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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2002年第3期12卷 301-304页

作者： A. Zaman, S.K. Choudhuri( Regional Research Station, Old Alluvial Zone, Majhian, Kalyani-741 235, West Bengal, India) Regional Research Station Old Alluvial Zone Majhian Kalyani-741 235 West Bengal 印度

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different crop sequences on water use, growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiate (L) Wilezek) during 1992–93 and 1993–94 under rainfed upland condition in Indo-Gangetic plains of West Bengal. Green gram sown in the month of March as pre-rainy (summer) season crop, as and when the winter crops vacated the land, produced highest dry matter of 372 gm-2 which was significantly highest in black gram-yellow sarson sequence. The results of the field experimentation revealed that green gram gave highest grain yield to the extent of 10.80 q/ha when sown after black gram (rainy season) followed by yellow sarson (winter season) while the crop produced 10.63 q/ha under sesame-yellow sarson sequence. Highest water use of 267 mm was achieved in green gram under black gram-yellow sarson sequence and the crop gave water use efficiency of 4.07 kg ha-1mm-1 under black gram-yellow sarson sequences.

关键词： green gram water use crop sequences Gangetic Plains (India)

water use in Sugar and Ethanol Industry in the State of Sao Paulo(Southeast Brazil)

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2013年第2期3卷 135-142页

作者： Luiz A.Martinelli Solange Filoso Cecilia de Barros Aranha Silvio F.B.Ferraz Tatiana M.B.Andrade Elizabethe de C.Ravagnani Luciana Della Coletta Plinio Barbosa de Camargo CENA-USP PiracicabaBrazil Chesapeake Biological Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceSolomonsUSA Departamento de Aguas e Energia Eletrica do Estado de Sao Paulo PiracicabaBrazil Departamento de Ciencias Florestais ESALQ-USPPiracicabaBrazil

Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol from sugarcane in the world. While the ethanol industry is economically important to Brazil for several reasons, it also has a significant impact on the environment. Here we analyze the water consumptive use in the transformation of the feedstock (sugarcane) into ethanol and the impact of industrial byproduct effluents on water resources of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Our estimates indicated that in the 2007-2008 harvest, 700 million m3 was withdrawn mainly from rivers and streams by 140 mills, and of this total 440 million m3 was consumed which yielded a water use of approximately 1.53 m3 ·water·tonˉ1 sugarcane or approximately 18 L·water·L-ˉ1 ethanol. At the same time, a total of 120 million m3 of vinasse by-product was produced in the state, equivalent to an organic load of approximately 3 billion kg·BOD during the harvest season or approximately 8 million kg·BOD·dˉ1. Although the water used by sugarcane mills has decreased in recent decades, it is still possible to further decrease the amount of water used by ethanol production. This would decrease the pressure on 1st order streams of the state from which most water is withdrawn. In addition, the enormous volume of vinasse production must be reduced because it exerts constant pressure on aquatic ecosystems, soil and groundwater due to the constant increase in the potassium (K) concentration in areas where it is used as a fertilizer.

关键词： Sugarcane Ethanol Vinasse water use water Resources Rivers Brazil

conomic losses from reduced freshwater under future climate scenarios: An example from the Urumqi River,Tianshan Mountains

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第2期14卷 139-153页

作者： ZHANG Xueting CHEN Rensheng LIU Guohua Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012China College of Urban and Environment Sciences Northwest UniversityXi'an 710000China

As important freshwater resources in alpine basins,glaciers and snow cover tend to decline due to climate warming,thus affecting the amount of water available downstream and even regional economic development.However,impact assessments of the economic losses caused by reductions in freshwater supply are quite limited.This study aims to project changes in glacier meltwater and snowmelt of the Urumqi River in the Tianshan Mountains under future climate change scenarios(RCP2.6(RCP,Representative Concentration Pathway),RCP4.5,and RCP8.5)by applying a hydrological model and estimate the economic losses from future meltwater reduction for industrial,agricultural,service,and domestic water uses combined with the present value method for the 2030 s,2050 s,2070 s,and 2090 s.The results indicate that total annual glacier meltwater and snowmelt will decrease by 65.6%and 74.5%under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by the 2090 s relative to the baseline period(1980-2010),respectively.Compared to the RCP2.6 scenario,the projected economic loss values of total water use from reduced glacier meltwater and snowmelt under the RCP8.5 scenario will increase by 435.10×10^(6) and 537.20×10^(6) CNY in the 2050 s and 2090 s,respectively,and the cumulative economic loss value for 2099 is approximately 2124.00×10^(6) CNY.We also find that the industrial and agricultural sectors would likely face the largest and smallest economic losses,respectively.The economic loss value of snowmelt in different sectorial sectors is greater than that of glacier meltwater.These findings highlight the need for climate mitigation actions,industrial transformation,and rational water allocation to be considered in decision-making in the Tianshan Mountains in the future.

关键词： glacier meltwater snowmelt freshwater supply water use economic losses future climate scenario climate change Tianshan Mountains

Carbon and water footprints of major crop production in India

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Pedosphere 2023年第3期33卷 448-462页

作者： Amaresh Kumar NAYAK Rahul TRIPATHI Manish DEBNATH Chinmaya Kumar SWAIN Biswaranjan DHAL Shanmugam VIJAYKUMAR Anshuman Debasis NAYAK Sangita MOHANTY Mohammad SHAHID Anjani KUMAR Manoj RAJAK Khitish Chandra MOHARANA Dibyendu CHATTERJEE Susmita MUNDA Pravat GURU Rubina KHANAM Banwari LAL Priyanka GAUTAM Suschismita PATTANAIK Arvind Kumar SHUKLA Nuala FITTON Pete SMITH Himanshu PATHAK Indian Council of Agriculture Research(ICAR)-National Rice Research Institute Cuttack 753006(India) ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute Avikanagar 304501(India) ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel Bikaner 304001(India) ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science Bhopal 462038(India) Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen23St Machar DriveAberdeen AB243UU(UK)

Scarcity of water and emission of greenhouse gases(GHGs)are the two key environmental issues affecting crop production in India.Reducing the carbon footprint(CF)and water footprint(WF)of crop production can help to mitigate the environmental hazards that stem from GHG emissions and water scarcity.The CFs and WFs of three major cereal crops,rice,wheat,and maize,were estimated for the year 2014 under the environmental conditions in India,based on national statistics and other data sources.Total CFs(TCFs)of rice,wheat,and maize in India were estimated to be 2.44,1.27,and 0.80 t CO_(2)equivalent ha-1,respectively,and product WFs for rice,wheat,and maize in India were 3.52,1.59,and 2.06 m3 kg^(-1),respectively.Blue WF was found to be the highest in West India for rice and in South India for both wheat and maize,with the highest irrigation water use in these regions.There was a positive correlation between TCF and total WF,and hence mitigation of both was possibly simultaneous in various regions in India.Potential measures for mitigating GHG emissions and optimizing water use for rice,wheat,and maize production in India are recommended in this paper.

关键词： cereal crop crop planning green water footprint greenhouse gas emission water productivity water use

Assessment of Nutrient Leaching Losses and Crop Uptake with Organic Fertilization,water Saving Practices and Reduced Inorganic Fertilizer

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2023年第5期92卷 1555-1570页

作者： Xiaotong Liu Muhammad Amjad Bashir Yucong Geng Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza Abdur Rehim Muhammad Aon Jianhang Luo Ying Zhao Xuejun Zhang Hongbin Liu Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesYinchuan750002China Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan College of Agriculture University of LayyahLayyah31200Pakistan Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)Beijing100081China

The increasing world population has forced excessive chemical fertilizer and irrigation to complete the global food demand,deteriorating the water quality and nutrient losses.Short-term studies do not compile the evidences;therefore,the study aimed to identify the effectiveness of reduced doses of inorganic fertilizer and water-saving practices,hence,a six-year experiment(2015-2020)was conducted in China to address the knowledge gap.The experimental treatments were:farmer accustomed fertilization used as control(525:180:30 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),application of organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation(375:120:0 kg NPK ha^(-1)+4.5 tones organic fertilizer ha^(-1)),and application of controlled-release fertilizer(80:120:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)).Each treatment was replicated thrice following a randomized complete block design.The results achieved herein showed that control has the highest losses in the six-year study for total nitrogen(225.97 mg L^(-1)),total soluble nitrogen(121.58 mg L^(-1)),nitrate nitrogen(0.93 mg L^(-1)),total phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1)),and total soluble phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1))respectively.Reduced fertilizer and water application improved crop nutrient uptake,nitrogen concentration was significantly enhanced with organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation,P concentration was increased with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation,and K concentration was improved with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation.Hence,this study concludes that reduced inorganic fertilizer dose combined with water-saving practices is significantly helpful in reducing nutrient leaching losses and improving nutrient uptake and water pollution.Further studies are needed to explore the impacts of reduced fertilization and water-saving irrigation on leaching losses.The benefits at different climatic conditions,soil types,and fertilizer types with application methods are also a

关键词： Corn production feeding system water consumption efficiency sustainable agriculture water use

TRADE-OFFS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS AT A REGIONAL LEVEL:A CASE STUDY ON THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第2期9卷 295-308页

作者： Jeroen C.J.GROOT Xiaolin YANG Farming Systems Ecology Wageningen University&ResearchP.O.Box 4306700 AK Wageningenthe Netherlands International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) Sustainable Intensification ProgramCarretera México-VeracruzKm.45El Batán56237 TexcocoMéxico Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT PerformanceInnovation and Strategic Analysis for Impact unitVia di San Domenico 100153 RomeItaly College of water Resources&Civil Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China

Since the Green Revolution cropping systems have been progressively homogenized and intensified with increasing rates of inputs such as fertilizers,pesticides and water.This has resulted in higher crop productivity but also a high environmental burden due to increased pollution and water depletion.To identify opportunities for increasing the productivity and reducing the environmental impact of cropping systems,it is crucial to assess the associated trade-offs.The paper presents a model-based analysis of how 30 different crop rotations practiced in the North China Plain could be combined at the regional level to overcome trade-offs between indicators of economic,food security,and environmental performance.The model uses evolutionary multi-objective optimization to maximize revenues,livestock products,dietary and vitamin C yield,and to minimize the decline of the groundwater table.The modeling revealed substantial trade-offs between objectives of maximizing productivity and profitability versus minimizing ground water decline,and between production of livestock products and vitamin C yield.Six strategies each defining a specific combination of cropping systems and contributing to different extents to the various objectives were identified.Implementation of these six strategies could be used to find opportunities to mitigate the tradeoffs between objectives.It was concluded that a holistic analysis of the potential of a diversity cropping systems at a regional level is needed to find integrative solutions for challenges due to conflicting objectives for food production,economic viability and environmental protection.

关键词： crop rotation food security multi-objective optimization water use

Effects of elevated CO_2 concentration on growth and water usage of tomato seedlings under different ammonium/nitrate ratios

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第9期19卷 1100-1107页

作者： LI Juan ZHOU Jian-min DUAN Zeng-qiang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China. Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China.

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is generally expected to enhance photosynthesis and growth of agricultural C3 vegetable crops, and therefore results in an increase in crop yield. However, little is known about the combined effect of elevated CO2 and N species on plant growth and development. Two growth-chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio and elevated CO2 concentration on the physiological development and water use of tomato seedlings. Tomato was grown for 45 d in containers with nutrient solutions varying in NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios and CO2 concentrations in growth chambers. Results showed that plant height, stem thickness, total dry weight, dry weight of the leaves, stems and roots, G value （total plant dry weight/seedling days）, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf-level and whole plant-level water use efficiency and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings were increased with increasing proportion of NO3- in nutrient solutions in the elevated CO2 treatment. Plant biomass, plant height, stem thickness and photosynthetic rate were 67%, 22%, 24% and 55% higher at elevated CO2 concentration than at ambient CO2 concentration, depending on the values of NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio. These results indicated that elevating CO2 concentration did not mitigate the adverse effects of 100% NH4^＋-N （in nutrient solution） on the tomato seedlings. At both CO2 levels, NH4^＋/NO3^- ratios of nutrient solutions strongly influenced almost every measure of plant performance, and nitrate-fed plants attained a greater biomass production, as compared to ammonium-fed plants. These phenomena seem to be related to the coordinated regulation of photosynthetic rate and cumulative water consumption of tomato seedlings.

关键词： CO2 enrichment NH4^＋/NO3^- ratio physiological and biochemical indices growth water use tomato seedling

Radial variations in xylem sap flux in a temperate red pine plantation forest

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 328-336页

作者： Alanna V.Bodo M.Altaf Arain School of Earth Environment and SocietyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada McMaster Centre for Climate Change HamiltonONCanada

Background:Scaling sap flux measurements to whole-tree water use or stand-level transpiration is often done using measurements conducted at a single point in the sapwood of the tree and has the potential to cause significant errors.Previous studies have shown that much of this uncertainty is related to(i)measurement of sapwood area and(ii)variations in sap flow at different depths within the tree sapwood.Results:This study measured sap flux density at three depth intervals in the sapwood of 88-year-old red pine(Pinus resinosa)trees to more accurately estimate water-use at the tree-and stand-level in a plantation forest near Lake Erie in Southern Ontario,Canada.Results showed that most of the water transport(65%)occurred in the outermost sapwood,while only 26%and 9%of water was transported in the middle and innermost depths of sapwood,respectively.Conclusions:These results suggest that failing to consider radial variations in sap flux density within trees can lead to an overestimation of transpiration by as much as 81%,which may cause large uncertainties in water budgets at the ecosystem and catchment scale.This study will help to improve our understanding of water use dynamics and reduce uncertainties in sap flow measurements in the temperate pine forest ecosystems in the Great Lakes region and help in protecting these forests in the face of climate change.

关键词： Sap flow Transpiration water use Red pine Temperate forest Great Lakes region

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艾比湖流域典型荒漠植被水分利用来源研究

Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第6期32卷 1103-1118页

作者：郝帅李发东 College of Geographic Science and Tourism Xinjiang Normal UniversityUrumqi 830054China Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Xinjiang Laboratory of Lake Environment and Resources in Arid AreaUrumqi 830054China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China College of Resource and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

In arid and semi-arid environments,desert vegetation plays an important role in preventing soil erosion by wind and helps maintain the stability of desert and oasis ecosystems.Four types of typical desert vegetation,namely Populus euphratica,Haloxylon ammodendron,Nitraria sibirica,and Halostachs caspica,corresponding to different habitats(i.e.,river bank,sand dune,desert,and salt marsh)were chosen as the model vegetation in this research.Theδ^(2)H andδ^(18)O for rainwater,soil water,and plant water were applied to identify the water sources and quantify the proportions of different water sources used over the entire plant growth period(from March to October).The results showed that the precipitationδ^(2)H andδ^(18)O in the Ebinur Lake basin varied from-142.5‰to-0.6‰and from-20.16‰to 1.20‰,respectively.The largestδ^(2)H andδ^(18)O values occurred in summer and the smallest in winter.The soil waterδ^(2)H andδ^(18)O of the four habitats decreased gradually with increasing depth.Theδ^(2)H andδ^(18)O values of water extracted from the stems of the four plants had similar variation trends,that is,the maximum was observed in spring and the minimum in summer.Among the four plants,H.caspica had the highest stable isotopic values in the stem water,followed by N.sibirica,H.ammodendron,and P.euphratica.The water sources and utilization ratios of desert vegetation varied across different growth stages.Throughout the growing period,H.ammodendron mainly used groundwater,whereas the water source proportions used by N.sibirica varied greatly throughout the growing season.In spring,plants mainly relied on surface soil water,with a contribution rate of 80%-94%.However,in summer,the proportion of deep soil water used was 31%-36%;and in autumn,the proportion of middle soil water used was 33%-36%.H.caspica mainly relied on topsoil water in spring and autumn,and the proportion of soil water in the middle layer slightly increased to 20%-36%in summer.P.euphratica mainly used intermediate soil water in spring with a utilization rate of 53

关键词： desert vegetation water use stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen Ebinur Lake basin

Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2002年第3期12卷 295-300页

作者： ZHANG Yongqiang, SHEN Yanjun, YU Qiang, LIU Changming,A. Kondoh, TANG Changyuan, SUN Hongyong, JIA Jinsheng(1. Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China 2. Shijiazhang Inst. of Agricultural Modernization, CAS, Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS 北京 100101 Shijiazhang Inst. of Agricultural Modernization CAS Shijiazhuang 050021 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing Chiba Univ. Chiba 265-8522 日本 Graduate School of Science and Technology Chiba Univ. Chiba 263-8522 日本

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse “U” type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided byR n stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the averageG/R> n from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function.EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.

关键词： latent heat flux sensible heat flux carbon dioxide flux water use North China Plain