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water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2002年第4期14卷 518-523页

作者： LIU Shao (Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510620, China. ) Guangzhou Heseureh Institute of Environmental Protection Guangzhou 510620

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.

关键词： water resources water price cost full cost pricing sustainability Beijing

Not vegetation itself but mis-revegetation reduces water resources

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第3期64卷 404-411页

作者： Guoyi ZHOU Jun XIA Ping ZHOU Tingting SHI Lin LI Institute of Ecology and School of Applied Meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing210044China State Key Laboratory of water resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072China Research Center of water resources Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application Guangzhou Institute of GeographyGuangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510070China

Increasing greening of planet Earth to slow down the rise of atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations is certainly desirable;however,its consequences on water resources are less affirmative and thus are a matter of wide ***,as the largest and most successful country of the world in terms of artificial revegetation,is naturally the focus of the concerns and *** on previous studies,we analyzed the mechanism for the effects of climate and watershed characteristics on water resources,explained various hydrological results and phenomena,and considered the ways in which water consumption by artificial revegetation projects can be ***,some guidelines are suggested for artificial revegetation at watershed scale with consideration of water resource *** findings of this study highlight the need for more top-down approaches when studying the mechanism of"forest and water".

关键词： Greening Climate Revegetation water resources Top-down approaches

SAFETY ANALYSIS OF water resources AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN SHIYANG RIVER BASIN

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Chinese Geographical Science 2005年第3期15卷 238-244页

作者： ZHANG Ji-shi ZHANG Yong-qiu PU Rui-feng CHEN Ren-sheng CHENG Zhong-shan WANG Ming-quan Environment Department Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 P. R. China Cold and A rid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese A carterny of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China

The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the water crises occurred in the 1970s, problems caused by continuous decrease of water resources have been becoming serious year by year and eco-environment crisis occurred as a consequence. Up to now, 10 380ha of irrigated lands have been abandoned due to sand coverage and water shortage in the basin. Ground water was over exploded in Wuwei and Minqin because of water shortage. Ground water table in many places dropped under 5m （which is the ecology water table level）, thus about 3000ha ofElaeagnus angustifolia forest come to dead and another 5800ha become feeble, and wind-drift sand near the oasis become alive. According to the current situation, if water utilization scope was not enlarged, a water transfer volume of 600×10^6m^3/a from other areas will be suitable to keep water resources and eco-environment safety in the basin, and also 70×10^6m^3/a will be left as spare water. Under this condition the water resources and eco-environment of the basin can reach the critical safety line of 2.032×10^6m^3/a; or if 180×10^6m^3 of water can be transferred from other areas, the water resources can reach the safety warning line of 1.732×10^9m^3/a.

关键词： water resources water resources safety Shiyang River Basin

Past and Future Changes in Climate and water resources in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin: Current Understanding and Future Research Directions

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Engineering 2022年第6期8卷 144-152页

作者： Junguo Liu Deliang Chen Ganquan Mao Masoud Irannezhad Yadu Pokhrel School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Regional Climate Group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg 40530Sweden Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA

The Lancang–Mekong River(LMR)is an important transboundary river that originates from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China and flows through six nations before draining into the South China *** about the past and future changes in climate and water for this basin is critical in order to support regio-nal sustainable *** paper presents a comprehensive review of the scientific progress that has been made in understanding the changing climate and water systems,and discusses outstanding challenges and future research *** existing literature suggests that:①The warming rate in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin(LMRB)is higher than the mean global warming rate,and it is higher in its upper portion,the Lancang River Basin(LRB),than in its lower portion,the Mekong River Basin(MRB);②historical precipitation has increased over the LMRB,particularly from 1981 to 2010,as the wet season became wetter in the entire basin,while the dry season became wetter in the LRB but drier in the MRB;③in the past,streamflow increased in the LRB but slightly decreased in the MRB,and increases in streamflow are projected for the future in the LMRB;and④historical streamflow increased in the dry season but decreased in the wet season from 1960 to 2010,while a slight increase is projected during the wet *** research directions are identified as follows:①investigation of the impacts of dams on river flow and local communities;②implementation of a novel water–energy–food–ecology(WEFE)nexus;③integration of groundwater and human health management with water resource assessment and management;and④strengthening of transboundary collaboration in order to address sustainable development goals(SDGs).

关键词： Lancang-Mekong River International river Hydrology water resources Climate change Hydropower development

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF water resources AND THE water-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

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Chinese Geographical Science 2002年第1期12卷 23-29页

作者： GAOQian－zhao DUHu－lin 等 ColdandAridRegionsEnvironmentalandEngineeringResearchInstitute theChineseAcademyofSciencesLanzhou730000P.R.China ColdandAridRegionsEnvironmentalandEngineeringResearchInstitute theChineseAcademyofSci

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development inNorthwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65. 94 x 10~8m^3 of water resourcesavailable in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43. 33x 10~8m^3. water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss ofevaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25. 69 x 1010~8m^3. So net use efficiency of waterresources is 59% Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecologicalenvironment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system whereirrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of waterresource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extendirrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83. 3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9% . The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture ***-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrowand border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover andtechniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigatedwater. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has beenestimated as 56% - 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developedfrom water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China inlarge scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-savingmeasures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation ofwater resources in three river systems.

关键词： water resources balance between supply and demand water-saving potential ofagriculture hexi corridor

Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources in the Ebinur Lake Basin, Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第6期13卷 581-598页

作者： WANG Yuejian GU Xinchen YANG Guang YAO Junqiang LIAO Na Department of Geography College of ScienceShihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology Shihezi 832000China College of water and Architectural Engineering Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China Xinjiang Production&Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern water-Saving Irrigation Shihezi 832000China Institute of Desert Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationUrumqi 830002China

Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water *** recent years,significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang,Northwest *** this paper,variations of runoff,temperature,precipitation,reference evapotranspiration,lake area,socio-economic water usage,groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K)mutation test,the cumulative levelling method,the climate-sensitive method and land-use change *** addition,we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water *** results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015,despite a decrease in reference *** Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher *** at this station increased significantly with climate *** contrast,runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human *** decreased without obvious *** contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87%and 58.94%,respectively;and the contributions of human activities were 53.13%and 41.06%,***-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015:urban and rural constructed lands,saline-alkali land,bare land,cultivated land,and forest land have expanded,while areas under grassland,lake,ice/snow and river/channel have *** activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and *** 1961 to 2015,both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year;groundwater levels have dropped significantly,and the water quality has deteriorated during the study *** the oasis irrigation area below the run

关键词： climate change human activities runoff water resources groundwater level climate-sensitive method Ebinur Lake Basin

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

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water Science and Engineering 2015年第4期8卷 263-272页

作者： Qi Zhou Wei Wang Yong Pang Zhi-yong Zhou Hui-ping Luo Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and resources Development on Shallow Lakes Ministry of Education Hohai University College of Environment Hohai University College of Architecture Engineering Tongling University College of water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Hohai University water Conservancy Bureau of Tongling City

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.

关键词： water resources Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics Cloud model Guangdong Province

Assessment of water resources in Yarmouk River Basin using geospatial technique during the period 1980–2020

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第2期14卷 154-166页

作者： Noor M AL-KHARABSHEH Department of water resources and Environmental Management Al-Balqa Applied UniversityAl-Salt 19117Jordan

It is common knowledge that Yarmouk River Basin(YRB)is shared between Jordan and *** of YRB trans-boundary water resources is attracting increasing interest because it is a strategic water resource for the riparian ***,lack of sharing information regarding hydrological flows and basin’s water management between partners’countries makes it difficult to distinguish between natural and man-made factors affecting the water ***,this study seeks to address and assess the main on-site changes that exert on *** technique and arithmetic equations were combined to carry out an assessment of the changes on water resources in ***,information and field measurements of the basin were aggregated,compiled and presented to determine the extent of changes during the period *** findings showed that precipitation amount in the basin significantly declined during the period 1980-2020 in particularly after the year *** rate of groundwater was 550 x 103 m3/a,exceeding the basin’s safe *** down of static groundwater level over time approached the value of-3.2 m/a due to the over abstraction in the aquifer ***,the evaporation rate reached more than 99%in some regions in the ***,the number of private wells has increased from 98 wells in 1980 to 126 wells in 2020,showing the excessive extraction of *** findings indicate that the study area is subjected to a considerable groundwater depletion in the near future due to extensive abstraction,continuous drilling of illegal wells and decreased annual precipitation under the shadow of the rapid population growth and continuous influx of ***,decision makers-informed scenarios are suggested in the development of water resource portfolios,which involves the combination of management and infrastructural actions that enhance the water productivity of the *** studies are recommended to evaluate the on-sit

关键词： assessment geospatial technique on-site changes water resources Yarmouk River Basin

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第2期14卷 115-138页

作者： LI Feng LI Yaoming ZHOU Xuewen YIN Zun LIU Tie XIN Qinchuan State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyNJ 08542USA

water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid *** the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid *** a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic *** supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable *** results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of *** generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim *** had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis *** resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources *** water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10^(8)m^(3).This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource *** results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water

关键词： ecosystem services water resources climate change human activities arid and semi-arid areas InVEST model Xinjiang