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Constraints on what controls millennial-scale basin-wide denudation across mountain belts, Asia

Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 74-93页

作者： Ye YANG Steven A.BINNIE Sheng XU Cong-Qiang LIU Tibor J.DUNAI institute of Surface-Earth System Science School of Earth System Science Tianjin University institute of geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne

The terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dataset consisting of 123310Be measurements of fluvial sediment samples across the Asian mountain belts is used to constrain the influence of climate,tectonics and topography on Earth-surface denudation processes.10Be-derived basin-wide denudation rates were recalculated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach that relied on pixel-by-pixel production *** rates derived span four orders of magnitude,from 7.4±0.7 mm kyr-1（1σ;Central Tibetan Plateau） to 9,646744+777mm kyr-1（1σ;Southern Tibetan Plateau）,with a median of 186 mm *** our results with the traditional basin-wide production rate scaling model using a centroid coordinate and mean elevation,suggests that 96.6%of production rates will be underestimated using the latter method,especially for basins with a large *** bias between both methods reaches as large as 40%,caused by basin hypsometry and the nonlinear scaling of production rate with elevation and *** of the correlations between uniformly recalculated denudation rates and tectonics,climate,topography and rock lithology will facilitate the extrapolation of denudation rates in unknown basins using available *** the perspective of local scales,precipitation coupled with neotectonics-driven landslides is likely the most influential factor in subtropical Taiwan Island,while topography primarily constrains surface denudation rates in the eastern Tibetan Plateau within a narrow range of *** highland regions with glacier coverage,such as the Pamir,central and southern Tibetan Plateau high denudation rates are affected by glaciation,whereas lower precipitation and high erosion base level may limit river incision and evolving relief in the Central Tibetan *** contrast to local-scale findings highlighting a dominant factor constraining denudation rate,our large-scale quantitative analyses across the Asian mountain belts finds that （1） topographic metrics including

关键词： 10Be-derived denudation rate Climate change Tectonic uplift Topographic gradient Asian mountains

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Gradient maturation experiment on hairs implies taphonomic changes in fossil hairs

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 62-73页

作者： Xin LI Yibo ZHOU Tao ZHAO Xingjian HE Yanhong PAN State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Centre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers Science School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University institute of palaeontology Yunnan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science Yunnan Key Laboratory for PalaeobiologyYunnan University

Mammalian hair, as a key feature related to endothermy, physical protection, and camouflage, has a long geohistorical record that dates back even to the Mesozoic. However, the limited information on the taphonomy of hair hinders the understanding of its evolutionary significance in deep time. To address this, we conducted taphonomic experiments to simulate the transformation process of black hair. The changes in the morphological structure, microscopic characteristics, and chemical composition of hair during the simulated fossilization process were documented by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Our results revealed that damage to the morphology of hair began at a mild temperature(150–175°C), and hair transformed into a fluid-like mass at a relatively high temperature(200°C). In addition, the morphological structure of melanosomes had relatively greater preservation potential than keratins did, and the microscopic features of melanosomes were persistently stable. The Raman and FTIR spectra indicated that the characteristic melanin and keratin peaks changed as the temperature increased. Although the chemical signals were not lost completely, the variations in the characteristic amide bands in the FTIR spectra indicate that the keratins severely degraded at high temperatures(>200°C), whereas the characteristic melanin bands in the Raman spectra suggested that melanin signals were still recognizable, even at high temperatures(>200°C). These results were confirmed by principal component analysis(PCA) and principal component analysis linear discriminant analysis(PCA–LDA). In addition, the Raman signals of all the samples in the simulated experiments were distinguished from the signals of common geological carbonaceous materials(humic acid), which suggested that Raman spectroscopy can be used to detect melanin in fossils.

关键词： Mammalian hair Melanin Keratin Fossilization Experimental taphonomy

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Propagating subduction initiation of the Caroline Plate at the Mussau Trench

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 253-269页

作者： Chun-Feng LI Yongkang DENG Tao WU Dongdong DONG Guoliang ZHANG Jiazheng ZHANG Yutao LIU Yaqing LI Fugui TANG Lulu ZHANG Department of Marine Sciences Zhejiang University Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources Laoshan Laboratory Key Lab of Marine geology and Environment Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab of Ocean and Marginal Sea geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Science & Technology on Integrated Information System Lab Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences

New seismic imaging from the Mussau Trench confirms that, under horizontal compression on an oceanic plate boundary, it is within the young and weak oceanic plate that a trench will develop, and it is the young plate, not so long after its birth, that starts to subduct toward the old plate. The Mesozoic Pacific Plate cannot easily bend, under the joint horizontal compression and vertical gravity pull, even with a pre-existing weak zone in place and with a large age offset across the plate boundary. The bending of the Caroline Plate near the northern end of the Mussau Trench started only after a long-time span of trench migration, and/or after a prolonged transition from initial compression to trench development. Highly contrasting trench deformation and sedimentary accretion between two parallel seismic sections support an evident migration of underthrusting or significant longitudinal heterogeneity along the trench. The swift transition from underthrusting to non-thrusting can be explained by a counter-clockwise rotation of the Caroline Plate. That miniature accretionary wedges develop even before the subduction initiates imply strong compression and uplifting before the underthrusting can kick-start. Rotation of the Caroline Plate have been halted as the Mussau Trench is seismically rather quiet and the Lyra Trough to the east shows relaxational extension.

关键词： Mussau Trench Subduction initiation Seismic reflection Caroline Plate

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Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary history of the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Timing of uplift of the Inner Mongolia paleo-uplift

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 297-309页

作者： Wenxing HAO Jin-Hui YANG Guang ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Resource and Environmental Engineering Hefei University of Technology

The Kulun region is located in the eastern Bainaimiao arc belt on the southeastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB), adjacent to the North China Craton(NCC) to the south. This region records the closure of the PaleoAsian Ocean during the Paleozoic to early Mesozoic and is key to study the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the *** conducted zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analysis of volcanic-sedimentary and intrusive rocks in the Kulun region. The volcanic-sedimentary rocks were previously assigned an early Carboniferous age, but include volcanic rocks with ages of 267–266 Ma and sedimentary rocks with youngest detrital zircon age peaks of 265–244 Ma, which were intruded by a granite with an age of 242 Ma. This indicates that these rocks are actually middle Permian to Middle Triassic in age(267–242Ma) and correspond to the Qingfengshan and Liujiagou formations. Moreover, two volcanic rock samples have high εHf(t) values(+1.6 to +16.1) and relatively young two-stage Hf model ages(1095–327 Ma), indicating their sources associated with the CAOB. The age spectra and Hf isotopic characteristics of detrital zircons from the sedimentary rocks suggest that, during the middle Permian to Middle Triassic, the sedimentary provenance in the Kulun region was mainly the CAOB. However, by the Early Jurassic, the provenance changed to the NCC(i.e., the Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift, IMPU). This result, combined with the development of a series of conglomerates on the northern margin of the NCC in the Late Triassic(i.e., Xingshikou, Xiaoyingzi,and Xiaohekou formations), indicates the Kulun region experienced an abrupt change in paleogeography during the Late Triassic, with the IMPU undergoing significant uplift and thus becoming the main sediment source in the Kulun region. Based on the Late Triassic alkaline igneous belt(235–215 Ma) in the IMPU, we speculate that this uplift was caused by detachment of the southward-subducting Paleo-Asian oceanic

关键词： Central Asian Orogenic Belt the North China Craton Zircon geochronology Hf isotopes Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift

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Homo erectus pekinensis's age and environment——with discussion on the relationship among Homo erectus from Beijing,nanjing and Chenjiawo

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第1期47卷 68-77页

作者： LIU Jinling WANG Weiming (nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology) Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

This paper inspects the relationship between Homo erectus from Beijing, nanjing and Chenjiawo on the viewpoint of environmental variations. Pieces of evidence show that nanjing and Chenjiawo Homo erectus lived in glacial age at the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 16, while Homo erectus pekinensis in major interglacial age at MlSs 15-13. It is also recovered that the cave deposits in Tangshan, nanjing, and Zhoukoudian, Beijing, as well as the deposits at the Homo erectus site in Chenjiawo, have undergone some similar development process. All of them originated from early-middle Middle Pleistocene, and have gone through the test of the major glacial age at MIS 16 and the major interglacial period at the paleosol stage S5. At the same time, they were also closely connected with some environment events, such as the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the formation of glaciations and the loess accumulations.

关键词： Homo erectus from Beijing, nanjing and Chenjiawo, climate and environment, comprehensive comparisons.

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Biostratigraphical significance of the Devonian Sinoleperditiini(Ostracoda)

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第10期48卷 1666-1671页

作者： WANG Shangqi PENG Jinlan (nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology) Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

The Tribe Sinoleperditiini (Ostracoda), which is mainly distributed in South China and its adjacent areas, is a single natural group of the Leperditiidae, characterized by the development of a trailing chevron muscle scar. This tribe is known only from the Devonian and ranges through most of the Devonian. The evolutionary trends within the Sinoleperditiini have been well documented and are exemplified by changes in the trailing chevron muscle scar. The main evolutionary change is a tendency of the trailing chevron muscle scar to extend ventrally through time, as demonstrated by the increasing ratio (th/ah) of the vertical height of the trailing chevron muscle scar (th) to that of the adductor muscle scar (ah). The recent discovery of a sinoleperditiine assemblage (th/ah values available) in the middle-upper Lower Emsian Shanglun Formation allows to propose a sinoleperditiine biostratigraphical sequence for the Devonian. This sequence contains 11 assemblages (th/ah value available for each assemblage), which cover all the 7 Devonian stages and some substages. This sequence is particularly useful for correlating and dating Devonian rocks in the littoral clastic, lagoonal and restricted or semirestricted car-bonate platform facies where these ostracodes are most abundant and other fossils are un-common.

关键词： Sinoleperditiini biostratigraphical sequence, Devonian, South China.

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A Different Opinion on the Geological Age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of Eastern Heilongjiang, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1992年第2期66卷 209-218,223页

作者： Sha Jingeng (nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology), Academia Sinica, nanjing, Jiangsu (nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology) Academia Sinica Nanjing Jiangsu

The age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of coal measures in eastern Heilongjiang were previouslyconsidered to be Jurassic or mainly Jurassic. But there occur Middle Barremian-Early Albian Aucellina(bivalvia) fossils in the Upper Yunshan Formation of the Longzhaogou Group and the Lower Chengzihe For-mation of the Jixi Group, and the Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group yields Early Cretaceousbivalve and ammonite fossils. Consequently, the geological ages of the two groups are mainly, or even all, Ear-ly Cretaceous.

关键词： A Different Opinion on the Geological Age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of Eastern Heilongjiang China

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Molecular dynamics simulation:The key to reveal the enrichment mechanisms of helium

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Wenhui LIU Department of geology Northwest University Petroleum Exploration and Production Research institute SINOPEC

In recent years,helium and its enrichment mechanisms have been the frontier and attractive research in the field of geological resources (Liu et al.,2024).In the earliest geosciences,noble gases and their isotopes,including helium,were used as tracers for geochronology and geological processes due to their chemical inertness and *** attention has been paid to the isotope composition in geological ***,as an important resource,the research on the source,migration and accumulation of helium is critically important.

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Spatiotemporal evolution of wildfire activity during the PaleoceneEocene Thermal Maximum in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年

作者： Xueting WANG Zuoling CHEN Linlin CUI Xu WANG State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary Sciences institute of geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum（PETM） was the most prominent warming event in the Cenozoic and serves as a geological analog for the current global warming driven by anthropogenic CO2emissions from burning fossil *** a primary disruptor of Earth's ecosystems, wildfire activity affects the balance of ecosystems, the global carbon cycle, and climate change. Therefore, studying the evolution and driving mechanisms of wildfires during the PETM is essential for predicting wildfire activity under global warming scenarios and for understanding the carbon cycle in the context of wildfire disturbances. Current research on wildfires during the PETM has mainly focused on the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Europe and North America, whereas studies on Chinese mainland remain limited. In this study, we analyzed black carbon（BC）concentration and carbon isotope(δ13C) in the Beigou section of the Nanyang Basin and the Xilutian section of the Fushun Basin to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of wildfires in arid/semi-arid and humid zones. We integrated these findings with those of previous studies on the paleoclimate of the research area to elucidate the driving mechanisms behind wildfire occurrences. Our results indicate that wildfire activity weakened at the onset of the PETM, with the negative carbon isotope period characterized by low wildfire activity, except for a brief resurgence in the Nanyang Basin. During the recovery phase of the PETM, wildfire activity gradually increased, returning to the pre-PETM levels. The prolonged low wildfire state was likely caused by extremely high temperatures and precipitation as well as the resulting vegetation succession. During the PETM recovery phase, increased wildfire activity transformed “short-term carbon sinks” of the biological-atmospheric carbon cycle into “long-term carbon sinks” through the burial of BC. This process of carbon sink conversion may have acted as a negative feedback mechanism, contributing to carbo

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Distribution patterns of the Jurassic ostreids (Bivalvia) from Tanggula of China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2001年第S1期44卷 112-120页

作者：沙金庚 (nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology) Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China

Distribution of the Jurassic ostreids (Bivalvia) from Tanggula area of China includes three patterns, which are (1) Tethys: containing Liostrea birmanica and Eligmus rollandi, (2) western Europe and northern Tethys: consisting of Gryphaea (Bilobissa) bilobata; and (3) Global: composed of Actinostreon gregareum and Nanogyra nana. However, they are all limited between palaeolatidudes 60℃South and North. Actinostreon gregareum originated in the Sinemurian of northern Chile and it entered Kenya and Madagascar in the Toarcian, but there is no reliable Si-nemurian-Toarcian A gregareum fossil record in continental margins between Chile and Kenya and Madagascar. Such distribution patterns and dispersal processes have demonstrated that (1) during the Jurassic all seas and oceans were connected to each other; (2) the Tethys and the western European epicontinental seas did produce some endemic taxa; (3) the distribution of these ostreids was most likely controlled by latitudes and creature ecology; and (4) A, gregareum underwent a trans-Pacific dispersal from east to west.

关键词： Tanggula Jurassic ostreids distribution patterns.

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