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The effect of wilderness and medical training on injury and altitude preparedness among backcountry hikers in Rocky Mountain National Park

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018年第3期9卷 172-177页

作者： Michael D.T.Yue David W.Spivey Daniel B.Gingold Douglas G.Sward University of Maryland School of Medicine BaltimoreMarylandUSA Department of Emergency Medicine University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA Division of Hyperbaric Medicine Program in TraumaUniversity of Maryland Medical CenterBaltimoreMarylandUSA

BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to document the correlation between medical and wilderness training with levels of preparedness for acute mountain sickness(AMS),illness,and injury among backcountry ***:We conducted a cross-sectional,convenience survey in Rocky Mountain National Park in July and August *** study group consisted of 380 hikers who completed a written survey that collected information about demographics,wilderness experience,altitude experience,hiking equipment,communications devices,and trip ***:Factors such as wilderness training(wilderness first aid[WFA],wilderness first responder[WFR],or wilderness emergency medical technician[WEMT]),wilderness experience,and altitude experience all affected hikers’emergency *** with medical training were more prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(62.3%vs.34.3%[Pwilderness training were more likely to be prepared to avoid or respond to AMS(52.3%vs.36.8%[P=0.025])but not significantly more likely to be prepared to manage illness/injury(31.8%vs.22.0%[Pwilderness training,age,and gender,we found that medical training was associated with increased preparedness for AMS(OR2.72;95%CI 1.51–4.91)and injury/illness(OR 2.71;95%CI 1.5–4.89).CONCLUSION:Medically trained hikers were more likely to be prepared to avoid or manage AMS,medical emergencies,and injuries than their non-medically trained *** training increased hikers’preparedness for AMS but did not significantly alter preparedness for illness/injury.

关键词： Hiking wilderness Acute mountain illness Injury Training

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Reality of the Remote wilderness―Krakauer’s Into the Wild and the Inner Desert

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2018年第12期8卷 1653-1660页

作者： Masato Tobari Nippon Institue of Technology SaitamaJapan

In Jon Krakauer’s nonfiction writing,Into the Wild(1996),away from the early 1990s’American society filled with products and information,young McCandless headed for the Alaskan wilderness which was believed as the last *** remote wilderness far beyond several designated wilderness areas in the American West was a destination of his spiritual *** image of the wilderness overlaps with the desert in the fourth-century hagiographic literature in terms of solitude,pure and *** the image of the wilderness is an illusion,harsh experience quite different from daily routine give McCandless a sense of *** his purpose of going to wildernesses was searching for“authentic self”through“bodily feelings”(Wang,361),the remote wilderness would be reckoned to have“existential authenticity”(Wang,358)which makes him feel ***,when the wilderness experience inspired McCandless to go back home,a sense of reality shifted from the remote wilderness to *** the Wild is probably not literature to praise desert solitude,rather,Krakauer focuses on the relative self among people.

关键词： wilderness reality deseert solitude self monk experience authenticity

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Spatial Analysis of Livestock Grazing and Forest Service Management in the High Uintas wilderness, Utah

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2020年第2期12卷 45-69页

作者： John Carter Emanuel Vasquez Allison Jones Kiesha’s Preserve Paris ID USA Wild Utah Project Salt Lake City UT USA

This case study addresses the Forest Service reauthorization for grazing of domestic sheep in Utah’s High Uintas wilderness, USA. It provides an approach using spatial analysis and aerial imagery to evaluate the lands capable of being grazed based on Forest Service criteria and field surveys. The resulting model and analysis demonstrated that the Forest Service has not applied its own criteria. This has led to the Forest Service overestimating the amount of land and numbers of sheep that can be supported in the study area. Past field studies show this has resulted in environmental damage by grazing sheep. Our analysis concludes that the numbers of domestic sheep should be greatly reduced to protect these lands and wilderness values. Limitations of the study include the lack of a suitably detailed soil survey to determine erosion susceptibility, a lack of ground cover data, a lack of Forest Service data for the level of grazing use, or utilization, and the lack of a Forest Service quantitative measurement of vegetation production in each plant community and soil type. In the end, our use of aerial imagery, GIS determinations of areas of steep slopes and dense forests, and our measurement of vegetation production in the dominant soil types showed most of the land is not capable for grazing domestic sheep even in the absence of this other data.

关键词： Livestock Capacity wilderness Spatial Analysis Remote Sensing

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The Relations of Civilization to wilderness in Wuthering Heights

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海外英语 2011年第5X期 210-212页

作者：王喆四川文理学院外语系

This paper aims at the relations of civilization to wilderness in Wuthering *** centering around the unity of Hareton and young Cathy,we shall argue that civilization is a process of negating wilderness and reconcilement with *** paper is largely a rudimentary step to conclude that wilderness can be tamed,and love can overcome all obstacles and civilization will win at last.

关键词： civilization wilderness negation reconcilement

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“大荒”意象的文化分析

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中国古代、近代文学研究 2001年第1期 94-101页

作者：叶舒宪

《山海经·荒经》为中国文学中“荒远怪异”意象和“荒诞无稽”观念提供了“政治地理”的原型。时间的“古”和空间的“远”是对“荒”的想象之条件。在儒家正统意识控制下，文化代码系统专用“荒”、“怪”、“异”之类象征边缘性和异... 详细信息

《山海经·荒经》为中国文学中“荒远怪异”意象和“荒诞无稽”观念提供了“政治地理”的原型。时间的“古”和空间的“远”是对“荒”的想象之条件。在儒家正统意识控制下，文化代码系统专用“荒”、“怪”、“异”之类象征边缘性和异端性的语汇来为“王化之外”的空间和事物命名。而与“中心”和秩序相对立的“荒”的理念也为一切反叛和挑战正统价值的言论找到立足点。贾宝玉来自“大荒山”，庄子、曹雪芹等标举“荒唐言”，皆为其例。

关键词：大荒荒怪想象的政治地理边缘与中心 wilderness nonsense imagination of political geography

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处女地假说与北美印第安人的命运

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世界史 2021年第6期

作者：付成双

在白人殖民者到来前，北美印第安人已经在美洲大陆上生活了数万年，并对周围的环境产生了重要的影响。白人殖民者来到美洲后，一方面出于欧洲种族主义的文化偏见，一方面出于剥夺印第安人土地的现实利益需要，建构出处女地假说，并根据... 详细信息

在白人殖民者到来前，北美印第安人已经在美洲大陆上生活了数万年，并对周围的环境产生了重要的影响。白人殖民者来到美洲后，一方面出于欧洲种族主义的文化偏见，一方面出于剥夺印第安人土地的现实利益需要，建构出处女地假说，并根据自身需要将北美大陆上的原住民简单形容为高贵的印第安人和嗜血的野蛮人两种非此即彼的刻板形象。处女地假说成为白人殖民者向西部边疆扩张、驱逐和剥削印第安人的理论工具。对于美洲白人来说，该假说意味着机会和希望，而对于北美印第安人来说，该假说则代表了种族主义偏见和殖民主义的罪恶。随着现代环境主义的兴起，处女地假说和印第安人的传统生态智慧受到热捧，印第安人也试图利用这一工具为其当前争取资源控制权的斗争服务，但收效不大。

关键词：处女地印第安人伊甸园荒野野蛮 Virgin Land American Indians Eden wilderness savage

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为何保护文化景观?

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造型艺术 2014年第4期

作者：阿诺·艾伦

介绍了文化景观的相关示例、概念及其分类。阐述了文化景观保护的起源，文化景观在北美的研究历史及研究现状。在文化景观保护、修复和重建中，面临着一些挑战，比如对自然体系的动态的理解，以及对规划、设计和干预程度的理解。一个地... 详细信息

介绍了文化景观的相关示例、概念及其分类。阐述了文化景观保护的起源，文化景观在北美的研究历史及研究现状。在文化景观保护、修复和重建中，面临着一些挑战，比如对自然体系的动态的理解，以及对规划、设计和干预程度的理解。一个地区因为有人类力量的证据，从而塑造了文化景观。文化景观提供了大量有关人类随着时间推移怎样使用自然的证据。我们需要环境伦理，来告诉人们关注“怎样不使用自然正如怎样使用自然一样”。文化景观保护能帮助我们理解、欣赏和评估更宽广范围的景观和景观类型。

关键词：风景园林文化景观文化景观保护荒野 landscape architecture cultural landscape cultural landscape preservation wilderness

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