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Symbolism of the Shadows in Son of Man by Roa Bastos

Cultural and Religious Studies 2015年第4期3卷 185-200页

作者： Patricia G. Montenegro Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Cheyney USA

In his novel Son of Man, Augusto Roa Bastos uses images and symbols of shadows to represent the ramifications ofthe Paraguayan Dr. Jose Rodriguez de Francia＇s dictatorship. Rodriguez de Francia＇s legacy, which begins duringthe postcolonial years and extends well into the 20th century, resonates in the novel in soeio-political structures andcharacters＇ ideologies and behaviors. It allows for plantation owners to enslave workers and their families; itconfines and oppresses people through unfounded legends and myths; and among other things, it creates a falseidea of purpose and patriotism in the Chaco war （1932-1935）, which in the end lets down the soldiers. Tocounteract these deleterious social conditions, Roa Bastos creates surreal characters, such as a fantastic helper whoaids plantation workers to escape dehumanizing situations. Roa Bastos also narrates how the people in Itapr, asmall town, make an idol of a Christ statue carved by one of their own. However, when the two Goiburfl brothersreplace the statue by crucifying their sister＇s rapist, the people＇s myth is destroyed. Likewise, Roa Bastos availshimself of Christian and Catholic concepts and symbols to transpose them into a humanistic ideology so as toconvey hope to his people through a new perspective. In this way, a new Annunciation takes place when the son ofa raped woman is born. In the end, Roa Bastos lets the course of these warped transpositions take their logicaldenouement： In the absence of a purpose beyond an earthly existence, death becomes the narrator＇s option.

关键词： Paraguay, Dr. Rodriguez de Francia, dictatorship, surrealism, myth, Chaco war, Annunciation, bornagain, halo

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Celebrating Diversity of Humanity, Struggling for Peace, and Establishing Culture of Coexistence

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Cultural and Religious Studies 2015年第3期3卷 143-151页

作者： Hakan Coruh Charles Sturt University Victoria Australia

The Qur＇an embraces cultural pluralism, emphasising that “People, We created you all from a single man and a single woman, and made you into races and tribes so that you should recognize one another. ”（Q. 49： 13）. Moreover, peace is the most fundamental value in the Qur＇an and Islam. The majority of the classical Muslim jurists, especially Hanafi school, emphasised that the reason for Muslims＇ fight against non-Muslims is Muslims＇ defense themselves against attacks, not non-Muslims＇ faith. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi （d. 1960） states that the only kind of jihad that is appropriate for the present age is spiritual or moraljihad. Furthermore, regarding Qur＇anic approach to relations between Muslims and the People of the Book, Muslim scholars, in general, advocate sincere relations and trust between Muslims and the People of the Book. In addition, Said Nursi is one of the great Muslim scholars in interfaith dialogue in the 20th century. Finally, there is the need for establishing culture of coexistence, which practised before within a religious tradition such as Islamic tradition for many centuries in the history. Through achieving a culture of coexistence and peace, most conflicts can be resolved.

关键词： the Qur'an, pluralism, peace and war, Jihad in the modem period, relations between Muslims and the People of the Book, interfaith dialogue, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, culture of coexistence in Islamic tradition

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On Ongoing Conflict: Lessons From Afghanistan (1978-1989)

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2019年第3期7卷 122-129页

作者： Sergey Ratz Saint-Petersburg State University Saint-Petersburg Russia

The ethnic conflict, the Civil war, Soviet-Afghan war, and international military operations in Afghanistan in the end of the 20th century have profound impacts on the development of various mechanisms:(1) to regulate international armed conflicts in the global political arena;(2) to reach consensus;and (3) to establish peace and rules of justice that must be recognized by all international institutions. This paper aims to consider essential issues related to Soviet military units participated in the political conflict in Afghanistan and a role of the competition for dominant position between the key-players, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and the USA, in 1979-1989. Consideration of the Soviet and American operations and political activities of Afghan opposition during that turbulent decade in the international politics puts forward the lesson learned analysis, which should prevent us from repeating errors and lead us to international cooperation and high-level dialogs among countries, which are dealing with the regional and global security problems, and to focus on preventing violence, instability, unexpected accidents, and armed intervention.

关键词： conflict war, invasion politics strategy

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Britons＇ Translation and Introduction of the Peking Gazette andthe Sino-British Relations （1800s- 1860）

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2017年第6期7卷 755-763页

Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynasty. Westernersrepresented by Britons who came to China had paid great attention to the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century. Andtheir interests in the Peking Gazette endued these traditional papers a new mission. British missionaries anddiplomats coming to China kept a tradition of translating and introducing the Peking Gazette in the 19th *** Francis Wade is the key man in promoting the formation of the tradition. During the period of the SecondOpium war, Wade＇s interests in the Peking Gazette had promoted the role of the Peking Gazette to be transformedfrom the ＂information source＂ to the ＂negotiation method＂, and also greatly influenced the Sino-British powerrelationship in ＂Information Space＂ in the second part of the 19th Century.

关键词： Peking Gazette, T. F. Wade, Second Opium war, Sino-British relation in the 19th Century

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