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Evidence of advancing spring xylem phenology in Chinese forests under global warming

Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第10期66卷 2187-2199页

作者： Huihong XUE Feng SHI Fabio GENNARETTI Yongshuo H.FU Bin HE Xiuchen WU Zhengtang GUO Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing100044China Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts Groupe de Recherche enÉcologie de la MRC-AbitibiUniversitédu Québec en Abitibi-TémiscamingueAmosJ9T 2L8Canada College of Water Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China

Phenological responses of vegetation to the ongoing warming trend impact current and future primary productivity.However,few studies focus on wood phenology because its observed data are much scarcer,which hinders the estimation and prediction of forest carbon budgets over large regions.Here,we use a physiological process-based tree-ring growth model(Vaganov-Shashkin model)to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of spring xylem phenology(start of the growing season of xylem,SOS_(x))in tree-ring sites of China during 1962-2016 CE.The model is calibrated on measured tree-ring width chronologies(70 tree-ring chronologies)and successfully validated with field observations of xylogenesis.We found that spring xylem phenology significantly advances during 1962-2016 CE period under global warming,with the rate of advance quickly increasing after the 1990s to an average of 0.25 days per year.The preseason daily mean temperature is the main climatic driver for spring xylem phenology as indicated by its significant correlations with SOS_(x)at most sites(71%).Warmer preseason allows heat requirements for tree growth to be reached more quickly,with increase of 1℃in temperature of preseason anticipates SOS_(x)by 6 to 7 days,which will benefit the radial growth of trees in the relatively cold-humid environments.In addition,the significant positive correlation between the simulated spring xylem phenology and remote sensing derived phenology highlights the primary and secondary growth may be governed by the same variable(temperature)and change in the same direction with global warming.This study provides the long-term perspective on the spring xylem phenology variations covering most of China.

关键词： Tree-ring xylem Phenology Vaganov-Shashkin model China

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Anatomical and FTIR analyses of phloem and xylem of Tetracentron sinense

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第6期28卷 1264-1270页

作者： Jiangtao Shi Feng Wang Yaoli Zhang Collage of Material Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People’s Republic of China

The fast growth of Tetracentron sinense is a potential valuable timber resource, but whether its anatomy and chemical components are suitable for timber is unknown. We used light microscopy and SEM to examine the anatomical structure and FITR to measure the chemical components of the phloem and xylem of this tree. Radial variations in growth ring width and tracheid dimensions were also evaluated. The sieve tube, phloem parenchyma cell and sclereids clusters were the main cells in phloem, and the tracheid was the fundamental cell in xylem. An unusual tracheid type, fiber-tracheids or vessel-liked elements was visible. Wood rays nonstoried, uniseriate and multiseriate, including heterogeneous II, occasionally I, and usually 3-6 cells wide. The mean growth-ring width was 2.53 +/- 0.46 mm, and the percentage of late wood was over 60%. For radial variation, growth-ring width increased at an early growth stage, and reached the largest increment during years 11-15, then decreased. The maximum growth-ring width was 5.313 mm. During late growth (60-85 years), trees also maintained a high radial growth increment. Radial variation in the percentage of late wood was uniform, about 50-70%, throughout the growth years. Growth patterns in the length and width of early and late wood were similar as the trees aged. From the FTIR results, the chemical components differed significantly between xylem and phloem, hemicellulose in particular was higher in the xylem than in the phloem, where it was apparently absent. All of these suggest that the composition of phloem in T. sinense is very similar to that of hardwood, and it has higher growth ratio and uniform wood properties.

关键词： Phloem Radial variation Tracheid Tetracentron sinense xylem

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Xylan O-Acetylation Impacts xylem Development and Enzymatic Recalcitrance as Indicated by the Arabidopsis Mutant tb129

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Molecular Plant 2013年第4期6卷 1373-1375页

作者： Xiong, Guangyan Cheng, Kun Pauly, Markus Energy Biosciences Institute University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA

Dear Editor, Plant cell walls consist of a complex composite of the poly- saccharides cellulose, various hemicelluloses, pectic polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin. Most cell wall polysaccharides are O-acetylated to varying extents, depending on plant spe- cies and tissue type （Gille and Pauly, 2012）. However, the function of this substituent in planta remains enigmatic. Recently, several proteins have been identified that mediate polysac- charide O-acetylation in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana （Gille and Pauly, 2012）. One protein, a member of the ＇trichome birefringence-like＇（TBL） protein family, AXY4/ TBL27, was proven to be required for the specific O-acetylation of the hemicellulose xyloglucan representing a potential xylo- glucan O-acetyltransferase （Gille et al., 2011）. Other TBL mem- bers （there are a total of 46 members in Arabidopsis; Bischoff et al., 2010） might thus be involved in contributing to the O-acetylation of the other wall polymers （Gille et al., 2011）.

关键词： Cell wall Polysaccharides XYLOGLUCAN xylan Arabidopsis Hemicellulose plant species xylem

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On the Function of Wall Sculpturing in xylem Conduits

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2009年第4期6卷 324-329页

作者： Mika M.Kohonen se Helland Department of Physical Sciences University of HullCottingham RoadHU6 7RX UK

The water-conducting network of capillaries in vascular plants has evolved over hundreds of millions of years in order to be able to cope with bubble clogging,a problem which also affects modern microfluidic devices.Decades of anatomical studies have revealed that plants growing in habitats in which the formation of bubbles,or emboli,is likely to be a frequent occurrence often have various forms of geometrical sculpturing on the internal surfaces of the xylem conduits.The possible function of such wall sculpturing has long been the subject of speculation.We have investigated the hypothesis that wall sculpturing is a functional adaptation designed to increase the wettability of the walls of xylem conduits,an effect which could be described as the inverse of the well-known lotus-effect.Our results show that wall sculpturing does enhance wettability.Importantly,theoretical calculations reveal that the geometric parameters of various types of wall sculpturing are such that the resulting surfaces are sufficiently rough to enhance wettability,but not significantly rougher.The results provide an appealing answer to the long-standing debate on the function of wall sculpturing in xylem conduits,and may provide biomimetic clues for new approaches to the removal of bubbles in microfluidic channels.

关键词： xylem wettability capillary wall sculpturing bubble emboli microfluidic

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xylem中国公司正式成立

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中国水利 2011年第22期 71-71页

作者：刘岩岩《中国水利》编辑部

11月4日．全球领先的水技术专业公司xylem（塞莱默1公司（下称xylem）在京举行公司启动仪式暨新品牌发布会，宣布xylem中国公司正式成立。xylem拥有上百年水务经验，专注于水输送、水处理和水测试，借助旗下众多知名产品、专业经验和创... 详细信息

11月4日．全球领先的水技术专业公司xylem（塞莱默1公司（下称xylem）在京举行公司启动仪式暨新品牌发布会，宣布xylem中国公司正式成立。xylem拥有上百年水务经验，专注于水输送、水处理和水测试，借助旗下众多知名产品、专业经验和创新实力．帮助市政、住宅和商业建筑业、工业及农业等行业实现高效水技术应用。

关键词：中国公司 xylem 节能水资源保护

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Root and xylem ABA changes in response to soil drying in two woody plants

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第24期44卷 2236-2241页

作者： Huafang Wang Jianhua Zhang Jiansheng Liang Weilun Yin Hong Kong Baptist Univ Dept Biol Hong Kong Peoples R China Beijing Forestry Univ Coll Plant Sci Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

Two woody plants, Platycladus orientalise (tolerant to drought) and Acacia auriculi-formis (sensitive to drought), have been subjected to rapid and slow soil drying. ABA levels in their roots and xylem sap have been determined using radioimmunoassay (RIA, sensitivity is 0.4 pmol per assay vial) with a monoclonal antibody against ( + )-ABA. ABA contents of P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis growing in well watered soil are 0.3 and 2.5 nmol-gDW-1 in

关键词： Platycladus orientalise Acacia auriculiformis root xylem sap ABA soil drying.

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Responses of woody plant root and xylem sap ATP to soil drying

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第13期44卷 1172-1178页

作者： Huafang Wang Jianhua Zhang Jiansheng Liang Weilun Yin Beijing Forestry Univ Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Hong Kong Baptist Univ Hong Kong Peoples R China

The ATP in roots and xylem sap of two woody plant species, Platycladus orientalis and Acacia auriculiformis, subjected to rapid and slow soil drying has been determined employing firefly luciferase ATP assay method (sensitivity is at 10-12 mol ATP L-1). The ATP levels in the two species were 1.6 nmol. gDW-1 and 0.6 nmol. gDW-1 in roots, and 5.6 μmol·m-3 and 8 μmol ·m-3 in xylem sap, respectively. When plants of P. orientalis and A. auriculiformis were subjected to rapid soil drying, respectively, as soil water content （SWC） decreased from the normal level ( 0.2.5 g·gDW-1) to 0.02 and 0.06 g·gDW-1, separately, plant water potential （ ψ ）dropped to - 4 and - 3.2 MPa, differently, the ATP in roots decreased 99.7% and 42%, respectively. When the rapidly dried soil was watered for up to 6 d, SWC and ψ, were found to recover to their normal levels, but ATP content in roots of P. orientalis and A. auriculiformis recovered by 10% and 23%, respectively. When plants

关键词： Platycladus orientalis Acacia auriculiformis roots xylem sap ATP soil drought.

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The anatomical structure of woody plants in arid habitats is closely related to nonstructural carbohydrates storage

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第6期9卷 764-774页

作者： Zedong Li Xinxiao Yu Guodong Jia Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China

Background:The high temperatures and drought conditions associated with global climate change have led to the widespread death of trees and forests,which has generated research interest in the impact of non-structural carbohydrates(NSC)reserves on woody plant survival in changing environments.The anatomical characteristics of plants can affect the scale and variability of NSC reserves,and linking the anatomical characteristics of trees to NSC concentration can help answer questions about the potential role of NSC in the repair of xylem embolism during drought.Results:The anatomical characteristics,NSC concentrations and gas exchange parameters were determined in 16 common afforestation tree species in typical arid limestone habitats in rocky mountain regions.We found that the anatomical structures varied greatly among the tree species studied,and a branch xylem hydraulic efficiency-safety tradeoff was not observed.NSC concentration was significantly and positively correlated with variables including mean vessel diameter(MVD),maximum vessel diameter(XVD),potential hydraulic conductivity(Kp),vessel wall thickness(VWT),ratio of palisade tissue thickness to sponge tissue thickness(PT/ST),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),water use efficiency(WUE)and axial parenchyma cell area,and negatively with sponge tissue thickness(ST)and lower epidermis thickness(LET)of leaves.Among the four latent variables,mechanical strength was inversely related to NSC concentration,whilst hydraulic efficiency,leaf carbon fixation,and the embolism repair and storage capacity all had a positive effect.Conclusions:Our study revealed that tree species with larger vessel diameters,thicker vessel walls,more abundant axial parenchyma,and higher PT/ST have higher NSC storage in arid habitats in northern China.Varying xylem anatomical characteristics and leaf anatomical characteristics among different tree species lead to differentiated water transport and photosynthetic processes,thereby regulating the NSC concentrations.A higher NSC concentration may en

关键词： Drought Embolism Leaf anatomy NSC concentration xylem

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Embolism Occurrence in Relation to Water Supply in xylem of Winter Wheat Leaves

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2004年第4期3卷 269-276页

作者： JIAXiu-ling MARui-kun ZHANGQuan-guo LIGuang-min InstituteofCerealandOilCrops HebeiAcademyofAgriculturalandForestrySciencesShijiazhuang050031P.R.China

Embolism occurrence in the xylem of leaves was investigated in field-grown winter wheat (cv. 9195) under droughted and irrigated conditions by ultrasonic acoustic emission (AE) monitoring with drought stress monitor (Model 4615, Physical Acoustics Corp., USA) in the growing seasons of 1998-2000. The measurements have revealed a pattern of 3 active AE periods for daily AE signals. The 1st active period generally occurred between\" 10:00-11:00, the 2nd was often observed around 18:00, and the 3rd was at about midnight, AEs usually ceased after 0:00-2:00. AE rates during these periods varied with soil moisture, weather conditions and growth stages, etc. as shown in Fig. 1. The 3rd one was occasionally missing on severe drought soils. Irrigation often led immediately to higher AE rates over the ensued 2nd period. Droughted plants having greater amount of 24 h AEs showed higher degrees of embolism than the irrigated ones during early jointing stage. However, the total of 24 h AEs of droughted wheat decreased by 66 and 82% compared with that irrigated at middle and late stages respectively. This phenomenon was here termed \"AE attenuation\", which was regarded as an implication of incomplete embolism refilling overnight due to severe soil moisture depletion. Considerable amount of AE signals were also recorded from plants on wet soils. It is suggested by the authors that cavitations and embolism might be a physiological response to the daily rapid establishment of water potential gradient within xylem system in the morning, rather than merely a phenomenon resulting from water stress.

关键词： xylem embolism ultrasonic acoustic emission water relations winter wheat Anode effect Embolism acoustical emissions water relations xylem Water Supply winter wheat

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INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND PLANT STRUCTURES:MECHANISMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第2期9卷 197-213页

作者： John A.RAVEN Division of Plant Science University of Dundee at the James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundee DD25DAUK Climate Change Cluster Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyUltimo NSW 2007Australia School of Biological Sciences University of Western AustraliaCrawley WA 6009Australia

Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the(overlapping) categories of energy,material and information.Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures,and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts,including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas.Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem,and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem.The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K,Mg and P down the phloem.NO_(3)^(–) assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with,in some cases,organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation.Long-distance information transfer is related development,biotic and abiotic damage,and above and below ground resource excess and limitation.Information transfer can involve hydraulic,electrical and chemical signaling,with their varying speeds of transmission and information content.Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO_(2) as organic C in soil,a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.

关键词： aerenchyma carbon accumulation hormones phloem xylem

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