exposure to 85%relative *** research underscores the transformative potential of crown ethers,simultaneously addressing lead binding and stringent interfacial passivation for sustainable PSCs poised to commercialize and advance renewable energy applications.

关键词： Perovskite solar cells Interfacial passivation Crown ether materials Stability

In vivo polydopamine coating of Rhodobacter sphaeroides for enhanced electron transfer

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Nano Research 2024年第2期17卷 875-881页

作者： Rossella Labarile danilo Vona Maria Varsalona Matteo Grattieri Melania Reggente Roberto Comparelli Gianluca M.farinola fabian fischer Ardemis A.Boghossian Massimo Trotta Istituto per i Processi Chimico fisici Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheBari 70126Italy dipartimento di Chimica Universitàdegli Studi di BariBari 70126Italy Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering(ISIC) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)Lausanne 1015Switzerland Institute of Life Technologies HES-SO Valais-Wallis1950 SionSwitzerland Institute for Renewable Energy HES-SO Valais-Wallis1950 SionSwitzerland

Recent advances in coupling light-harvesting microorganisms with electronic components have led to a new generation of biohybrid devices based on microbial *** devices are limited by the poorly conductive interface between phototrophs and synthetic materials that inhibit charge *** study focuses on overcoming this bottleneck through the metabolically-driven encapsulation of photosynthetic cells with a bio-inspired conductive *** of the purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides were coated with a polydopamine(PdA)nanoparticle layer via the self-polymerization of dopamine under anaerobic *** treated cells show preserved light absorption of the photosynthetic pigments in the presence of dopamine concentrations ranging between 0.05–3.5 *** thickness and nanoparticle formation of the membrane-associated PdA matrix were further shown to vary with the dopamine concentrations in this *** to uncoated cells,the encapsulated cells show up to a 20-fold enhancement in transient photocurrent measurements under mediatorless *** biologically synthesized PdA can thus act as a matrix for electronically coupling the light-harvesting metabolisms of cells with conductive surfaces.

关键词： bioelectronics photosynthetic bacteria purple bacteria electron transfer polydopamine biophotovoltaics

Quantum-mechanical effects in photoluminescence from thin crystalline gold films

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第4期13卷 783-794页

作者： Alan R.Bowman Alvaro Rodríguez Echarri fatemeh Kiani fadil Iyikanat Ted V.Tsoulos Joel d.Cox Ravishankar Sundararaman f.Javier García de Abajo Giulia Tagliabue Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies(LNET) STIÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland ICfO–Institut de Ciencies fotoniques The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels(Barcelona)Spain. MBI–Max-Born-Institut BerlinGermany. POLIMA–Center for Polariton-driven Light–Matter Interactions University of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark. danish Institute for Advanced Study University of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark. department of Materials Science&Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNYUSA. department of Physics Applied Physicsand AstronomyRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyNYUSA. ICREA–Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats BarcelonaSpain

Luminescence constitutes a unique source of insight into hot carrier processes in metals,including those in plasmonic nanostructures used for sensing and energy ***,being weak in nature,metal luminescence remains poorly understood,its microscopic origin strongly debated,and its potential for unraveling nanoscale carrier dynamics largely ***,we reveal quantum-mechanical effects in the luminescence emanating from thin monocrystalline gold ***,we present experimental evidence,supported by first-principles simulations,to demonstrate its photoluminescence origin(i.e.,radiative emission from electron/hole recombination)when exciting in the interband *** model allows us to identify changes to the measured gold luminescence due to quantum-mechanical effects as the gold film thickness is ***,such effects are observable in the luminescence signal from flakes up to 40 nm in thickness,associated with the out-of-plane discreteness of the electronic band structure near the fermi *** qualitatively reproduce the observations with first-principles modeling,thus establishing a unified description of luminescence in gold monocrystalline flakes and enabling its widespread application as a probe of carrier dynamics and light-matter interactions in this *** study paves the way for future explorations of hot carriers and charge-transfer dynamics in a multitude of material systems.

关键词： luminescence quantum crystalline

Compact and effective photon-resolved image scanning microscope

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Advanced Photonics 2024年第1期6卷 84-95页

作者： Giorgio Tortarolo Alessandro Zunino Simonluca Piazza Mattia donato Sabrina Zappone Agnieszka Pierzyńska-Mach Marco Castello Giuseppe Vicidomini Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Molecular Microscopy and SpectroscopyGenoaItaly Genoa Instruments GenoaItaly University of Genoa Dipartimento di InformaticaBioingegneriaRobotica e Ingegneria dei SistemiGenoaItaly Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Nanoscopy and NIC@IITGenoaItaly école polytechnique fédérale de lausanne Laboratory of Experimental BiophysicsLausanneSwitzerland

fluorescence confocal laser-scanning microscopy(LSM)is one of the most popular tools for life science *** popularity is expected to grow thanks to single-photon array detectors tailored for *** detectors offer unique single-photon spatiotemporal information,opening new perspectives for gentle and quantitative superresolution ***,a flawless recording of this information poses significant challenges for the microscope data acquisition(dAQ)*** present a dAQ module based on the digital frequency domain principle,able to record essential spatial and temporal features of *** use this module to extend the capabilities of established imaging techniques based on single-photon avalanche diode(SPAd)array detectors,such as fluorescence lifetime image scanning ***,we use the module to introduce a robust multispecies approach encoding the fluorophore excitation spectra in the time ***,we combine time-resolved stimulated emission depletion microscopy with image scanning microscopy,boosting spatial *** results demonstrate how a conventional fluorescence laser scanning microscope can transform into a simple,information-rich,superresolved imaging system with the simple addition of a SPAd array detector with a tailored data acquisition *** expected a blooming of advanced single-photon imaging techniques,which effectively harness all the sample information encoded in each photon.

关键词： fluorescence lifetime image scanning microscopy digital frequency domain single photon