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A parameterization scheme of vertical mixing due to inertial internal wave breaking in the ocean general circulation model

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第1期34卷 11-22页

作者： FAN Zhisong SHANG Zhenqi ZHANG Shanwu HU Ruijin LIU Hailong College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China The Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Based on the theoretical spectral model of inertial internal wave breaking （fine structure） proposed previ- ously, in which the effects of the horizontal Coriolis frequency component f-tilde on a potential isopycnal are taken into account, a parameterization scheme of vertical mixing in the stably stratified interior be- low the surface mixed layer in the ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is put forward preliminarily in this paper. Besides turbulence, the impact of sub-mesoscale oceanic processes （including inertial internal wave breaking product） on oceanic interior mixing is emphasized. We suggest that adding the inertial inter- hal wave breaking mixing scheme （F-scheme for short） put forward in this paper to the turbulence mixing scheme of Canuto et al. （T-scheme for short） in the OGCM, except the region from 15°S to 15°N. The numeri- cal results ofF-scheme by usingWOA09 data and an OGCM （LICOM, LASG/IAP climate system ocean model） over the global ocean are given. A notable improvement in the simulation of salinity and temperature over the global ocean is attained by using T-scheme adding F-scheme, especially in the mid- and high-latitude regions in the simulation of the intermediate water and deep water. We conjecture that the inertial internal wave breaking mixing and inertial forcing of wind might be one of important mechanisms maintaining the ventilation process. The modeling strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation （AMOC） by using T-scheme adding F-scheme may be more reasonable than that by using T-scheme alone, though the physical processes need to be further studied, and the overflow parameterization needs to be incorporated. A shortcoming in F-scheme is that in this paper the error of simulated salinity and temperature by using T-scheme adding F-scheme is larger than that by using T-scheme alone in the subsurface layer.

关键词： vertical mixing inertial internal wave fine structure horizontal Coriolis frequency component,ocean general circulation model

Contribution of surface wave-induced vertical mixing to heat content in global upper ocean

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第2期38卷 307-313页

作者： CHEN Siyu QIAO Fangli HUANG Chuanjiang SONG Zhenya Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100China First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

Compared with observations,the simulated upper ocean heat content(OHC)determined from climate models shows an underestimation bias.The simulation bias of the average annual water temperature in the upper 300 m is 0.2℃lower than the observational results.The results from our two numerical experiments,using a CMIP5 model,show that the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing can reduce this bias.The enhanced vertical mixing increases the OHC in the global upper ocean(65°S–65°N).Using non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing reduced the disparity by 30%to 0.14℃.The heat content increase is not directly induced by air-sea heat fluxes during the simulation period,but is the legacy of temperature increases in the first 150 years.During this period,additional vertical mixing was initially included in the climate model.The non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing improves the OHC by increasing the air-sea heat fluxes in the first 150 years.This increase in air-sea heat fluxes warms the upper ocean by 0.05–0.06℃.The results show that the incorporation of vertical mixing induced by nonbreaking surface waves in our experiments can improve the simulation of OHC in the global upper ocean.

关键词： surface wave-induced vertical mixing upper ocean heat content air-sea heat fluxes climate model

Mesoscale eddy effects on the wintertime vertical mixing in the formation region of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water

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Science Bulletin 2005年第17期 135-142页

作者： PAN Aijun1,2 & LIU Qinyu1 1. Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 2. Environment and Dynamics Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanog-raphy, Xiamen 361005, China

Mesoscale eddy effects on the wintertime verti-cal mixing in the formation region of the North Pacific Sub-tropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) are studied using hydro-graphic data from Argo profiling floats deployed in the Ku-roshio recirculation region in February and March of 2001. Anticyclonic (warm) eddy enhances the wintertime vertical mixing and results in the deep mixed layer and the deep thermocline. Consequently, a large volumetric water mass with low potential vorticity corresponding to the prototype of NPSTMW tends to be formed. By contrast, cyclonic (cold) eddy is unfavorable for the vertical mixing process and halts the deepening of the mixed layer and thus the formation of mode water. Further analysis shows that cyclonic eddies prevail in the late 1990s in the formation region of NPSTMW, which lead to significant suppression of the wintertime ver-tical mixing (96-98) and thus are unfavorable for the for-mation of NPSTMW; while the situation is completely re-versed in the early 1990s (93-95).

关键词： mode water ocean eddy vertical mixing Kuroshio extension mixed layer.

Unveiling controls of the latitudinal gradient of surface pCO_(2) in the Kuroshio Extension and its recirculation regions(northwestern North Pacific)in late spring

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2022年第5期41卷 110-123页

作者： Chenglong Li Weidong Zhai Di Qi Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong UniversityQingdao266237China Polar and Marine Research Institute Jimei UniversityXiamen361021China Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of Ministry of Natural Resources Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamen361005China

In the northwestern North Pacific,annual net air-sea CO_(2) flux is greatest in the Kuroshio Extension(KE)zone,owing to its low annual mean partial pressure of CO_(2)(pCO_(2)),and it decreases southward across the basin.To quantify the influences of factors controlling the latitudinal gradient in CO_(2) uptake,sea surface pCO_(2) and related parameters were investigated in late spring of 2018 in a study spanning the KE,Kuroshio Recirculation(KR),and subtropical zones.We found that the sea-to-air pCO_(2) difference(ΔpCO_(2))was negative and at its lowest in the KE zone.ΔpCO_(2) gradually increased southward across the KR zone,and the sea surface was nearly in air-equilibrium with atmospheric CO_(2) in the subtropical zone.We found that northward cooling and vertical mixing were the two major processes governing the latitudinal gradient in surface pCO_(2) and ΔpCO_(2),while biological influences were relatively minor.In the KE zone affected by upwelling,the vertical-mixing-induced increase in surface pCO_(2) likely canceled out approximately 61%of the decrease in surface pCO_(2) caused by cooling and biological activities.Moreover,the prolonged air-sea equilibration for CO_(2) and relatively short hydraulic retention time jointly led to the low surface pCO_(2) in the KE zone in spring.Ultimately,the cooling KE current flows out of the region before it can be re-equilibrated with atmospheric CO_(2).

关键词： partial pressure of CO_(2) temperature effect vertical mixing biological activity air-sea exchange northwestern North Pacific

The effect of the wave-induced mixing on the upper ocean temperature in a climate model

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2008年第3期27卷 104-111页

作者： HUANG Chuanjiang QIAO Fangli SONG Zhenya Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling of State Oceanic Administration First Institute of Oceanography State Ocean Administration Qingdao 266061 China

The significant underestimation of sea surface temperature （SST） and the temperature in the upper ocean is one of common problems in present climate models. The influence of the wave-induced mixing on SST and the temperature in the upper ocean was examined based on a global climate model. The results from the model coupled with wave-induced mixing showed a significant improvement in the simulation of SST and the temperature in the upper ocean compared with those of the original model without wave effects. Although there has still a cold bias, the new simulation is much closer to the climatology, especially in the northern ocean and tropical ocean. This study indicates that some important physical processes in the accurate simulation of the ocean may be ignored in present climate models, and the wave-induced mixing is one of those factors. Thus, the wave-induced mixing （ or the effect of surface waves） should be incorporated properly into climate models in order to simulate or forecast the ocean, then climate system, more accurately.

关键词： surface wave vertical mixing SST upper ocean temperature climate model

The westward intrusion of south Pacific water at the western tip of the New Guinea Island

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2013年第1期32卷 24-31页

作者： KIM Eung JEON Dongchull Hadikusumah Ocean Circulation & Climate Research Division Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Physical Oceanography Laboratory Indonesian Institute of Sciences-Research Center for Oceanography

From the eastern Indonesian cruise from November 14 to 23, 2007, CTD （conductivity, temperature, depth profiler）/ADCP （acoustic Doppler current profiler）casting and seawater sampling were done at 25 stations around Waigeo Island near New Guinea Island. It was found overall westward intrusion of the south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea and southward spreading of the north and south Pacific waters into the Seram Sea. There is westward residual flow along the channel between Waigeo and New Guinea within upper 200 m with the maximum speed up to 50 cm/s, and much weaker eastward flow in the lower layer （〈 10 cm/s） due to blocking by the shallow sill at the west of the Dampier Strait. The abrupt change of bottom topography induces active horizontal and vertical mixing which results in a three-layered current system with a major through-flow of-0.99 Sv （Sv = 106 ma/s） into the Seram Sea; the transports in the upper and the lower layers are -1.14 Sv and -0.24 Sv （westward）, respectively, and in the middle there is a return flow with the transoort of ＋0.39 Sv （eastward）.

关键词： a three-layered system New Guinea coastal undercurrent south Pacific tropical water （SPTW）,south Pacific intermediate water （SP1W） vertical mixing

Can Langmuir Circulations Solve the Problem of Insufficient Upper-Ocean mixing?

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2020年第4期19卷 761-771页

作者： HUANG Chuanjiang QIAO Fangli DAI Dejun First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

Insufficient vertical mixing in the upper ocean during summer is a common problem of oceanic circulation and climate models.The turbulence associated with non-breaking waves is widely believed to effectively solve this problem.In many studies,non-breaking surface wave processes are attributed to the effects of Langmuir circulations(LCs).In the present work,the influences of LCs on the upper-ocean thermal structure are examined by using one-and three-dimensional ocean circulation,as well as climate,models.The results indicated that the effect of vertical mixing enhanced by LCs is limited to the upper ocean.The models evaluated,including those considering LC effects alone and the combined effects of LCs and wave breaking,failed to produce a reasonable summertime thermocline,resulting in a large cold bias in the subsurface layer.Therefore,while they can slightly reduce the biases of mixed layer depths and sea surface temperatures in models,LCs are insufficient to solve the problem of insufficient vertical mixing.Moreover,restriction of non-breaking surface wave-induced processes in LCs may be questionable.

关键词： Langmuir circulations vertical mixing thermocline subsurface temperature non-breaking wave processes

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第10期19卷 1409-1412页

作者： Chuanjiang Huang,Fangli Qiao Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling,The First Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration,Qingdao 266061,China Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modeling The First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao 266061 China

The relationship between sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and wind energy input in the Pacific Ocean over the period of 1949-2003 is studied by using daily-mean NOAA/NCEP wind stress and monthly mean Reynolds SST data.The results indicate the strong negative correlation between SSTA and local wind energy input to surface waves in most of the domain at low and middle latitudes.The SST is low(high) during the years with more(less) wind energy input.The correlation coefficients are high in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the central midlatitude North Pacific at the decadal scale,and in the central tropical Pacific at the interannual scale.vertical mixing processes in the upper ocean are closely associated with wind energy input,indicating that wind energy input may play an important role in interannual and decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean via regulating vertical mixing.

关键词： Wind energy Interannual and decadal variability SSTA vertical mixing

The Contribution of Waves in mixing Processes of the Patos Lagoon Plume

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International Journal of Geosciences 2012年第5期3卷 1019-1026页

作者： Eduardo de Paula Kirinus Wiliam Correa Marques Julliet Correa da Costa Elisa Helena Leao Fernandes Instituto de Matematica Estatistica e Fisica Universidade Federal do Rio GrandeRio Grande do SulBrazil Instituto de Oceanografia Universidade Federal do Rio GrandeRio Grande do SulBrazil

The analysis of wave effects above salinity is important in order to define mixing processes and their potential to change density gradients, since action in the region of the Patos Lagoon plume is highly dynamic. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of waves on the mixing pattern of the adjacent continental shelf. Constantly marked by tides and circulation variations, changing from flood to ebb tide, salinity stands as a major parameter for analysis. The study is based on hydrodynamic numerical modeling experiments using the TELEMAC3D model and waves generated by the wind using the TOMAWAC coupled model. The comparison between the situations considering the waves generated by the wind and without waves was made through time series analysis, stratification series, transversal cross sections, longitudinal cross sections, salinity mean fields and diagrams by Richardson and Brünt-V?is?l?s frequency parameters. With the cross sections analysis, the mixing effect generated by the waves was observed, demonstrating clearly that the waves were capable of raising the superficial salinity in regions far from the Patos Lagoon entrance, while at the entrance, the wave effects enhanced the mixing on the deepest layers, decreasing the saline intrusion and expanding the plume more radially on the surface. The space-temporal diagrams were effective to demonstrate the modulation effect of the waves over the salt mixing of saline waters, revealing that wave effects decrease the stratification as well as the Brünt-V?is?l?s frequency and increase the period of buoyancy, due to the mixing increase.

关键词： vertical mixing Tridimensional Numerical Modeling Stratification