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Hepatitis E virus infection: Epidemiology and treatment implications

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World Journal of Virology 2015年第4期4卷 343-355页

作者： Ga Young Lee Kittiyod Poovorawan Duangnapa Intharasongkroh Pattaratida Sa-nguanmoo Sompong Vongpunsawad Chintana Chirathaworn Yong Poovorawan Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine Faculty of Tropical Medicine Mahidol University Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University National Blood Centre Thai Red Cross Society Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University

Hepatitis E virus(HEV) infection is now established as an emerging enteric viral hepatitis. Standard treatments in acute and chronic hepatitis E remain to be established. This study undertakes a review of the epidemiology, treatment implication and vaccine prevention from published literature. HEV infection is a worldwide public health problem and can cause acute and chronic hepatitis E. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are primarily found in developing countries due to waterborne transmission, while the zoonotic potential of genotypes 3 and 4 affects mostly industrialized countries. An awareness of HEV transmission through blood donation, especially in the immunocompromised and solid organ transplant patients, merits an effective anti-viral therapy. There are currently no clear indications for the treatment of acute hepatitis E. Despite concerns for side effects, ribavirin monotherapy or in combination with pegylatedinterferon alpha for at least 3 mo appeared to show significant efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis E. However, there are no available treatment options for specific patient population groups, such as women who are pregnant. vaccination and screening of HEV in blood donors are currently a global priority in managing infection. New strategies for the treatment and control of hepatitis E are required for both acute and chronic infections, such as prophylactic use of medications, controlling large outbreaks, and finding acceptable antiviral therapy for pregnant women and other patient groups for whom the current options of treatment are not viable.

关键词： Treatments Blood donors Adverse effects vaccination Pegylated-interferon Ribavirin Hepatitis E

Non-dietary forms of treatment for adult celiac disease

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013年第4期4卷 108-112页

作者： Hugh James Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology) University of British Columbia Hospital

At present,treatment for celiac disease includes a strict gluten-free diet.Compliance,however,is difficult and gluten-free food products are costly,and,sometimes very inconvenient.A number of potential alternative measures have been proposed to either replace or supplement gluten-free diet therapy.In the past,non-dietary forms of treatment were used(e.g.,corticosteroids) by some clinicians,often to supplement a gluten-free diet in patients that appeared to be poorly responsive to a gluten-free diet.Some of new and novel non-dietary measures have already advanced to a clinical trial phase.There are still some difficulties even if initial studies suggest a particularly exciting and novel form of non-dietary treatment.In particular,precise monitoring of the response to these agents will become critical.Symptom or laboratory improvement may be important,but it will be critical to ensure that ongoing inflammatory change and mucosal injury are not present.Therapeutic trials will be made more difficult because there is already an effective treatment regimen.

关键词： Adult celiac disease Gluten-free diet Nondietary treatment of celiac disease Tight junction inhibition Protease Immunotherapy vaccination

Prevalence of recent immunisation in children with febrile convulsions

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2016年第3期5卷 301-305页

作者： Leya Motala Guy D Eslick Whiteley-Martin Research Centre Discipline of SurgeryNepean Hospitalthe University of Sydney

AIM:To determine the prevalence of recent immunisation amongst children under 7 years of age presenting for febrile convulsions.METHODS:This is a retrospective study of all children under the age of seven presenting with febrile convulsions to a tertiary referral hospital in Sydney.A total of 78 cases occurred in the period January 2011 to July 2012 and were included in the study.Data was extracted from medical records to provide a retrospective review of the convulsions.RESULTS:Of the 78 total cases,there were five medical records which contained information on whether or not immunisation had been administered in the preceding 48 h to presentation to the emergency department.Of these five patients only one patient(1.28%of the study population) was confirmed to have received a vaccination with Infanrix,Prevnar and Rotavirus.The majority of cases reported a current infection as a likely precipitant to the febrile convulsion.CONCLUSION:This study found a very low prevalence of recent immunisation amongst children with febrile convulsions presenting to an emergency department at a tertiary referral hospital in Sydney.This finding,however,may have been distorted by underreporting of vaccination history.

关键词： Prevalence Immunisation Febrile convulsion Adverse event vaccination

Recurrent urinary tract infections in children:Preventive interventions other than prophylactic antibiotics

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World Journal of Methodology 2015年第2期5卷 13-19页

作者： Kishor Tewary Hassib Narchi Department of Pediatrics University Hospitals of North Midlands Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine and Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates University

Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most commonchildhood infections.Permanent renal cortical scarring may occur in affected children,especially with recurrent UTIs,leading to long-term complications such as hypertension and chronic renal failure.To prevent such damage,several interventions to prevent UTI recurrences have been tried.The most established and accepted prevention at present is low dose long-term antibiotic prophylaxis.However it has a risk of break through infections,adverse drug reactions and also the risk of developing antibiotic resistance.The search is therefore on-going to find a safer,effective and acceptable alternative.A recent meta-analysis did not support routine circumcision for normal boys with no risk factors.Vaccinium Macrocarpon(cranberry),commonly used against UTI in adult women,is also effective in reducing the number of recurrences and related antimicrobial use in children.Sodium pentosanpolysulfate,which prevents bacterial adherence to the uroepithelial cells in animal models,has shown conflicting results in human trials.When combined with antibiotic,Lactobacillus acidophilus(LA-5) and Bifidobacterium,by blocking the in vitro attachment of uropathogenic bacteria to uroepithelial cells,significantly reduce in the incidence of febrile UTIs.Deliberate colonization of the human urinary tract of patients with recurrent UTI with Escherichia-coli(E.coli) 83972 has resulted in subjective benefit and less UTI requiring treatment.The non-pathogenic E.coli isolate NU14 DeltawaaL is a candidate to develop liveattenuated vaccine for the treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent UTI.Diagnosing and treating dysfunctional elimination syndromes decrease the incidence of recurrent UTI.A meta-analysis found the lack of robust prospective randomized controlled trials limited the strength of the established guidelines for surgical management of vesicoureteral reflux.In conclusion,several interventions,other than antibiotic prophylaxis,for the prevention of recurrent UTI have been tried and

关键词： Kidney Recurrence/prevention Urinary tract infections Vesico-ureteral reflux Vaccinium macrocarpon Circumcision vaccination Constipation Lactobacillus

Sodium chloride affects anti-virus immune responses

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Sodium chloride affects anti-virus immune responses

第十一届全国免疫学学术大会

作者： Kang Youmin He Meina Fu Cai Yang Rui China Agricultural University

Background: Recent evidence indicated that Th17 cells is sensitive to changes in local salt(NaCl) concentrations. Increased dietary salt intake could induce pathogenic Th17 cells and represent an environmental risk factor for the development of autoimmune diseases. Th17 cell play an essential role in combatting virus infection and in vaccinations.Objective: The effect of increased dietary salt intake on influenza virus infection and vaccination were investigated.Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were feeded with 2% Na Cl and 4% Na Cl diet for one month before the mice were challenged with influenza virus and immunized with influenza virus vaccine respectively. The challenged mice were observed and the survival ratio was counted. The antibody level of serum from immunized mice was tested by ELISA. Th1, Th2, Th17, Tc1 and Tc17 cells were checked by FACS.Results: After influenza virus challenge, the survival ratio of mice feeded with 2% Na Cl was significantly higher than control and 4% Na Cl groups. The IgG level were decreased significantly in 2% Na Cl and 4% Na Cl groups comparedwith that of control group. The percentage and numbers of Th17 and Tc17 cells in mice feeded with 2% NaCl were increased compared with that of control and 4% Na Cl groups.Conclusion: Sodium chloride decreased influenza virus specific antibody level, but appropriate dietary salt intake could enhance Th17 and Tc17 cellular immune responses.

关键词： Sodium chloride Immune responses Influenza virus Challenge vaccination

Heterologous expression of Schistosoma japanicum signal protein 14-3-3 in Pichia pastoris and the subsequent immune response in mice

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Heterologous expression of Schistosoma japanicum signal prot...

中华医学会第七次全国检验医学学术会议

作者：郑美娟安徽医科大学第二附属医院

Objective Schistosomiasis japonica,a zoonosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum,is endemic to the Philippines and China.Several vaccine candidates have been identified and tested in different animal models,but it is still unclear which will be optimal for testing in the field.Therefore,new antigens and strategies are necessary for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. The 14-3-3 proteins represent a family of widely expressed,30- kDa acidic proteins acting as spontaneously forming,phosphoserine -threonine-binding dimers.This protein family has a crucial role in eukaryotic cell signalling events that are involved in controlling progress through the cell cycle,in transcriptional alterations in response to environmental stimuli and in programmed cell death.To express signaling protein Sj14-3-3 in Pichia pastoris and to estimate the immuno-protection of rSj14-3-3 protein of different doses in mice challenged with schistisome cercaria,and then lay foundation for the development of recombinant vaccine and serological diagnosis.

关键词： Sj14-3-3 protein Pichia pastoris eukaryotic expression vaccination S.japonicum

Research on Test Paper Auto-Generating Based on Immune Genetic Algorithm

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Research on Test Paper Auto-Generating Based on Immune Genet...

2011 Chinese Control and Decision Conference（CCDC）

作者： Zhou Yancong is with the Tianjin University of Commerce,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin,CO 300130 CHINA.Gu Junhua,is with Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin,CO 300130 CHINA.Sun Xiaochen,is with Tianjin University,Tianjin,CO 300072.CHINA.Dong Yongfeng.,is with Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin,CO 300130 CHINA.Fan Ming is with the Tianjin University of Commerce,Tianjin,CO 300130 CHINA

In order to improve the auto-generating test paper’s quality at the cost of low time,an intelligent algorithm based on immune genetic algorithm was proposed.In the algorithm immune process was added into the basic framework of genetic algorithm,and the algorithm based on vaccination was put forward and used for test paper auto-generating.The problem that genetic algorithm is precocity and easy to fall into a local optimization was resolved by this algorithm.The feasibility and validity of the algorithm was proved by test data compared with other algorithms.At last the validating system enhances the users’ condition constraints for test paper through manual inching,thus the system is more simple and practical.

关键词： vaccination Immune algorithm Genetic algorithm Test paper auto-generating Local convergence

Exosomes modulate the host immunity against tumors and oncogenic herpesviruses

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Exosomes modulate the host immunity against tumors and oncog...

2015新发传染病防治热点研讨会

作者： Jiahui Zhou Xiangning Zhang Ziyou Wang The Chinese American Collaborative Cancer Research Institute Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics

Microvesicles at nanometer(nm)-scale size are formed in the cytoplasmic compartments and then released to extracellular space as mechanisms to transmit signals and dispose wastes. The biogenesis of exosomes with the size of 40-100 nm occurs in endosomes when bioactive molecules are incorporated in the particles and they are fused with membrane before release. Exosomes generated by dendritic cell, and tumor tumor cells are well studied. They function to stimulate or suppress host immunity respectively. And the effect provides opportunities for anticancer biotherapy. During viral infection, the release of exosomes by infected cells may impact the defense mounted by immune cells. The released exosomes with viral proteins and mi RNAs are considered as a strategy of immune evasion to support viral replication, and in viral pathogenesis.

关键词： endosome microvesicle body exosome,exocytosis antigen presentation cells immune evasion,Epstein-Barr Virus Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus vaccination

The Expression, Purification of HAV VLP and Its Diagnostic and Vaccinal Application

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The Expression, Purification of HAV VLP and Its Diagnostic a...

2005全国第二届核酸疫苗研讨会

作者： JIANG Lei HE Xiao-Wen SUN Shu-Han (Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Military Medical University, Xiang Yin Road 800, Shanghai 200433, PR China)

Hepatitis a virus (HAV) infection can stimulate the production of antibodies to structural and nonstmctural proteins of the virus. However, vaccination with an inactivated vaccine produces antibodies exclusively to the structural proteins. Current diagnostic assays, such as the Abbott HAVAB test, used to determine exposure to HAV detect antibodies only to the structural proteins and as a result are not able to distinguish between a natural infection and vaccination with an inactivated virus. The P3C peptide plays an important role in the HAV capsid formation. The polyprotein cleavage is accomplished principally by the non-structural 3C protein, which is a chymotrypsin-like proteinase. The application of HBC-P3C virus like particle will enhance the sensitivity of ELISA test;what’s more the novel technology of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (PCS) can be applied in the detection of virus like particle (VLP) and antibody complexes. The mobility information obtained from the fluorescence intensity fluctuation by autocorrelation analysis can be measured by the average diffusion coefficient. The 3C antibody combining VLP displays a different attribute in diameters and diffusion coefficient and can be differentiated.The polyprotein of HAV (the prevalent strain LU38 in China) were analyzed by the bioinformatics methods, and the epitopes were predicted by the artificial neuro-networks algorithm. Then combine this result with sera reaction to the overlapping peptide. Then Using the HBC2-9 serial expression system (presented by BFAV Germany), combine HAV epitopes to generate a novel kind of virus like particle vaccine. Studying its advantage for vaccination and searching for the suitable administration strategy.

关键词： virus like particle hepatitis a virus hepatitis b virus vaccination P3C immunogenicity fluorescence correlation spectroscopy