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Experimental tests for a liquid-liquid critical point in water

Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2020年第12期63卷 30-71页

作者： Domenico Mallamace Carmelo Corsaro Francesco Mallamace H.Eugene Stanley Department ChiBioFarAm(Industrial Chemistry) University of MessinaERIC and CASPE/INSTMMessina 98166Italy Dipartimento MIFT Universitàdi MessinaMessina 98166Italy Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge MA 02139USA Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi(ISC)-CNR Rome 00185Italy Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics Boston UniversityBoston MA 02215USA

water is a fascinating *** composition is simple—one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms—but its chemistry and physics are extremely complex and exhibit 75 documented *** these anomalies and their molecular origin are not completely understood,we know that hydrogen bonds play key roles in all of the phases of ***,there is experimental evidence that the polymorphism of the ice structure extends into the liquid phase and is associated with a liquid-liquid coexistence *** is currently a topic of great interest in water research because there are indications that the end point of the coexistence line corresponds to a second critical point inside the supercooled liquid *** examine the recent progress in understanding water anomalies and the liquid-liquid phase transition hypothesis,including the results of recent experimental work and molecular simulations of both bulk and confined *** examine experimental results that test whether the behavior of liquid water is consistent with the"liquid polymorphism"hypothesis that liquid water can exist in two distinct phases of differing *** also examine recent research on the anomalies of nanoconfined water and,in particular,on water in biological *** find that the concept of liquid polymorphism can also describe the properties of other liquids that have two characteristic length scales.

关键词： hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions water systems thermal properties

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Genetic algorithms for optimal management of sprinkle irrigation systems

Genetic algorithms for optimal management of sprinkle irriga...

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2012 International Conference on System Modeling and Optimization (ICSMO 2012)

作者： Matteo Nicolini University of Udine Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryPhysics and EnvironmentVia Cotonificio 11433100 Udine （Italy）

The paper presents a methodology developed for the optimal management of sprinkle irrigation *** typical problems are presented and solved through Genetic Algorithms （GAs）,assuming that the loads （demands） at nodes are cyclic and deterministically *** particular,an algorithm for model calibration is first introduced,aimed at the minimization of the maximum errors between measured and calculated *** the operation of such systems is highly water and energy demanding,two algorithms for controlling pressure and pumps are described: the first is aimed at finding the optimal location and control of a set of pressure reducing valves （PRVs） in order to maintain a desired range of pressure throughout the network,while the second is focused at finding the optimal regulation of inverters for variable speed pumps in order to minimize energetic *** application to a real system is finally presented.

关键词： Optimization water systems Energy Variable Speed Pumps

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