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Extraction of Antioxidant Total Phenol from Lees of xiaoqu Spirits

Food and Nutrition Sciences 2015年第11期6卷 1022-1028页

作者： Xinzhi Cao Fang Liu Jia Liu Xiao Tan Linsheng Ren Applied Institute of Food and Biotechnology Sichuan Science and Technology College Zigong China

By the Soxhlet extraction, ethanol is used as extraction solvent of lees to determinate the total phenol content of xiaoqu spirits lees. Folin-phenol method is handled to extract and to determine the reducing ability of extraction. The total phenolic content in the most suitable condition is determinated by the Folin-phenol method and the optimum extraction technological condition of total phenol is determinated by the experiment. The experimental results show that the optimization conditions of the determination methods of total phenolic content are determined by 3.5 mL for the Folin phenol reagent, 1:1 for the 10% Na2CO3 ratio and 30 min for the chromogenic reaction at room temperature. The optimum extraction technological condition of total phenol from lees is as following: solid-liquid ratio 1:12, ethanol concentration 100%, extraction temperature 80℃, extraction time 10 h.

关键词： xiaoqu Spirits Lees Extraction Total Phenols

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Collective Forms and Collective Spaces: A Discussion of Urban Design Thinking and Practice Based on Research in Chinese Cities

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China City Planning Review 2019年第4期28卷 8-17页

作者： Sam Jacoby the School of Architecture Royal College of Art

The paper examines how social projects,social spaces,and social realities define three contexts and shifts critical to understanding urban design in China,which are the transformations from collective forms to community building,from government to governance,and from urban versus rural development to urban-rural *** argument presented is that a unique unification of administration,production,and reproduction spaces into one institution,produced collective forms in China,whose collective spaces and collective subjectivities contrast with Western-centric explanations of urban design and urban sociology that depend on abstract notions of the public,public space,community,and place ***,collective forms and collective spaces are defined by concrete activities,interests,and benefits that provide social networks of support and care to clearly identifiable *** collective and the community in China are thus always legibly spatialized and develop in parallel to a socialized model of governance that derives from a“differential mode of association.”This creates a spatialized governmentality,an instrumentalization of spatial design by government that brings spatial and social problems of governance closely together.A brief discussion of the historical formations of these changing contexts is the basis to outlining an interdisciplinary urban design approach that deals with spatial and social environments,practices,and *** paper brings together research conducted in Chinese cities including Wuhan,Beijing,and Shanghai.

关键词： collective forms collective spaces people's commune danwei xiaoqu urban design spatialized governmentality

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